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1. Somatic Hybridization
Somatic hybridization is a
technique that allows the fusion
of two different plants to obtain
a new Somatic hybrid plant.
Table of Content
Table of Content
Table of Content
1. Definition of Somatic and
hybridization
2. Introduction
3. Type of Somatic Hybrids
4. Process of Somatic
Hybridization
5. Applications
6. Application
7. Advantages
8. Limitation
9. Practical
achievement

2. Page no.- 1
Introductions
Before starting the lecture let's know the word meaning of Somatic cell
and hybridization.
Somatic cell - one of the cells of the body that composes the tissue
organs, and parts of that individual other than the germ cell
Hybridization refers to Crossing between genetically different
organisms or species to produce desired characteristics in the
offspring.
Conventionally, the sexual hybridization technique was used to obtain
hybrid plants, but this technique had its limitations, such as only closely
related species could be fused and incompatibility barriers. These
limitations can be overcome by somatic hybridization.

3. Page no.- 2
Definition
The crossing of crop plants through the fusion of somatic
cells is called somatic hybridization.
Or
Somatic hybridization is a technique that allows the fusion of
two different plants to obtain a new Somatic hybrid plant.
Somatic Hybrid:
A hybrid obtained by somatic hybridization is known as a somatic
hybrid.
Protoplast:
Naked cells or cells without cell wall is called protoplast.
The term protoplast was first time proposed by Hanstein in 1880.

4. Page no.-3
Cytoplast is a protoplast either without a Nucleus or with an
inactive nucleus.
Somatic hybridization is an asexual process performed with the
help of tissue culture.
Types of Somatic Hybrid:
Classification A
Based on the taxonomic relationship of species involved in the
hybridization Somatic hybrids are three types viz.
Inter-specific somatic hybrid:
Hybrid obtained by protoplast fusion between two different
species of the same genus.

5. Page no.- 4
Inter-generic somatic hybrids:
hybrids obtained by protoplast fusion between two different genera
of the same family.
Inter-tribal somatic hybrids:
hybrids obtained through protoplast fusion between plants of two
different families.
Classification B
Based on the Contribution of chromosomes and cytoplasm from
parental species, somatic hybrids are 3 types. These are explained
as follows.
1. Symmetrical Somatic hybrids:
Somatic hybrids that contain all chromosomes of both the species.

6. Page no.- 5
involved in the fusion of protoplast.
2. Asymmetrical Somatic hybrids:
Somatic habits that contain the complete somatic complement of
one species and only a few parts of the somatic complement of
other species
3. Cybrids
Somatic hybrids are produced with the fusion of the protoplast of
one species and the cytoplast of another species.
Steps of Somatic Hybridization
Somatic hybridization consists of five important steps that are
following
1. Isolation of protoplast :

7. Page no.-6
Protoplast can be isolated from different parts of the plant part by
two methods, viz, mechanical and enzymatic methods. Mechanical
methods are rarely used since a low quantity of protoplast is
obtained and high chance of damage to the protoplast. In
enzymatic methods, Enzymes like cellulase and pectinase are
commonly used to break down the cell walls.
2. Fusion of Protoplasts:
Protoplasts from two different plant species are mixed.
Two methods are used for protoplast fusion, viz., chemical methods
and electrical methods. chemical method involves treatment of
protoplast with Polyethylene glycol(PEG). This induces agglutination
of the protoplast and their fusion occurs after the dilution of PEG

8. Page no.- 7
with a solution containing a high concentration of calcium ions at
a high pH. This frequency of fusion varies from 1 to 20 percentage
depending upon cell type and fusion condition employed.
In the electrical method, electric current is passed in the cultural
medium to induce fusion. This method leads to a higher frequency
of protoplast fusion than the chemical method. Forever it has a
less harmful effect on protoplast than the chemical method.
3. Selection of Hybrid Cells:
After fusion, a large number of hybrid and non-hybrid cells are
formed. It's crucial to identify and select the hybrid cells.
Selection can be based on the expression of certain markers, like
antibiotic resistance genes or visual traits, which are introduced

9. Page no.- 8
into the protoplasts before fusion.
Hybrid cells may also have a combination of genetic markers from
both parent species.
4. Culture of the hybrid cells
Hybrid cells are cultured on a suitable medium provided with the
appropriate culture conditions.
5. Regeneration of hybrid plants
Plants are induced to regenerate from hybrid cells.
Applications of Somatic Hybridization
i. A novel approach for increasing genetic variability.
ii. Production of novel interspecific and intergenic hybrid e.g. Pomato
(Hybrid of potato and tomato).

10. Page no.- 9
iii. Production of fertile diploids and polyploids.
iv. Transfer genes for disease resistance, abiotic stress resistance,
herbicide resistance and many other quality characteristics.
v. The production of unique nuclear-cytoplasmic combinations.
vi. Somatic cell fusion is useful in the study of cytoplasmic genes
and their activities.
Advantages
The main advantage of somatic hybridization is a potential
method of breaking barriers of cross incompatibility among
various interspecific and inter-generic hybrids.

11. Page no.-10
Limitation of Somatic Hybridization
i. Poor regeneration of hybrid plants.
ii. Non-viability of fused products.
iii. Not successful in all plants.
iv. Production of unfavourable hybrids.
v. Lack of an efficient method for the selection of hybrids.
Practical achievement
Two new crops, viz., pomato ( potato × Tomato) and Raphano
brassica (Raphanus sativs × Brassica oleracea) have been
developed by somatic hybridization. However, both have a
combination. Of undesirable traits.

12. CREATED BY - M.S. CHAUDHARY
“Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow
belongs to those who prepare for it today.” —Malcolm X
“Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow
belongs to those who prepare for it today.” —Malcolm X
DESIGNED BY - M.U. CHAUDHARY

13. Pervious Chapter
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Pervious Chapter
Synthetic Seed
Synthetic Seed
Synthetic Seed
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Transgenic Crop
Transgenic Crop
Transgenic Crop
or Breeding
or Breeding
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