Plant tissue culture is the process of growing plant cells, tissues or organs in sterile conditions on a nutrient medium. It has many applications like germplasm preservation of endangered plants, producing disease-free plants through micropropagation, and creating novel hybrids through protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization. However, issues remain like genetic instability of hybrids and lack of efficient selection methods. Overall, tissue culture is a valuable biotechnology tool with potential for crop improvement and conservation efforts.
Heterosis may be defined as the superiority of an F1 hybrid over both its parents in terms of yield, size, quality or some other characters.
Inbreeding depression – loss of vigour due to continuos selfing is known as inbreeding depression
Heterosis may be defined as the superiority of an F1 hybrid over both its parents in terms of yield, size, quality or some other characters.
Inbreeding depression – loss of vigour due to continuos selfing is known as inbreeding depression
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop BreedingPawan Chauhan
Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilizationSyed Zahid Hasan
Sequentially given germplasm exploration, collection, conservation,evaluation and utilization sof Agroforestry plants.
Some information and pictures collected from google.
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop BreedingPawan Chauhan
Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilizationSyed Zahid Hasan
Sequentially given germplasm exploration, collection, conservation,evaluation and utilization sof Agroforestry plants.
Some information and pictures collected from google.
Mass multiplication procedure for tissue culture and PTC requirementDr. Deepak Sharma
This presentation include basic Micropropagation protocol: Application and advantages of mass multiplication. Beside this the requirement of tissue culture are there (Nutrient, gelling agent, energy source, vitamins and PGRs) are also included.
I have discussed Applications of Plant Tissue Culture under the following subheadings,
1. Micro Propagation
2. Clonal Propagation
3. Production of Genetically Variable Plants
4. Production of Virus Free Plants
5. Plant Breeding
6. Production of Useful Biochemicals
7. Preservation of Plant Genetic Resources
8. Importance of Tissue Culture in Biotechnology
Plant biotechnology also known as green biotechnology is the use of biotechnology in plant or crop production. There are several techniques used such as ell culturing. Organ culture, explant culture, cell suspension culture are some culture types. This is a very useful technology in which have several applications like synthetic seed production, somaclonal variation, cybridization, hybridization.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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1. Plant Tissue Culture And its
Applications in Crop
Improvements
Arun patel
M.Sc- Agriculture Biotechnolgy
2. Learning Objectives
Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture
History of Tissue Culture
Media For Tissue Culture
Various Techniques for Tissue Culture
Germplasm Preservation
Applications
Limitations
3. Introduction to Tissue Culture
Tissue Culture (also known as Micropropagation or
In vitro culture) is:
The growing of plant cells, tissues, organs, seeds or
other plant parts in a sterile environment on a
nutrient medium.
4. HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
1838-39 cellular theory (Cell is
autonom and totipotent)
Schleiden-
Schwann
1902 First attempt of plant tissue
culture
Harberlandt
1939 Continuously growing callus
culture
White
1946 Whole plant developed from
shoot tip
Ball
1950 Organs regenerated on callus Ball
1954 Plant from single cell Muir
1960 Protoplast isolation Cocking
5. 1962 MS media Murashige -
Skoog
1964 Clonal propagation of orchids Morel
1964 Haploids from pollen Guha
1970 Fusion of protoplasts Power
1971 Plants from protoplasts Takebe
1981 Somaclonal variation Larkin
1967 Anther Culture Maheshwari
7. Nutrient medium and the role of growth
hormones?
The nutrient medium commonly contains
Macronutrient, micronutrient, vitamins, Ferron &
carban source
The optimum culture medium may vary with the
species, the genotype within the species, and the
origin and age of the cultured tissue.
The preferred physical state of the culture medium,
whether a liquid medium or a solid agar gel, may
vary with the species and the culture environment.
pH- 5.8
8. Hormones in the agar
Two Hormones Affect Plant Differentiation:
Auxin: Stimulates Root Development
Cytokinin: Stimulates Shoot Development
Generally, the ratio of these two hormones can
determine plant development:
Auxin ↓Cytokinin = Root Development
Cytokinin ↓Auxin = Shoot Development
Auxin = Cytokinin = Callus Development
10. Types of In Vitro Culture
Culture of intact plants (seed and seedling culture)
Embryo culture (immature embryo culture)
Organ culture
Callus culture
Cell suspension culture
Protoplast culture
Somatic Embryogenesis
Micropropagation
Somaclonal variation
11. Micropropagation
Embryogenesis
Direct embryogenesis
Indirect embryogenesis
Organogenesis
Organogenesis via callus formation
Direct adventitious organ formation
Microcutting
Meristem and shoot tip culture
Bud culture
12. Steps of Micropropagation
Stage 0 – Selection & preparation of the mother plant
sterilization of the plant tissue takes place
Stage I - Initiation of culture
explant placed into growth media
Stage II - Multiplication
explant transferred to shoot media; shoots can be constantly divided
Stage III - Rooting
explant transferred to root media
Stage IV - Transfer to soil
explant returned to soil; hardened off
13. Features of Micropropagation
Clonal reproduction.
Way of maintaining heterozygosity.
Multiplication Stage can be recycled many times to
produce an unlimited number of clones.
Routinely used commercially for many ornamental species,
some vegetatively propagated crops.
Easy to manipulate production cycles
Not limited by field seasons/environmental influences.
Disease-free plants can be produced
Has been used to eliminate viruses from donor plants.
15. What is Callus development
A callus is a blob of tissue – (mostly undifferentiated
cells)
A callus is naturally developed on a plant as a result
of a wound
This callus can be left to develop or can be further
divided
16. Callus Culture
Equimolar amounts of auxin and cytokinin stimulate
cell division. Leads to a mass proliferation of an
unorganised mass of cells called a callus.
Requirement for support ensures that scale-up is
limited.
Callus Suspension Culture
When callus pieces are agitated in a liquid medium,
they tend to break up.
Suspensions are much easier to bulk up than callus
since there is no manual transfer or solid support.
17. Protoplast Isolation
Created by degrading the cell wall using enzymes.
Very fragile, can’t pipette.
The membranes are made to fuse.
osmotic shock, electrical current, virus
Regenerate the hybrid fusion product.
Contain genome from both organisms.
Very, very difficult .
18. Use of enzymes results
in a high yield of
uniform protoplasts
after removal of cellular
debris Protoplasts can
originate from different
sources: greenhouse or
field material,
micropropagated
plants, calli,
19. Protoplast Fusion Techniques
Protoplast fuse spontaneously during isolation process
mainly due to physical contact.
Induced Fusion.
Chemofusion- fusion induced by chemicals.
Types of fusogens
PEG
NaNo3
Ca 2+ ions
Polyvinyl alcohal
Mechanical Fusion- Physical fusion of protoplasts under
microscope by using micromanipulator and perfusion
micropipette.
22. Uses for Protoplast Fusion
Combine two complete genomes
Another way to create allopolyploids
Partial genome transfer
Exchange single or few traits between species
May or may not require ionizing radiation
Genetic engineering
Micro-injection, electroporation, Agrobacterium
Transfer of organelles
Unique to protoplast fusion
The transfer of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts between
species
23. Somaclonal Variation
Variation found in somatic cells dividing mitotically in culture
A general phenomenon of all plant regeneration systems that involve a
callus phase
Some mechanisms:
Karyotipic alteration
Sequence variation
Variation in DNA Methylation
Two general types of Somaclonal Variation:
Heritable, genetic changes (alter the DNA)
Stable, but non-heritable changes (alter gene expression, epigenetic)
24. Somaclonal Breeding Procedures
Use plant cultures as starting material
Idea is to target single cells in multi-cellular culture.
Usually suspension culture, but callus culture can work (want as much
contact with selective agent as possible).
Optional: apply physical or chemical mutagen.
Apply selection pressure to culture.
Target: very high kill rate, you want very few cells to survive, so long as
selection is effective.
Regenerate whole plants from surviving cells.
25. Advantages of somatic hybridization
Production of novel interspecific and intergenic hybrid
Pomato (Hybrid of potato and tomato).
Transfer gene for disease resistance, abiotic stress
resistance, herbicide resistance and many other quality
characters.
Production of heterozygous lines in the single species
which cannot be propagated by vegetative means.
Production of unique hybrids of nucleus and cytoplasm.
26. Plant germplasm preservation
In situ : Conservation in ‘normal’ habitat
rain forests, gardens, farms
Ex Situ :
Field collection, Botanical gardens
Seed collections
In vitro collection: Extension of micropropagation techniques
Normal growth (short term storage)
Slow growth (medium term storage)
Cryopreservation (long term storage
DNA Banks
27. Cryopreservation
Storage of living tissues at ultra-low temperatures (-196°C)
Conservation of plant germplasm
Vegetatively propagated species (root and tubers, ornamental,
fruit trees).
Conservation of tissue with specific characteristics
Medicinal and alcohol producing cell lines
Genetically transformed tissues.
Transformation/Mutagenesis competent tissues (ECSs).
Conservation of plant pathogens (fungi, nematodes)
28. Applications:
Study of Biochemical & Physiological activities.
The effect of various hormones.
Production of Secondary Metabolites.
To preserve the plant species which are on red-line.
Improve crop yield with regard to molecular
breeding & Genetic Engineering.
To make transgenic & cis-genic plants.
29. Commercial Applications of Clonal Propagation
Clonal propagation has the potential for propagation
of thousands of plantlets from a single genetic stock.
Examples:
orchids,
potato,
asparagus,
strawberry, and
various flowers or herbaceous ornamentals that set seed
poorly.
This may not be suitable for seeding field crops.
30. Problems in Tissue Culture
Application of protoplast technology requires efficient
plant regeneration system.
The lack of an efficient selection method for fused
product is sometimes a major problem.
The end-product after somatic hybridization is often
unbalanced.
Regeneration products after somatic hybridization are
often variable.
It is never certain that a particular characteristic will be
expressed.
Genetic stability.
Sexual reproduction of somatic hybrids.
31. Conclusion
PTC is the technique by which plant cells can be
grown in vitro sexually & asexually. By the help of this
we can study biochemical, physiological and
hormones activity.
High yield, good quality of crops can be obtained.
PTC , G.E. and Molecular breeding these techniques
are used to transfer the gene of same species or from
different species.
32. References
Plant Tissue Culture, ELESIVISER Publishers
,Bhojwani & Rajdhan
H.S. Chawla
M. S. Shekhawat
Images from google search engine