Headache can be classified into three main types - tension headache, migraine headache, and cluster headache. Tension headaches are the most common, accounting for 80-90% of headaches in community pharmacies. They involve mild to moderate bifrontal or bioccipital pain that worsens with stress or pressure. Migraine headaches can be with or without aura and involve moderate to severe unilateral throbbing pain along with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Cluster headaches predominantly affect men and involve intense orbital pain that lasts 10 minutes to 3 hours, often occurring at the same time daily or nightly. Common medications used to treat migraine include Migraleve, Midrid, and Buccastem M
Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy.
Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone alone).
Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy.
Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone alone).
the presentation includes a definition of oral contraceptives, type of oral contraceptives, detail description of both types with its mode of action and potential beneficial and unwanted effects also include pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives and knowledge of emergency contraceptives
Essential drug concept and rational use of medicinesPravin Prasad
Many medical students are unheard of the Essential Medicine List. This has been mentioned in very small sections in various textbooks that are in use in Nepal. The discussion on this topic is a must among medical and nursing students, as well as anyone related to field of Medicine
Tuberculosis in prenancy by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur ms i...alka mukherjee
Prevention of Tuberculosis
The BCG vaccine has been incorporated into the National immunization policy of many countries, especially the high burden countries, thereby conferring active immunity from childhood. Nonimmune women travelling to tuberculosis endemic countries should also be vaccinated. It must, however, be noted that the vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy [72].
The prevention, however, goes beyond this as it is essentially a disease of poverty. Improved living condition is, therefore, encouraged with good ventilation, while overcrowding should be avoided. Improvement in nutritional status is another important aspect of the prevention.
Pregnant women living with HIV are at higher risk for TB, which can adversely influence maternal and perinatal outcomes [73]. As much as 1.1 million people were diagnosed with the co-infection in 2009 alone [2]. Primary prevention of HIV/AIDS is, therefore, another major step in the prevention of tuberculosis in pregnancy. Screening of all pregnant women living with HIV for active tuberculosis is recommended even in the absence of overt clinical signs of the disease.
Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is another innovation of the World Health Organisation that is aimed at reducing the infection in HIV positive pregnant women based on evidence and experience and it has been concluded that pregnancy should not be a contraindication to receiving IPT. However, patient's individualisation and rational clinical judgement is required for decisions such as the best time to provide IPT to pregnant women
the presentation includes a definition of oral contraceptives, type of oral contraceptives, detail description of both types with its mode of action and potential beneficial and unwanted effects also include pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives and knowledge of emergency contraceptives
Essential drug concept and rational use of medicinesPravin Prasad
Many medical students are unheard of the Essential Medicine List. This has been mentioned in very small sections in various textbooks that are in use in Nepal. The discussion on this topic is a must among medical and nursing students, as well as anyone related to field of Medicine
Tuberculosis in prenancy by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur ms i...alka mukherjee
Prevention of Tuberculosis
The BCG vaccine has been incorporated into the National immunization policy of many countries, especially the high burden countries, thereby conferring active immunity from childhood. Nonimmune women travelling to tuberculosis endemic countries should also be vaccinated. It must, however, be noted that the vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy [72].
The prevention, however, goes beyond this as it is essentially a disease of poverty. Improved living condition is, therefore, encouraged with good ventilation, while overcrowding should be avoided. Improvement in nutritional status is another important aspect of the prevention.
Pregnant women living with HIV are at higher risk for TB, which can adversely influence maternal and perinatal outcomes [73]. As much as 1.1 million people were diagnosed with the co-infection in 2009 alone [2]. Primary prevention of HIV/AIDS is, therefore, another major step in the prevention of tuberculosis in pregnancy. Screening of all pregnant women living with HIV for active tuberculosis is recommended even in the absence of overt clinical signs of the disease.
Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is another innovation of the World Health Organisation that is aimed at reducing the infection in HIV positive pregnant women based on evidence and experience and it has been concluded that pregnancy should not be a contraindication to receiving IPT. However, patient's individualisation and rational clinical judgement is required for decisions such as the best time to provide IPT to pregnant women
Migraine and its homeopathy treatment at Anubhuti Homeo ClinicsPranav Pandya
Migraine is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms.
1. Headache
Headache is not a disease state or a condition.
Classification of headache:-
Headache classify into three types.
Cluster headache
Tension headache
Migraine headache
Headache may be symptomatic (primary headache) or
asymptomatic (secondary headache). In community
pharmacy the overwhelming majority of the patients (80-
90%) will present with tension headache.
1*Tension headache:-
Etiology: - The mechanisms that bring about headache
are still poorly understood. Tension headaches commonly
referred to as muscle contraction headache, as
electromyography has shown potential muscle contraction,
which is also exacerbated by stress.
In tension headache the pain is bifrontal or bioccipital,
generalized and non- throbbing the patient may describe the
pain as tightness. Pain is normally mild to moderate and not
aggravated by movement, although it is often worse under
pressure or stress. The pain is gradual in onset and ten to
worsen progressively through the day.
Types:-
Two types,
(a) Acute tension headache: - It occurs when the
patient experiences the head for less then15 days per
month.
1
2. (b) Chronic tension headache: - Head occur for
more then 15 days per month and last for more then 6
month.
2*Migraine headache: -
Migraine has three phases,
(i) Asymptomatic phase (phase 1) → show no symptoms.
(ii) Prodromal phase (phase 2) →visual disturbance actual
headache start.
(iii) Headache phase (phase 3) →pain nausea and
vomiting
Migraine headache has basically two types.
(a) Migraine with aura (b) Migraine without aura
(a) Migraine with aura: - (classic migraine)
This account for less then 25%
patient of migraine cases. The aura develops 5 to 20 min
and can last for up to 1hr.
Symptoms:-
Visual auras
• Scotomas (blind spots)
• Fortification spectra (zig-zag lines) or flashing and
flickering light.
Neurological auras
• Pines and needles typically start in hand, migrating up
to arm before jumping to the face and lips.
• Nausea, vomiting
• Photophobia
• Phonophobia
2
3. Nature of pain: -pain is unilateral, throbbing and
moderate to sever. Some time the pain become generalized
and diffuse. Physical activity may intensify the pain.
(b)Migraine without aura: - (common migraine)
The remaining suffers 75 %
do not experience an aura but do suffer from all other
symptoms as describe above.
3*Cluster headache: -
Cluster headache is predominant condition that affects the
men aged b/w 40 and 60. typically the headache occur at
the same time each day and last b/w 10min and 3 h, 50%
patient experiencing night time symptoms. Patient are woke
2 to 3h after falling sleep with steady intense unilateral
orbital, boring pain.
It may be characterized by period of acute attack, lasting a
number of weeks to a few months. Alcohol may trigger the
attack.
Symptoms:-
• Conjunctivitis
• Nasal congestion
Drugs used for the treatment of migraine:-
1. Migraleve (paracetamol codeine)
2. Midrid (Isometheptene mucate)
3. Buccastem M (prochlorperazine)
3
4. Medicine Use in Side Drug Patient in Pregnanc
children effects interactio whom care y
n should be
exercised
Migraleve >10years Dry ↑es Glaucoma , Avoid in
mouth, sedation prostate third
constipatiwith enlargement trimester
on & alcohol,
sedation opioid
analgesics,
anxiolytics,
hypnotics
and
antidepress
ant
Midrid >12years Dizziness Avoid with Hypertension Avoid
, rash the MAOIs , diabetic
, Beta-
blockers &
TCAs
Buccastem >18 years Drowsine ↑es Patient with ok
M ss sedation Parkinson's
with disease,
alcohol, Epilepsy and
opioid Glaucoma
analgesics,
anxiolytics,
hypnotics
and
antidepress
ant
4