Evaluation of Threats and Sustainable Utilization of Lesser Known Plants: Medicinal Plants with reference to "Dashmoola"

Evaluation of Threats and Sustainable Utilization
of LKP:
Medicinal Plants with Reference to Dashamoola
Vandana Baranwal1 Rabinarayan Acharya2
Suresh Kumar3

Evaluation of Threats and Sustainable Utilization of
Lesser Known Plants :
Medicinal Plants with Reference to Dashamoola
3/10/2021
VANDANA BARANWAL AYURVEDATRI 2

• Vandana Baranwal, BAMS, MD (Ay)
Ayurveda Expert , USA
https://www.ayurvedatri.com/
Board of Directors, Council for Ayurveda Research
Senior Faculty, Sevanti Institute Ayurveda
Former Professor SDM College of Ayurveda and
Hospital,
Rajiv Gandhi university of Health sciences, Bangalore,
India
cell: (646) 290-1351
email: teamayurvedatri@gmail.com
** Rabinarayan Acharya,MD,PhD
Dean, IPGT&RA, GAU
Chairman, Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia Committee(APC)
Chief Editor, Journal of Pharmacovigilance & Drug Safety (JPDS)
Professor and Head, Dept of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA,
Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar, Gujarat, 361008
Phone/ Fax: 0288 2553936; Cell: 0 9924585855
drrnacharya@gmail.com
*** Prof. (Dr.) SURESH KUMAR, MD, PhD Kayachikitsa (BHU)
Chairman: Committee for up-gradation of SK AYUSH University Act 25 of 2017
Member (Chancellor Nominee), Executive Council, SK AYUSH University, Kurukshetra, Haryana (India)
Editor-in-Chief (Founder Editor), J Res Educ Indian Med (ISSN 0970-7700)
Formerly:
Dean Faculty of Ayurveda, HP Uni, Shimla HP,
Administrator and OSD at Govt. PG Ayurveda College, Paprola HP
Director Indian Institute of Panchakarma (CCRAS, Govt of India) at Kerala
e-mail ID-1: prof.suresh.india@gmail.com ( Official)
e-mail ID-2: drsureshkumar@msn.com (personal)
3/10/2021

Introduction
3/10/2021

Ayurveda
One of the most ancient systems
of medicine of the world
Cultural and Intellectual heritage
Traces its origin to Gods
Dated to be 10,000 years old
Efficacy, Acceptance and
Availability of Ayurvedic
medicines has kept Ayurveda
alive
3/10/2021

Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Charak
Vagabhatt
Sushrut
Samhita
1,270
1,150
1,100
3/10/2021
Ref.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871155/

Plant parts being used in Ayurvedic industry
Table- 1
Plant Part Used Percentage
Roots 29.6
Rhizome 4.0
Leaves 5.8
Flowers 5.2
Fruits 10.3
Seeds 6.6
Stems 5.5
Bark 13.5
Wood 2.8
Whole plant 16.5
3/10/2021 7
VANDANA BARANWAL AYURVEDATRI
Ref. 2

Dashmoola
▪ One of the most important polyherbal medicines
described in Classical Ayurvedic texts.
▪ Wide therapeutic index and medicinal benefits.
▪ Major ingredient in more than 200 Ayurvedic
formulations.
▪ One of the top traded Ayurvedic formulation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC37
33204/
3/10/2021

Dashmoola
▪ Increasing National and Global demand.
▪ Destructive harvesting as roots of mature plants used.
▪ Lack of conservation measures and sustainable use.
▪ Three plants already in IUCN red list.
▪ Ref. 3
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329484793_DEPLETION_OF_GENUINE_RA
W_DRUGS_A_RISING_THREAT_IN_AYURVEDIC_DRUG_MANUFACTURING_INDUS
TRY
3/10/2021

Lesser Known
and
lesser Managed
Medicinal Plants
1. Agnimantha - Premna integrifolia
2. Shyonaka - Oroxylum indicum
3. Patala - Stereospermum suaveolens
4. Bruhati - Solanum indicum
5. Kantakari - Solanum xanthocarpum
6. Shalaparni - Desmodium gangeticum
7. Prishniparni - Uraria picta
8. Gokshura - Tribulus terrestris
3/10/2021

Drug Profile – Dashmoola
3/10/2021

What is Dashmoola
• An Ayurvedic medicine, literally means ‘ten-
roots’
• Made by combining dried roots of ten medicinal
plants
• Spelled as Dasamoola, Dashmoola and
Dashmula
• Various dosage forms i.e. churna, kwatha/ kashaya,
taila, ghrit, avaleha, kshirapaka and arishta
• Important ingredient of many highly popular
formulations like Chyavanaprasa, Dhanwantharam
tailam Dasamulakaṭutrayadi Kvayam,
Dashmoolharitaki, Dashmoolrasayanam
3/10/2021
Ref.4

Described in more
than 35 Ancient
Ayurveda Texts
Charak Samhita 1000BC- 4AD
Sushrut Samhita 1000BC - 2 AD
Navanitak 4th Century
Ashtang Samgrah 6th Century
Ashtang Hridaya 7th Century
Kashyap Samhita 6th AD
Bhela Samhita 7th AD
Vrundamadhav 10th Century
Chikitsakalila 10th Century
Chakradutta 10th century
Gadanigrah 11th -12th Century
3/10/2021
Ref.4

Important Medicinal
Properties of
Dashamoola
Image of dashmool
▪ Anti-inflammatory
▪ Anti-rheumatic or Anti-arthritic
▪ Analgesic
▪ Antispasmodic
▪ Adaptogenic
▪ Antioxidant
▪ Neuroprotective
▪ Anti-paralytic
▪ Uterine tonic
▪ Uterine Detoxifier
3/10/2021 14

Indications/Contraindications/ Therapeutic Uses
• Osteoarthritis
• Muscle spasm
• Low backache
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Bursitis
• Fibromyalgia
• Gout
• Paralysis
• Facial paralysis
• Hemiplegia
• Sciatica
▪ Constipation
▪ Gas or flatulence
• Bloating
• Difficulty in Urination
• Reduced flow of urine
• Cough & Bronchitis
• Asthma or Breathing troubles
• Atherosclerosis
• General body aches
• Fatigue with body aches
3/10/2021 15
1. No absolute contraindications
2. Due to its usna virya should be used cautiously in
pita prakruti person.
3. Ayurvedic medicines should be used on
Ayurvedic doctor’s recommendations

Dashmoola in
Women Health
•Dysmenorrhea(menstrual cramps)
•Recurrent miscarriage
•Pelvic inflammatory disease
•Backache
•Various uterine disorders
•For prevention of uterine infections
•Perineal pain
•Inflammation of breasts
•Postpartum complications
•Postpartum fatigue
•Postpartum appetite loss
•Postpartum depression
•Postpartum weakness
•Anemia after pregnancy
3/10/2021

Popular Ayurvedic Medicines Containing
Dashamoola
▪ Dashamoolarishta
▪ Dashmoolakashayam
▪ Chyavanaprasha
▪ Dhanwantharam tailam
• Dasamulakatutrayadi Kashayam
• Dashamoola Churna
• Dashamoola Oil
• Dashmoola Rasayana
• Dashamoola Haritaki
3/10/2021 17

Profile of Plants of Dashmoola Group
3/10/2021

Dashmoola Composition According to Ancient Ayurvedic Texts
Laghu pancamool
1. Shalaparni
2. Prushniparni
3. Bruhati
4. Kantakari
5. Gokshuru
Brihath Panchamoola
1. Bilva
2. Agnimantha
3. Shyonaka
4. Kashmari
5. Patala
3/10/2021 19
शालिपर्णीपृश्निपर्णीबृहतीद्वयगोक्षुरैः |
बबल्वाश्निमन्थस्योिाककानमरीपाटिायुतैः ||२५||
दशमूिलमतत ख्यातं……
Ref. 5

Plant Identification of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants
• The exact methodology adopted to identify botanical sources for Ayurvedic
drugs has not been published.
• According to subject experts like Bapalal Vaidya, Balwant Singh and K.C.
Chunekar criteria has been the etymological analysis of drug synonyms as
given in classical texts and by interviewing traditional practitioners and
Ayurvedic scholars.
• The official Ayurvedic Formularies of India (AFI) have listed the ingredients of
Dashmool and there Ayurvedic/Sanskrit names, and the correlated botanical
sources has been listed.
Ref. 6, 7
3/10/2021

Dashmoola According to Ayurvedic Formularies of India
(AFI) correlated botanical sources
Laghu panchamool
1. Bruhati -Solanum indicum
2. Kantakari - Solanum xanthocarpum
3. Shalaparni - Desmodium gangeticum
4. Prishniparni -Uraria picta
5. Gokshura - Tribulus terrestris
Brihath Panchamoola
1. Bilva - Aegle marmelos
2. Agnimantha - Premna integrifolia
3. Shyonaka- Oroxylum indicum
4. Patala - Stereospermum suaveolens
5. Kashmari - Gmelina arborea
3/10/2021 21
Ref. 8

Bilwa Aegle marmelos
▪ Rasa- Kashaya , Tikta
▪ Guna- Laghu, Ruksha
▪ Virya- Ushna
▪ Vipaka- Katu
VANDANA BARANWAL AYURVEDATRI 3/10/2021 22

Agnimantha Clerodendrum phlomidis
1. Premna integrifolia
2. Premna latifolia
3. Premna mucronate
4. Clerodendrum inerme
5. Clerodendrum multiflorum
6. Premna corymbosa Syn.
P. serratifolia
Rasa- Tikta, Katu, Kashaya, Madhur
Guna- Laghu, Ruksha
Virya- Ushna
Vipaka- Katu

Shyonaka Oroxylum indicum
Rasa- Madhur , Tikta, Kashaya
Guna- Laghu, Ruksha
Virya- Ushna
Vipaka- Katu
Ailanthus excelsa Simarubaceae

Patala Stereospermum suaveolens
Rasa- Tikta, Kashaya
Guna- Laghu, Ruksha
Virya- Ushna
Vipaka- Katu
Stereospermum suaveolens
Syn. S. chelenoides
Bignonia chelenoides
Stereospermum personatum
Stereospermum tetragonum
Syn. S. colais

Kashmari
Gmelina arborea
Rasa- Tikta, Kashaya,
Madhur
Guna- Guru
Virya- Ushna
Vipaka- Katu
3/10/2021
Gmelina asiatica
Trewia nudiflora
Premna flavescens

Bruhati Solanum indicum , Solanum anguivi, Solanum melongena
▪ Rasa- Katu,Tikta
▪ Guna- Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna
▪ Virya- Ushna
▪ Vipaka- Katu
Solanum incanum
Solanum torvum

Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum , Solanum virgianum, Solanum surattense
Rasa- Katu,Tikta
Guna- Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna
Virya- Ushna
Vipaka- Katu

Prisnaparni Uraria picta, Uraria lagopoides, Desmodium triquetrum
Desmodium gangeticum
Substitutes-
▪ Uraria hamosa
▪ Alysicarpus longifolius
Rasa- Madhur, Tikta
Guna- Laghu , Snigdha
Virya- Ushna
Vipaka- Madhur

Salparni Desmodium gangeticum, Hedysarum gangeticum
Desmodium laxiflorum, Pseudarthria viscida
Rasa- Madhur, Tikta
Guna- Guru, Snigdha
Virya- Ushna
Vipaka- Madhur
Pseudarthria viscida
Desmodium ploycarpum
Uraria lagopoides
Uraria hamosa
Flemingia paniculata
Flemingia stricta

Gokshura Tribulus terrestris, Pedalim murex
Peadalium murex (Pedaliaceae),
Tribulus alatus (Zygophyllaceae),
Acanthospermum hispidum (Asteraceae),
Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae),
Martynia diandra (Pedaliaceae)
▪ Rasa- Madhur
▪ Guna- Guru , Snigdha
▪ Virya- Sheet
▪ Vipaka- Madhur

Evaluation of Threat
3/10/2021

Estimated Consumption
and Turn Over Income
from Dashamoola
More than 10,000 M.
tonnes of plant raw
drugs belonging to
Dashamoola group is
being consumed / Year
Nearly Rs. 500 crore
(USD 1 billion)
turnover
3/10/2021
Ref. 8
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3733204/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6571565/

Medicinal Plant Species
Traded in High Volumes (≥
100 MT/year)
1. Aegle marmelos (Bilva)
2. Desmodium gangeticum
(Salparni)
3. Gmelina arborea (Kashmari)
4. Oroxylum indicum (Shyonak)
5. Premna serratifolia
(Agnimantha)
6. Stereospermum chelonoides
(Patala)
7. Tribulus terrestris (Gokshura)
https://nmpb.nic.in/sites/default/files/publications/Contents.pdf
Bilva Salparni
Gambhari Shyonak
Agnimantha
Patala
Gokshur

Annual Trade of Dashamoola
Group of Plants in MT
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
Name of the plant Botanical name Annual Trade in
MT
Bilva Aegle marmelos 2000 - 5000
Gambhari Gmelina arborea 1000 - 2000
Shyonak Oroxylum indicum 1000 - 2000
Agnimanth Premna integrifolia 500 - 1000
Patala Stereospermum
suaveolens
1000 - 2000
Prisnaparni Uraria picta 200 - 500
Shalparni Desmodium
gangeticum
1000 - 2000
Brihati Solanum indicum 1000 - 2000
Kantakari Solanum
xanthocarpum
1000 - 2000
Gokshuru Tribulus terrestris 2000 - 5000

Herb Harvesting
Source of Herbs Herb Harvesting
▪ 70% of the plant collections involve
destructive harvesting.
• Approximately 90% of the medicinal plants used by the
Ayurvedic drug industries are collected from the
forests (wild)
• Only around 10% are cultivated in private lands
3/10/2021
Ref. 1,2,9

Ayurvedic Herb Harvesting
▪ Medicinal plants are gathered from
the wild by collectors through the
tribals, forest dwellers and other
local people.
▪ Ignorance about plant biology,
habitat and ecology.
▪ Price paid to the gatherers is very low,
greed to earn more leads to over-
exploitation.
▪ Destructive harvesting of plant leads
to plant destruction and destruction of
habitat
▪ Threat to genetic stock and diversity.
Ref. 10

Red List Alert for Dashmoola Herbs
S. No. Name Botanical
Name
Status
1 Vilwa Aegle
marmelos
Linn.
Vulnerable
2 Shyonak Oroxylum
indicum
Linn.
Vulnerable
3 Salaparni Pseudarthri
a viscida
Linn.1.
Threatened
▪ 3 plants from Dashamoola group are
Red listed by -
▪ International Union for Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN)- easily and widely
understood system
▪ Foundation for Revitalization of Local
Health Traditions –Environmental
Information System (FRLHT-ENVIS)
▪ State medicinal Plant Board, Kerala
https://nmpb.nic.in/sites/default/files/publications
/Contents.pdf
Ref. 11
3/10/2021

Ayurvedic Herb
Trade
Traders have little knowledge of
herbs, leads to contamination.
Ignorance about temperature,
humidity, drying and storage
affects quality of herb and
Ayurvedic medicine.
Ref. 13
Ref. 13

Ayurvedic Herb
Trade
The medicinal plant species
in trade are sourced from
many different agro-climatic
zones.
Routed and re-routed under
different local names.
Through various raw drug
markets.
Through various retail shops.
Across different states.
A fairly complex system.

Classical References for Substitution of Dashmool
plants from Ayurvedic Texts
 Bilva (Aegle marmelos)- flowers and unripe
fruits (Bhaishajya Ratnavali)
 Salaparni (Desmodium gangeticum) in absence
of Prshniparni (Uraria picta)
 Prishniparni (Uraria picta)-
use of both root and whole plant for Prshniparni
 Bruhati (Solanum indicum),
Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum)
and Goksura (Tribulus terrestris)- whole plant
(Nigantu Adarsha)
Less Availability and Increasing Demand
Substitution in Ayurvedic Drug Manufacturing Industry
 Substitution with totally different drug
 Substitution of two different species
 Substitution of species belonging to same family
 Substitution of different parts of the plant
Plant name Substitution Reference
Bilva (Aegle
marmelos)-
Flowers and
unripe fruits
Bhaishajya
Ratnavali
Salaparni
(Desmodium
gangeticum)
Prshniparni
(Uraria picta)
Nigantu
Adarsha
Prishniparni
(Uraria picta)
Whole plant
Nigantu
Adarsha
Bruhati
(Solanum
indicum)
Whole plant
Nigantu
Adarsha
Kantakari
(Solanum
xanthocarpum)
Whole plant
Nigantu
Adarsha
Goksura
(Tribulus
terrestris)
Whole plant
Nigantu
Adarsha
3/10/2021
Ref. 12

Depleting Resources
▪ Substitution and Adulteration is now most common in Ayurvedic drug
industry.
▪ Substitution is one of the primary indicators of the upcoming depletion of the
drug sources.
▪ Drug manufacturers use alternative species when the ‘first choice’ is no longer
available
▪ With reference to Dashamoola, there are reports that even some of the ‘second
best’ alternatives are now facing extinction.
Ref. 11
3/10/2021

Executive
Summary NMPB
Report
Medicinal Plants in India:
An Assessment of their
Demand and Supply
The National Medicinal Plants
Board (NMPB), Ministry of
AYUSH, Government of India,
with the Indian Council of
Forestry Research and
Education (ICFRE) in strategic
partnership with FRLHT,
conducted the study and
published the report under the
authorship of under the
authorship of Ved and Goraya
(2017).
▪ Inventory of Medicinal Plant Species in Commercial
Demand in India: A consolidated inventory of 1622
botanicals correlated to 1178 plant species
▪ Estimated Annual Demand of Herbal Raw Drugs in
the Country : Estimated at 5,12,000 MT
▪ Estimated Annual Trade Value of Herbal Raw
Drugs in the Country: around ` 7,000 crores (> one
billion USD)
▪ Estimated Annual Domestic Turnover of Herbal
Industry in the Country : 20,000 crore!
▪ Estimated Supply of Herbal Raw Drugs: Non-
availability of reliable country wide figures
▪ Medicinal Plant Species in High Commercial
Demand (≥100 MT/ Year)

Sustainable Utilization
3/10/2021

Management of
Wild Resources
Conservation
Strengthening
Sustainable utilization of
resources.
▪ Establishment of Medicinal Plant Conservation
Areas (MPCAs).
▪ NMPB is also supporting establishment of
Medicinal Plant Conservation and Development
Areas (MPCDAs) in many states.
▪ Establishment of uniform rules across various states
for picking/ uprooting for specific plants.
▪ Ex- MP and Chhattisgarh do not have rules for
many endangered species.
▪ Karnataka allows collection through forest block
auction.
▪ Collection from wild without licence should be
illegal and strict implementation of laws.
▪ Focus should be on conservation, sustainable
utilization and biodiversity.

Promotion of
Commercial
Cultivation of
Medicinal Plants
Systematic cultivation
Commercial cultivation
Plant micropropagation
Advanced techniques for
plant propagation- In
situ/ ex- situ
conservation.
▪ Since it’s inception NMPB has played a good role
and one of its first studies has observed that –
▪ Approach through cultivation should be made
through CBO (Community based organization) or
NGO (Non- government organization).
▪ Cultivation programs are successful where locals
come forward.
▪ Availability of authentic seeds in adequate amount
has shown good result for cultivation in wild.
▪ Cultivation in wild has limitations due to climate
change and anthropogenic influences – it causes
rapid destruction of natural wild habitats of
medicinal plants

Commercial
Cultivation
Systematic cultivation
Commercial cultivation
Plant micropropagation
Advanced techniques for
plant propagation- In situ/
ex- situ conservation.
▪ Commercial cultivation to meet the growing demand
for Dashmoola group of plants.
▪ Standardization and improvement of propagation
techniques and growing them under human care.
▪ Commercial cultivation increases the pharmacological
advantages over wild collecting.
▪ Wild collected plants may vary in quality and
composition, due to environmental and genetic
differences.
▪ In commercial cultivation plants can be grown in areas
of similar climate and soil, can be irrigated to increase
yields and can be harvested at the right time.
▪ Cultivation also greatly reduces the possibility of
misidentification and adulteration.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327075176_Conservati
on_and_Propagation_of_Dasamula_group_of_Medicinal_Plants

Commercial
Cultivation
Seed propagation
Vegetative propagation
▪ Seed propagation can be carried out in all the
members of Dashamoola except Premna corymbosa.
▪ Seeds can be germinated in nursery beds.
▪ In some of the plants like Gmelina arborea and
Stereospermum colais pre-treatment of the seeds with
water soaking increased the speed of germination as
well as germination percentage.
▪ Stereospermum colais shows poor germination
percentage (25-30%) even under nursery conditions
and this can be overcome by sowing the seeds
immediately after extracting the seeds.
▪ Vegetative propagation through stem cuttings and
air layers can carried out in Premna corymbosa.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327075176_Conservati
on_and_Propagation_of_Dasamula_group_of_Medicinal_Plants

Commercial
Cultivation
in vitro propagation
▪ In vitro propagation facilitates large scale
production of the plant, and uses all other
biotechnologies used in conservation of plants.
▪ In vitro propagation protocols for Dashamoola
species like Aegale marmelos, Gmelina arborea,
Oroxylum indicum, Stereospermum colais, Solanum
violaceum,and Tribulus terrestris have been
developed.
▪ Standardization protocols for the large scale
utilization is the need of the hour.
▪ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327075
176_Conservation_and_Propagation_of_Dasamula_
group_of_Medicinal_Plants

Conservation and Sustainable Utilization
▪ National Medicinal Plants Board has also published a book on “Agro-techniques of
Selected Medicinal Plants” in collaboration with following Government bodies-
▪ Ministries of Environment and Forests, Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, Science &
Technology,
▪ Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR), Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education (ICFRE), Indian
Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Central Council for Research in Ayurveda &
Siddha (CCRAS), Central Council for Research in Unani Medicines (CCRUM),
▪ Agriculture and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA),
▪ Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM)

Conservation and Sustainable Utilization
▪ Recommendations for Agro technique of three Dashmoola group of plants has
been made-
▪ Agnimantha Clerodendrum phlomidis
▪ Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum
▪ Gokshura Tribulus terrestris

Innovative Technique
▪ A new and easy method for the cultivation of Dashamoola, Developed by KFRI
Thrissur.
▪ This method ensures quality and conserves time, space and money without
natural loss.
▪ https://youtu.be/VckK4559Few
3/10/2021

Conclusion
▪ Medicinal plant resources are being harvested in increasing volume.
▪ Dire need to create greater awareness among the researchers, extension services,
farmers, policy and decision makers, donors, technology providers and consumers as a
whole about the economic value, good harvesting practices and sustainable
utilization of LKP from Ayurvedic medicine.
▪ Heritage can be wisely used and exploited.
▪ Conserve and perpetuate through judicious management practices for future
generations
3/10/2021

References
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Genetic Resources: 6(2), pp. 131–137
2. FRLHT (Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions). 1997. Medicinal Plants of India:
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industry. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2018;9(11):170-174 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.0911278
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Nighantu/dhanvantarinighantu/?mod=read&h=dashamUla
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2018;9(11):170-174 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230 8407.0911278
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References
13. Goraya, G. S. and Ved, D. K. (2017). Medicinal Plants in India: An Assessment of their Demand and Supply.
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Evaluation of Threats and Sustainable Utilization of Lesser Known Plants: Medicinal Plants with reference to "Dashmoola"

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