Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) is an important emerging species in Brazilian mariculture. The aim of the study was to obtain and characterize a protein isolate from cobia muscle using chemical extraction process by alkaline solubilization and isoelectric precipitation of proteins. The extraction yield was 98.17g/100g protein on a dry basis. The highest solubility and water holding capacity (WHC) of cobiaprotein isolate (CPI) was obtained at pH 11and 21.9mL of water per gram of protein. The electrophoretic profiles revealed masses characteristic of myofibrillar proteins (myosin and actin). The main peaks identified by qualitative spectroscopy analysis of the infrared spectrawere characteristic of peptide bonds such as amide I and amide II. The highest fusion and degradation points of CPI were 259.1°C and 378°C, respectively. The results showed that the CPI has great biotechnological value in various industrial areas that require a product of high protein value.
Dealumination and Na activation of natural zeolite for CO2 adsorption on biogasIJERD Editor
In this study, natural zeolites from the Philippines were modified using NaOH heat treatment and NaCl hydrothermal process. Pre-treatment using ferro-filtering and dealumination using different concentrations of HCl acid leaching were prepared prior to sodium activation. Heat treatment was performed using 5M NaOH at 80 °C for 72 hrs while 3 cycle hydrothermal process was performed using 5M NaCl at 10 psi for 1 hr. Diffraction pattern from XRD showed Heulandite (HEU) – Clinoptilolite (CLI) and Mordenite (MOR) framework for raw and acid pre-treated zeolites.
Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2 Deoxyguanosine in Pseudomonas Fluorescens Freeze...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Oxidative DNA damage is involved in the f cell death induced by freeze-dried powder during storage. Cell 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is widely accepted as a biomarker of the “freeze-dried bacteria” oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to introduce a method for determination 8-oxodG in cell freeze-dried samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the tested range of 0.5 µmol L-1 to 1.0 nmol L-1, the calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) and the limit of detection was 0.05 µmol L-1. The used method did not allow highlighting the presence in the samples of the 8OH within the limits of detection. A more successful method (more sensitive) would be needed to detect possibly the 8OH.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, magnetic properties and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ...IOSR Journals
Three new ternary copper(II) complexes formulated as [Cu(HIda)(bipy)] 1; [Cu(HIda)(phen)] 2; [Cu(HIda)(dmp)] 3; where HIda =N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2- iminodiacetic acid ; bipy = 2, 2’- bipyridine; phen = 1,10- phenanthroline; dmp = 2,9-dimethyl 1,10-phenanthroline, have been synthesized and characterized by partial elemental analysis, FAB-mass (m/z), EPR, UV-visible and CV measurements. The magnetic and spectroscopic data of all these complexes 1-3 indicate distorted octahedral geometry. The EPR spectra of these complexes in frozen DMSO solutions showed a single at g ca. 2. The trend in g-value (g||>g>2.0023) suggests that the unpaired electron on copper (II) has dx2–y2 character. The SOD activities of the complexes have been investigated. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of these complexes were also measured and discussed.
Synthesis of graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the enrich...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
In our study, graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite (GO/TiO2) was prepared and used for the enrichment of rutin from real samples for the first time.
Materials and Methods:
The synthesized GO/TiO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectra. The enrichment process is fast and highly efficient. The factors including contact time, pH, and amount of GO/TiO2 affecting the adsorption process were studied.
Results:
The maximum adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin was calculated to be 59.5 mg/g according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The method yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration ranges from 15 to 200 μg/L for the rutin with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were found to be 8 μg/Land 28 μg/L, respectively. Both the intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSDs) were < 10% .
Conclusion:
The developed approach offered wide linear range, and good reproducibility. Owing to the diverse structures and unique characteristic, GO/TiO2 possesses great potential in the enrichment and analysis of trace rutin in real aqueous samples.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite EnrichmentSryahwa Publications
Magnesite formulated as MgCO3 is the primary source for magnesium and magnesium derivates. In Turkey, many magnesite deposits cannot be worked out because of high CaCO3 content. Therefore, there are many researchers have applied physical and chemical methods to improve the quality of magnesite.
While physical methods are expensive and chemical methods reduce the biological diversity and pollute soil and groundwater, the focus has now been shifted on alternative methods such as biotechnological procedures.
Dealumination and Na activation of natural zeolite for CO2 adsorption on biogasIJERD Editor
In this study, natural zeolites from the Philippines were modified using NaOH heat treatment and NaCl hydrothermal process. Pre-treatment using ferro-filtering and dealumination using different concentrations of HCl acid leaching were prepared prior to sodium activation. Heat treatment was performed using 5M NaOH at 80 °C for 72 hrs while 3 cycle hydrothermal process was performed using 5M NaCl at 10 psi for 1 hr. Diffraction pattern from XRD showed Heulandite (HEU) – Clinoptilolite (CLI) and Mordenite (MOR) framework for raw and acid pre-treated zeolites.
Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2 Deoxyguanosine in Pseudomonas Fluorescens Freeze...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Oxidative DNA damage is involved in the f cell death induced by freeze-dried powder during storage. Cell 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is widely accepted as a biomarker of the “freeze-dried bacteria” oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to introduce a method for determination 8-oxodG in cell freeze-dried samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the tested range of 0.5 µmol L-1 to 1.0 nmol L-1, the calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) and the limit of detection was 0.05 µmol L-1. The used method did not allow highlighting the presence in the samples of the 8OH within the limits of detection. A more successful method (more sensitive) would be needed to detect possibly the 8OH.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, magnetic properties and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ...IOSR Journals
Three new ternary copper(II) complexes formulated as [Cu(HIda)(bipy)] 1; [Cu(HIda)(phen)] 2; [Cu(HIda)(dmp)] 3; where HIda =N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2- iminodiacetic acid ; bipy = 2, 2’- bipyridine; phen = 1,10- phenanthroline; dmp = 2,9-dimethyl 1,10-phenanthroline, have been synthesized and characterized by partial elemental analysis, FAB-mass (m/z), EPR, UV-visible and CV measurements. The magnetic and spectroscopic data of all these complexes 1-3 indicate distorted octahedral geometry. The EPR spectra of these complexes in frozen DMSO solutions showed a single at g ca. 2. The trend in g-value (g||>g>2.0023) suggests that the unpaired electron on copper (II) has dx2–y2 character. The SOD activities of the complexes have been investigated. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of these complexes were also measured and discussed.
Synthesis of graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the enrich...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
In our study, graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite (GO/TiO2) was prepared and used for the enrichment of rutin from real samples for the first time.
Materials and Methods:
The synthesized GO/TiO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectra. The enrichment process is fast and highly efficient. The factors including contact time, pH, and amount of GO/TiO2 affecting the adsorption process were studied.
Results:
The maximum adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin was calculated to be 59.5 mg/g according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The method yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration ranges from 15 to 200 μg/L for the rutin with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were found to be 8 μg/Land 28 μg/L, respectively. Both the intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSDs) were < 10% .
Conclusion:
The developed approach offered wide linear range, and good reproducibility. Owing to the diverse structures and unique characteristic, GO/TiO2 possesses great potential in the enrichment and analysis of trace rutin in real aqueous samples.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite EnrichmentSryahwa Publications
Magnesite formulated as MgCO3 is the primary source for magnesium and magnesium derivates. In Turkey, many magnesite deposits cannot be worked out because of high CaCO3 content. Therefore, there are many researchers have applied physical and chemical methods to improve the quality of magnesite.
While physical methods are expensive and chemical methods reduce the biological diversity and pollute soil and groundwater, the focus has now been shifted on alternative methods such as biotechnological procedures.
Abstract— Thermally Simulated Depolarization Current measurement is an excellent but not widely used method for identifying relaxation processes in polymers. The TSDC method is used here to analyze the molecular movements in biopolymers. Differential Scanning Calorimetry is a technique used to measure thermal properties of polymers based on the rate at which they absorb heat energy compared to a reference material. The two techniques take advantage of the energy changes involved in the various phase transitions of certain polymer molecules. This allows for several properties of the material to be ascertained; melting points, enthalpies of melting, crystallization temperatures, glass transition temperatures and degradation temperatures. The examined biopolymer films are made from biological materials such as proteins and polysaccharides. These materials have gained wide usage in pharmaceutical, medical and food areas. The uses of biopolymer films depend on their structure and mechanical properties. This work is based on three types of alginate, and gelatin films. The films were prepared by casting. The casting technique used aqueous solutions in each case of sample preparation. The manufacturing process of the sodium alginate and gelatin films was a single stage solving process, and for the calcium alginate and alginic acid have a chemical reaction process.
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
Research Presentation for Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference, 2019B.K.T. Samarasiri
Research Topic: Development of an enzymatic hydrolysis pre-treatment strategy to improve batch anaerobic digestion of wastewater generated in desiccated coconut processing plants.
Award: Best paper award in Environmental Engineering track
Studies on radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto chitin for ion exchange application were examined . Over the past several years , chitin has been receiving increased attention for its application such as ion exchange . They are utilized scarcely because of problems associated with poor solubility, hidrophilicity and low reactivity. Graft copolymerization induced by irradiation is one of the methods for chitin modification in order to improve its properties such as hydrophilicity and reactivity. The aim of this research is to increasing the ability of chitin as ion exchange for heavy metal adsorbent.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Lignin isolation from coconut coir, characterization and depolymerization usi...Richa Chaudhary
Lignin isolation from coconut coir using Klason, organosolv, and soda methods and the depolymerization of isolated lignin to value-added chemicals using a solid base catalyst.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatal...ijtsrd
A slurry photocatalytic reactor assessed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin CFX . The effect of operating parameters like initial ciprofloxacin concentration, catalyst dosage and pH on ciprofloxacin degradation was analysed in this study. Batch study was conducted and it showed 90 degradation of the CFX. It was observed the optimum concentration of CFX was 1500 µg l, catalyst dosage was 1 g l at the pH of 9 for the duration of 3 hours. The photocatalytic degradation of CFX followed the pseudo first order kinetics. Karthika. V | Vedavalli. S | Afreen Begum. M "Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatalytic Reactor: Optimization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31224.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/31224/photocatalytic-degradation-of-ciprofloxacin-using-tio2-in-a-slurry-photocatalytic-reactor-optimization/karthika-v
One Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis Characterizations Of Silver Nanoparticles On R...IOSRJAC
Graphene-based nanocomposite have significant applicability in catalysis, electronics, medicine, and energy. In this report silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) - nanocomposite was prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal process using silver nitrate as a precursor. Under hydrothermal process Graphene oxide (GO) was reduced to reduced graphene oxide (RGO), without using chemical reagents. As synthesized (Ag-RGO) nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, UV Vis-spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activities of the composite were investigated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results demonstrate that Ag-RGO nanocomposite was a strong bactericide against Gram-negative bacteria. Antioxidant activity was evaluated for bare GO, Ag and Ag-RGO nanocomposite by DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was observed that Ag/RGO nanocomposite has enhanced antioxidant activity than bare GO and Ag.
Abstract— Thermally Simulated Depolarization Current measurement is an excellent but not widely used method for identifying relaxation processes in polymers. The TSDC method is used here to analyze the molecular movements in biopolymers. Differential Scanning Calorimetry is a technique used to measure thermal properties of polymers based on the rate at which they absorb heat energy compared to a reference material. The two techniques take advantage of the energy changes involved in the various phase transitions of certain polymer molecules. This allows for several properties of the material to be ascertained; melting points, enthalpies of melting, crystallization temperatures, glass transition temperatures and degradation temperatures. The examined biopolymer films are made from biological materials such as proteins and polysaccharides. These materials have gained wide usage in pharmaceutical, medical and food areas. The uses of biopolymer films depend on their structure and mechanical properties. This work is based on three types of alginate, and gelatin films. The films were prepared by casting. The casting technique used aqueous solutions in each case of sample preparation. The manufacturing process of the sodium alginate and gelatin films was a single stage solving process, and for the calcium alginate and alginic acid have a chemical reaction process.
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
Research Presentation for Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference, 2019B.K.T. Samarasiri
Research Topic: Development of an enzymatic hydrolysis pre-treatment strategy to improve batch anaerobic digestion of wastewater generated in desiccated coconut processing plants.
Award: Best paper award in Environmental Engineering track
Studies on radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto chitin for ion exchange application were examined . Over the past several years , chitin has been receiving increased attention for its application such as ion exchange . They are utilized scarcely because of problems associated with poor solubility, hidrophilicity and low reactivity. Graft copolymerization induced by irradiation is one of the methods for chitin modification in order to improve its properties such as hydrophilicity and reactivity. The aim of this research is to increasing the ability of chitin as ion exchange for heavy metal adsorbent.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Lignin isolation from coconut coir, characterization and depolymerization usi...Richa Chaudhary
Lignin isolation from coconut coir using Klason, organosolv, and soda methods and the depolymerization of isolated lignin to value-added chemicals using a solid base catalyst.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatal...ijtsrd
A slurry photocatalytic reactor assessed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin CFX . The effect of operating parameters like initial ciprofloxacin concentration, catalyst dosage and pH on ciprofloxacin degradation was analysed in this study. Batch study was conducted and it showed 90 degradation of the CFX. It was observed the optimum concentration of CFX was 1500 µg l, catalyst dosage was 1 g l at the pH of 9 for the duration of 3 hours. The photocatalytic degradation of CFX followed the pseudo first order kinetics. Karthika. V | Vedavalli. S | Afreen Begum. M "Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatalytic Reactor: Optimization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31224.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/31224/photocatalytic-degradation-of-ciprofloxacin-using-tio2-in-a-slurry-photocatalytic-reactor-optimization/karthika-v
One Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis Characterizations Of Silver Nanoparticles On R...IOSRJAC
Graphene-based nanocomposite have significant applicability in catalysis, electronics, medicine, and energy. In this report silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) - nanocomposite was prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal process using silver nitrate as a precursor. Under hydrothermal process Graphene oxide (GO) was reduced to reduced graphene oxide (RGO), without using chemical reagents. As synthesized (Ag-RGO) nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, UV Vis-spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activities of the composite were investigated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results demonstrate that Ag-RGO nanocomposite was a strong bactericide against Gram-negative bacteria. Antioxidant activity was evaluated for bare GO, Ag and Ag-RGO nanocomposite by DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was observed that Ag/RGO nanocomposite has enhanced antioxidant activity than bare GO and Ag.
Bio-char can be produced by thermal conversion of
biomass. Palm shells were obtained from palm fruits (palmira).
They were air-dried to remove moisture. The dried palm shells
were ground to become powder and heated at 600ºC, 800ºC and
1000ºC for 2 h respectively. After heating, bio-char was obtained.
Structural properties of palm shell powder and bio-char were
examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to observe microstructure of biochar.
Properties such as hydration capacity, pH were also
evaluated.
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Fibrous Scaffold Produced By Rotary Jet Spinning TechniqueIJERA Editor
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/ poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) mesh was produced by Rotary Jet Spinning (RJS)
process. RJS is a simple method which fabricates three-dimensional fibers by exploiting a high-speed rotating
nozzle o form a polymer jet which undergoes stretching before solidification without the need of high voltage.
Blend meshes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA),
differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform (FTIR). SEM imagens
provides information about the morphological structure, which confirmed the production of fibers using RJS.
Data obtained by thermal analyzes indicated the immiscible property of PLLA/PCL blend and also the total
solvent evaporation. As a preliminary in vitro assay it was investigated using Vero cells, was not found any sign
suggesting cell toxicity, indicating biocompatibility. Thus, this report suggests the use of PCL/PLLA mesh as
fiber scaffold substrate for tissue engineering
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
Contribution to the Study of the Preservation by Drying of Mushrooms Pleurotu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Mushrooms make parts of foodstuffs very perishable. With the aim of extending their shelf life, the drying is recommended. In this work, we used two modes of drying: the freeze-drying and the solar drying. After drying, samples were packaged in some newspaper paper and stored during 4 months at room temperature. Some small modifications were observed in the parameters studied before drying and after storage. The pH passes from 6,5 to 6,2, the nitrogen of 0,067 mg at 0,057 mg, the phosphorus concentration decrease of 224 mg at 182,2 mg, the potassium did not change 0,6 mmol, the proteins rate decrease 0,419 % at 0,338 % and the concentration of vitamin C decrease of 9,25 mol at 8,75 mol.
Comparison of nano-hydroxyapatite productivity by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The production of nano-hydroxyapatite by two encapsulated bacterial strains was the goal of current research.
Materials and Methods:
Serratia marcscens ATCC 14756 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1570 were used by two methods including encapsulated form in 2% (w/v) alginate sodium powder and inoculated form (10%) in nutrient broth medium containing alginate sodium blank beads. In both cases alginate beads transferred to calcium and phosphorus precursors mineral medium for 48 h and were incubated at 32-35 °C for 14 days. To obtain hydroxyapatite powder, alginate beads were dried at 60 °C and rubbed. Sol-gel as chemical method was used for comparing with microbial analysis. The nature of produced powders was evaluated in each step by XRD, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy.
Results:
The results showed that the yield rate of sol-gel method was 18.3% and it was much more than encapsulated method (3.032 and 3.203 w/w dried alginate bead). The size of the particles in microbial method were smaller (8-68 nm cylindrical particles and 12-55 and 15-37 nm spherical particles) than chemical method (350-880 nm of cylindrical and 34-67 nm of spherical particles).
Conclusion:
Nanoparticle sizes and distribution of microbial nano-hydroxyapatite powder samples shows that it has excellent physical properties similar to natural bone and may be to produce dense and porous bioactive bone implants with desired properties.
Microalgae cultivation in different pH, Temperature and MediaBir Bahadur Thapa
Biotechnology advances in Algal Biofuel, one of the promising field for near future! This global warming due to our urgent necessary uses for all aspects of life, whether it is for living or just for recreation, we use fossils as our fuels. Even all your kitchen stuffs, from utensils to plastic containers... from LPG gas to your perfumes, medicines and cosmetics, all and all, directly or indirectly during their processings, uses this carbon emitting FOSSILS FUELS.
On the other opposite hand, we could use biofuel like Microalgae and various others.
Similar to Alkaline Extraction of Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) Proteins: Physicochemical characteristics, functional and thermal properties (20)
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Alkaline Extraction of Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) Proteins: Physicochemical characteristics, functional and thermal properties
1. Sabrina de La Rocha et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -7) April 2015, pp.33-40
www.ijera.com 33|P a g e
Alkaline Extraction of Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) Proteins:
Physicochemical characteristics, functional and thermal
properties
Sabrina de La Rocha1*
, Jorge Alberto V. Costa2
, Carlos Prentice3
,Ana Paula
Cassuriaga.
1,2,3
Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande –
FURG, P.O. Box 474, 96203 – 900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
Abstract
Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) is an important emerging species in Brazilian mariculture. The aim of the study
was to obtain and characterize a protein isolate from cobia muscle using chemical extraction process by alkaline
solubilization and isoelectric precipitation of proteins. The extraction yield was 98.17g/100g protein on a dry
basis. The highest solubility and water holding capacity (WHC) of cobiaprotein isolate (CPI) was obtained at pH
11and 21.9mL of water per gram of protein. The electrophoretic profiles revealed masses characteristic of
myofibrillar proteins (myosin and actin). The main peaks identified by qualitative spectroscopy analysis of the
infrared spectrawere characteristic of peptide bonds such as amide I and amide II. The highest fusion and
degradation points of CPI were 259.1°C and 378°C, respectively. The results showed that the CPI has great
biotechnological value in various industrial areas that require a product of high protein value.
Keywords:fish, isolated protein,meat, muscle, protein.
I. Introduction
When aiming at obtaining functional foods that
have significant market potential, the development of
products whose main ingredient is isolated and
recovered protein is a viable option. Raw fish protein
isolates are sources of nutrients and therefore have
potential use in the development of food products
intended for human consumption (SHAHIDI and
BARROW, 2008).
Protein isolates derived from fish muscle are a
concentrated source of complete muscle protein
(myosin and actin) of high nutritional quality
(CANDELA, LOPEZ and KOHEN, 2011). Fish
protein isolates (FPI) can be obtained by chemical
solubilization and isoelectric precipitation of the
protein either from residues or the whole fish. FPIs
resulting from alkaline extraction have higher
nutritional qualities as well as higher essential amino
acid (EAA) content compared to FPIs resulting from
acidic extractions (CHEN, TOU, and JACZYNSKI,
2009).
Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) is widely found
in the tropics and sub-tropical waters. This species
has emerging potential in marine aquaculture, due to
advantages such as rapid growth, generalresistance in
captivity and high nutritional value (HOLTA,
FAULKA, and SCHWARZ, 2007). However, no data
was found in literature on the extraction, recovery
and characterization of cobia muscle proteins.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain a
cobia protein isolate (CPI)and characterize it
forphysicochemical, structural and functional
characteristics.
II. Materials and methods
Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) was used for
protein extraction. The specimens of approximately 4
kgwere supplied by NearShore breeding siteinAngra
dos Reis on the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The
fish were transported alive to the Aquaculture Marine
Station, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG),
Rio Grande / RS.
2.1. Extraction of cobia proteins
The extraction of proteins from cobia muscle
was performed using alkaline solubilization and
isoelectric protein precipitation process (adapted
byKRISTINSSON 2005).
After slaughter,the fish was cleaned and gutted at
the Laboratory of Food Technology.Soon after, it was
processed in a meat separator (High Tech, HT250
Santa Catarina, Brazil) to remove bones and skin.
This first process generated a biomass that was
homogenized with distilled water in the ratio of 1:9
(w/v) in a propeller shaft stirrer (713 D, Fisatom, São
Paulo, Brazil). The whole process was carried out at a
constant temperature of 4°C. The resulting solution
was homogenized for 20 min with 1M sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) until pH 10.8, centrifugation was
then performed at 9,000 rpm for 20 min (Hitachi,
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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High - Speed Refrigerated Centrifuge CR 22 GIII).
The precipitate and supernatant (neutral lipids) from
the first centrifugation were discarded while the
soluble proteins were subjected to precipitation with
1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) to reach the previously
studied isoelectric pH (5.8) of proteins. Soon after,
another centrifugation was performed at 9,000 rpm
for 20 min. The supernatant was discarded and the
precipitate frozen in an ultrafreezer (Indrel, Paraná,
Brazil) and later lyophilized (Liotop, L108, Sao
Paulo).
2.2.Chemical proximal composition
Centesimal composition of the CPI was
performed according to the official method (AOAC,
2005). All analyses were performed in triplicate.
2.3. Functional properties
2.3.1. Solubility
The solubility of the cobia protein isolate (CPI)
was determined according to the method adapted
from Chalamaiah et al. (2010) and
Tadpitchayangkoon et al. (2010). The soluble protein
content in the supernatant was determined by Folin-
Ciocalteaumethod according to Lowry et al. (1951).
2.3.2.Water retention Capacity (WRC)
Water retention capacityof cobia protein isolate
was determined according to the adapted method of
Regenstein et al. (1984). Proteins soluble in the
supernatant were quantified by the Bradford (1976)
method and subtracted from the total protein in the
original sample.
2.4.Molecular weight distribution (SDS-PAGE)
The determination of protein fractions was
performed by molecular mass according to the
method described by Laemmli (1970).
2.5.Infrared spectroscopy
The spectra of the sample were determined using
a qualitative method by infrared spectroscopy
according to ASTM E 1252 method, the spectra were
recorded in an absorption band 4000-500 cm-1
32
scans and resolution at 4 cm-1
(Spectrum 1000,
Perkin Elmer).
2.6.Thermal Analysis
2.6.1.Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Differential Scanning calorimetry analysis was
used to determine the denaturation temperature of
proteins present in the CPI using the method of
determining Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies
of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by
Differential Scanning Calorimetry according to
ASTM E1269-01. Variation in the process
temperature ranged from 20°C to 300°C at a rate of
10°C/min (DSC Q20-TA Instruments).
2.6.2.Thermogravimetric
The thermal degradation and the degree of
impurity of the CPI, in inert atmosphere, were
checked by thermogravimetric analysis using the
ASTM D3850-12. A sample of approximately 5 mg
was heated from 25 to 500°C with an increase of
10°C/min, with molecular nitrogen (N2) as the drag
gas.
III. Results and discussion
3.1.Proximal chemical composition
The results of the proximal chemical
composition of the cobia muscle and the cobia
protein isolate (CPI) obtained are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - Mean values for the proximal chemical composition of the muscle cobia (M)and thecobia protein
isolate (CPI)
Values are means ± standard deviation of triplicates
Observing the Table 1, it is seen that the CPI had
a yield of 98g/100g of protein on a dry basis. The
results of the proximal chemical composition of the
CPI show that the alkaline extraction method also
promoted a reduction in lipid content (98%).
According toKristinsson (2005), the reduction of
lipids is because these components are separated in
the centrifugation, associated with the solubilization
temperature of 4°C which contributes to the
separation of fat during centrifugation. The decrease
in the lipid content in the CPI can significantly
Component
Wetbasis Dry basis
Cobiamuscle CPI
Cobia
muscle
CPI
Proteins(g/100g) 16.80 ± 0.80 86.60 ± 2.40 50.45 ± 0.80 98.63 ± 0.05
Lipids (g/100g) 25.50 ± 0.04 0.40 ± 0.03 76.57 ± 0.04 0.45 ± 0.03
Ash (g/100g) 0.90 ± 0.10 0.80 ± 0.10 2.70 ± 0.10 0.91 ± 0.10
Moisture (g/100g) 66.70 ± 1.20 12.20 ± 0.10 - -
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contribute to reduce the lipid oxidation, increasing
the stability of the product.
Marquez, Mira and Neves (2004) showed that a
high concentration of ash may be derived from the
accumulation of sodium chloride used in the protein
extraction process. According toKristinsson and
Rasco (2000), the ash content is normally greater
than 3g/100g in protein isolates, however, this was
not observed in the studied protein isolate (0.85
g/100g).
3.2. Functional Properties
3.2.1. Solubility and water retention capacity
(WRC)
The solubility decreased at pH 5.0 and 7.0,
probably,the proteins presented hydrophobic
interactions, thereby promoting protein-protein
bonds, resulting in decreased solubility, while an
increase of the protein solubility was observed in pH
3.0, 9.0 and 11.0, since the ionic interactions
promoted protein-water bonds. The solubility of
proteins is a thermodynamic manifestation of the
balance between protein-protein and protein-solvent
interactions. The main interactions that influence the
solubility of proteins are of hydrophobic and ionic
nature (DAMODARAN, 2010). The low solubility
observed near the isoelectric pH (5.8) of CPI is
mainly due to the lack of electrostatic repulsion,
leading to aggregation and precipitation through
hydrophobic interactions of proteins. In pH 9.0 and
11.0 higher solubility of the proteins (82.57% and
100% respectively) was observed, this is because
these pH values are distant from the protein
isoelectric point (pH 5.8),thus occurring the effect of
varying ionic balance of proteins as a function of pH
(MEINKE et al.1972). However, it is worth pointing
outthatlyophilization also played a decisive role,
since heat denaturation changes the solubility profile
in function of the protein pH.
With regard to the WRC values of the
CPI,greaterwater retentions by proteins were
observed in extreme pH values(3.0 and 11.0), with
21.9 and 19.1 mL.g-1
, respectively. In the present
study, the pH factor influenced the ability of proteins
to bind to water molecules becausethe valuesof pH
3.0 and 11.0 are distant from the isoelectric pH of the
CPI where there is predominance of charges of the
same sign causing repulsion and distancing between
molecules, leaving more space to be filled by water
molecules, thereby increasing the WRC.
This phenomenon occurs because at pH
valuesbelow 5.0 and above 7.0, the water molecules
are combined with the polar groups of the protein and
WRC tends to increase. An opposite phenomenon
occurs in the valuesnear the isoelectric pH (pH 5.0
and 7.0) the proteins are less hydrated because there
is increased protein-protein interaction resulting in
minimal interaction with water molecules
(PACHECO and SGARBIERI, 2005).
3.2.2. Determination of the molecular mass of the
CPI through gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
The Fig. 1 shows the bands and their respective
molecular weights of the CPI samples. Samples with
concentration of 1 mg/mL (1, 2, and 3) and samples
11, 22 and 33 with dilutions of 2.10-2
, 1.10-2
, 5.10-3
mg/mL, respectively, were mixed with 5μLbuffer,
and run in gel containing SDS (10 mL/100 mL). The
markers used were Page Ruler Prestained Protein
Ladder (M1) and Color Burst (M2).
Fig.1. separation by electrophoresis with standard protein markers (M1) and (M2).samples (1), (2) and (3) 1
mg.mL-1
of cobia protein isolate (CPI), and samples (11) 2.10-2
mg.mL-1
CPI, (22) 1.10-2
mg.mL-1
CPI and (33)
5.10-3
mg.mL-1
CPI
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The identified bands are characteristic of the
myosin type of myofibrillar proteins (200 kDa), actin
(35 kDa) and β-tropomyosin (40 kDa), confirming
the removal of sarcoplasmic proteins during the
isolation method.
The protein band of 200 kDa molecular mass
observed in this study is the mainmyofibrillarprotein
present in fish muscle. This protein consists of two
polypeptides, a heavy chain of 200 kDa and a light
chain (40 kDa) (KRISTINSSON, 2001). Li et al.
(2014) observed similar molecular masses of myosin,
actin and tropomyosin in croaker muscle
(Pseudosciaenacrocea).
Assis et al. (2012), working with croaker protein
isolate identified proteins of molecular weight near
220 kDa (myosin) and some bands between 20 and
50 kDa, representing the β-Tropomyosin and
troponin protein fractions. Tongnuanchan et al.
(2011) reported that myosin chains and high
molecular weight troponin are the dominant proteins
muscle in the electrophoretic profile of Nile Tilapia.
The myofibrillar proteins are responsible for the
gelling properties, water retention and emulsification.
These proteins have important applications in the
food industry, since they are responsible for the
formation of gels, which give structure and stability
to various foods.
The sarcoplasmic proteins have as a main
characteristic the ability to adhere to the myofibrillar
proteins, preventing the formation of a gel of high
elasticity, low viscosity, low water retention capacity
and low capacity to absorb flavors and colorants.
Artharn et al. (2008) studied the effect of the
proportion of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins
on the properties of films prepared with mackerel
muscle proteins and reported that the increase in the
content of sarcoplasmic proteins reduced tensile
strength and increased water vapor permeability.
3.2.3.Infrared spectroscopy analysis
The absorption spectra show that variations in
the structure of the CPI sample are distinguished by
the location of the absorption peak in the wavelength
of the characteristic wave and by the energy
absorption intensity (Fig.2).
Fig.2. spectroscopy of the infrared (FTIR) of cobia protein isolate (CPI)
The main peaks showed absorptions of amino
group (NH2) and hydroxyl OH at wavelengths
between 3600-3100 cm-1
derived from peptide bonds
that seem to overlap carboxyl groups of amino acids,
as well as others not fully identified. Because at
wavelength 3413.2 cm-1
axial stretching of O-H and
N-H present in proteins is observed, as reported by
Araújo(2001), where in 3413.2 cm-1
the first harmonic
C=O stretches may be identified. The peak at region
2927.1 cm-1
is related to the C-H axial deformation of
aliphatic groups (CH3 and CH2) that can be of amide
B (Oujifard, 2013). Bands 1653.4 cm-1
comprise of
the stretching vibration of C=O, typical of amide I
(Böcker et al.,2007 andOujifard et al., 2013) with α-
helical type structures, indicating compact structures
(Ju and Kilara, 1998), which were similar to those
reported previously by Bertram, Kohler, Böcker,
Ofstad and Andersen (2006), whereas wavelength
1537.3 cm-1
is characteristic of Amide II with angular
deformation of NH3groups (Ramos, 2013). The
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regions between 1392.4 cm-1
and 1236.9 cm-1
indicate
symmetrical angular deformation and vibration of C-
H bonds, with symmetric stretching without changing
the dipole moment of the molecule, characteristics of
amide III. Nagarajan et al. (2012) obtained Amide I,
II, III at wavelengths 1632 cm-1
, 1541 cm-1
and 1236
cm-1
, respectively, in agreement with the spectra
found in this work. Ahmad and Benjakul (2011) and
Muyonga et al. (2004) found similar spectra in fish
protein isolate in the range of 1800 and 600 cm-1
,
characteristic of amide I, II and III. With respect to
the absorption peak of 516.5 cm-1
, angular
deformation of N-H and C-N was observed
(SILVERSTEIN et al. 2005).
3.2.4. Analysis of Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC)
The Fig. 3 shows the glass transition temperature
(Tg) and the endothermic events that are related to the
bond breaking processes, fusion of polymerization
and volatilization of the polymer. From Fig. 4 it can
be seen that the transition from the glassy state to an
amorphous state begins at a temperature of 81.2°C,
therefore, a process accompanied by variation of heat
capacity of the sample.
Fig.3. determination of transition temperatures and fusion enthalpies of cobia protein isolate (CPI) by
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Endothermic events at 129.2, 227.7 and 259.1°C
melting processes characteristic of semi-crystalline
polymers. Due to the size distribution of the
crystalline regions present in macromolecules such as
proteins, fusion of a semi-crystalline polymer always
occurs in a temperature range rather than a point
itself. The smaller crystals fuses first, soon after, the
temperature at which crystallinity disappears
completely (final crystal fusion) is considered the
fusion point of the polymer (259.1°C) and
corresponds to the maximum fusion peak in the DSC
curve.
The CPI results show higher transition
temperatures when compared with protein species
studied by Monterrey-Quintero et al. (2000) and
Dergez et al. (2006) who found transition
temperatures of the protein fractions as 55.6, 71.1,
53.3 and 57.8 and 65°C, respectively.
Park and Lanier (2000), studying a tilapia
species (Oreochromisaureus) determined that myosin
denatures at 58.3°C and actin at 78.6°C,
demonstrating greater thermal stability of the proteins
present in CPI.
These phenomena mentioned are still difficult to
explain, but must be consequences of the destruction
of certain interactions between the myofibrils, which
made these proteins more thermally stable. However,
with the DSC analysis it was possible to determine
the degree of crystallinity of the sample (88.43%),
suggesting a semicrystallinetype compound of higher
thermal resistance.
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3.2.5.Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
The Fig. 4show the thermal behavior and initial
and final temperatures of thermal degradation and the
loss of mass variation (Δw) of the CPI.The first
degradationof mass of the CPI was observed between
31.5°C to 210°C with loss of 10.23% of the original
mass, possibly associated with the evaporation of
water present in the sample. The second degradation
mass 210°C to 340°C was observed a reduction of
38.23% which is probably due to decomposition of
the protein fractions of lower molecular weight. From
340°C is greater degradation of protein fractions with
a reduction of 32%.
The results of the thermal analysis suggest
proteins characteristic of the CPI endothermic
reactions, and are stabilized as the temperature
increases (CASEY and HUGHES, 2004). This
thermal stability of the IPB proteins is attributed to
the waste composition of hydrophobic amino acids
which tend more stable than the more hydrophilic
amino acids present in proteins (PRIMING and
WALKER, 1998).
Fig.4. thermogravimetricanalysis of cobia protein isolate (CPI)
IV. Conclusion
Protein recovery was successfully accomplished
by alkaline solubilization and its subsequent
lyophilization led to obtaining recovered cobia
proteins with high protein concentration (98 g/100g),
basically actin and myosin, as well as the high lipid
reduction.
The studied characteristics of the obtained CPI
showed that it is a thermally stable (259 °C) protein
product of high functionality that can be used as raw
material in the production of gels and emulsions of
high added value.
Acknowledgment
We acknowledge the financial support of the
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher
Education Personnel (CAPES) of Brazil.
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