Effect Of Animal Manure Amendments On P H Of Soils
0216-NEW Dissolution of Biosolid-Borne Metals of Soils
1. Dissolution of Biosolid-Borne
Metals of Soils
Stephanie Lara, Bon-Jun Koo, Chau Nguyen, and Won-Pyo Park
Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University
2. Objective of Research
Analysis of soil in Biosolid (BSL) medium in order
to determine heavy metal absorption
Different synthetic Organic Acid (OA) Mixture
concentrations were used to change pH and
absorption rate of metals in Biosolid treated soil
Metal availability increased with decrease in pH and
OA Mixture available
3. Introduction
OA Mixtures help with metal extraction
Metal amounts in soil help in uptake of other metals
present
Ability of OA Mixture to complex depend on pH
– Negatively charged ions vs neutral solution
4. Materials and Methods
Organic Acid Mixtures (OAs)
Soil Sampling and Total Analysis
Statistical Analysis
5. Soil Sampling
The entire experimental fields were cultivated for 10
years (1982–1991) following the termination of BSL
application
These experiment plots were established in 1976 on a
Romona sandy loam soil (fine–loamy, mixed, thermic
Typic Haploxeralf) located in the Moreno Field Station
of the University of California, Riverside.
The Nu–earth BSL was used contained an average of 40,
600, 475, 250, and 3,547 mg kg-1 of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and
Zn, respectively.
Materials and Methods
6. Soil Preparation
Materials and Methods
Air
dried
1.0 mL H2O + 4.5 mL
HNO3+ 1.5 mL HCl in
Teflon vessel in microwave
digestions
20 min.
484 kPa
Total soil analysis
0.3 g
Soil
2 mm
sieve
Homogenized
7. Chemical Properties of the Soil
Table 1. Chemical properties of the soil used for the experiment.
Biosolid
Treatment†
pH‡
Total Concentration (mg kg-1)
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
Control 7.7 0.5 37 105 24 25 95
135 Mg ha-1 6.9 11 243 188 88 120 559
1,080 Mg ha-1 6.1 26 596 478 215 396 1466
† Obtained at Moreno Field Station of the University of California, Riverside, CA.
From 1976 through 1981 composted Biosolids were applied at dry weight rates of
0 (control), 22.5 and 180 Mg ha-1 yr-1, respectively.
‡ 1 : 1 w/v ratio
Materials and Methods
9. Instrumental Analysis
Materials and Methods
1 g
Soil
48 hour
shaking
Soil
centrifuged
for 20 min
0.25 mL
HNO3
FilteringICP/AAS
OA mixtures extracted
Three OA mixture concentrations 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 M in 13.5
mM Ca(NO3)2 along with a 13.5 mM Ca(NO3)2 blank were tested
ICP: Inductively Couples Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy
(ICP-OES)
AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
10 mL
OA
mixture
1 mL
CHCl3
10. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
All experiments were repeated 4 times.
Between–group differences were determined by one–
way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by
Student–Newman–Keuls test using a probability level
of P < 0.05 in all cases.
Tests were performed with SigmaStat 4.01 Software.
11. Results and Discussion
Formation of OA mixtures
-pH of Rhizosphere Soils
Effects of pH on Dissolution of Metals
Metal Solubility by OA Mixtures
12. Results and Discussion
Table 3. Estimated solution concentrations (16 Week Average) of
OAs in root exudates of corn†.
Treatment
Estimated Concentration (mM)
Control Biosolid
Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Blank 2.05 0.63 3.41 0.87
Planted 5.23 1.21 12.9 2.04
† All experiments performed in four replicates for each 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Values
represent means and standard deviation of 20 replicates.
13. Table 4. Reported pH Ranges of Rhizosphere.
Plant Genotype pH Range Reference
Barley Bowman 6.2 – 7.6 Gollany and Schumacher (1993)
Primus II 6.0 – 7.8
Dorirumugi 4.8 – 7.1 Youssef and Chino (1989)
Corn Pioneer-3737 5.2 – 7.6 Gollany and Schumacher (1993)
Pioneer-3732 5.2 – 7.6
CM-37 6.0 – 7.6
– 4.8 – 6.7 Fisher et al (1989)
Clover Trikkala 6.2 – 7.1 Hinsinger and Gilkes (1996)
Daisy fleabane – 5.1 – 6.3 Zhang and Pang (1999)
Nectarine tree Maxim 5.3 – 8.2 Tagliavini et al (1995)
Oat Hytest 6.0 – 7.6 Gollany and Schumacher (1993)
SD 84104 6.2 – 7.6
Rape – 5.7 – 6.4 Ruiz and Arvieu (1990)
Rye Standard 5.6 – 7.1 Hinsinger and Gilkes (1996)
Sordan S-757 6.0 – 7.6 Gollany and Schumacher (1993)
S-333 6.1 – 7.6
Sorghum SC-33-8-9EY 6.3 – 7.6 Gollany and Schumacher (1993)
SC-118-15E 6.6 – 7.6
Soybean Hawkeye 5.5 – 7.1 Romheld and Marschner (1984)
4.8 – 7.6 Gollany and Schumacher (1993)
PI-54169 5.8 – 7.6 Gollany and Schumacher (1993)
Toyosuzu 5.1 – 7.0 Youssef and Chino (1989)
– 4.7 – 7.1 Riley and Barber (1971)
Results and Discussion
14. 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
Cd(mgkg-1)
0.0
0.1
0.2
13.5 mM Ca(NO3)2
0.01 M OA Mixture
pH
4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
Zn(mgkg-1)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
pH
4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
Ni(mgkg-1)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
Cu(mgkg-1)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Aa Aa
Bb
Da
Cb
Ca
Cb
Ca
Bb
Ab
Ba
Ca
Bb
Ca
Ba
Ab
Ab
Ab
Aa
Bb
Bb
Ba
Ba
BbBb
Da
Ca
Aa
Ba
Cb Cb
Aa
Cb
Ca
Aa
Bb
Ba
Cb
Ca
Db
4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
Cr(mgkg-1)
0.0
0.1
0.2
pH
Figure 1. Effects of pH on the extraction of metals in BSL–treated Romona soil (135 Mg
ha-1) by 13.5 mM Ca(NO3)2 electrolyte solution and 0.01 M OA mixture†
† Values represent means and standard deviation (in parenthesis) of four replicates. The differences of metal concentrations among the pH
values were tested by one–way ANOVA. Values followed by the same upper case letter were not significantly different at P < 0.05. The
differences of the metal concentrations between 13.5 mM Ca(NO3)2 and 0.01 M OA mixture were tested by Student–Newman–Keuls test.
Values followed by the same lower case letter was not significantly different at P < 0.05.
Results and Discussion
15. Table 5. Amounts of metal extracted from control and BSL –treated Romona soil by OA mixtures.
Element
Extracted by
13.5 mM Ca(NO3)2 (mg kg-1)
Extracted by OA Mixture (mg kg-1)
0.001 M 0.01 M 0.1 M
Control Romona Soil
Cd 8×10-4 1.6×10-3 1.2×10-2 0.04
Cr 0.001 0.04 0.08 0.50
Cu 0.12 0.20 0.61 3.35
Ni 0.03 0.08 0.72 1.71
Pb n.d.† n.d.† n.d.† n.d.†
Zn 0.18 0.39 3.20 8.10
BSL–treated Romona Soil (135 Mg ha-1)
Cd 2.3×10-2 0.12 0.29 1.46
Cr 0.01 0.29 0.80 3.82
Cu 0.3 1.37 3.55 14.2
Ni 0.2 0.97 2.33 11.8
Pb n.d.† 0.07 0.15 1.22
Zn 1.32 6.23 40 155
BSL–treated Romona Soil (1,080 Mg ha-1)
Cd 0.21 0.53 2.11 3.58
Cr 0.11 1.55 3.81 9.72
Cu 0.82 4.44 19.0 38.0
Ni 0.51 4.48 17.3 30.3
Pb 0.03 0.52 1.35 4.08
Zn 3.51 36.0 168 354
† Some of the observations were below detection limits of the AAS for Pb = 0.001 mg kg-1.
Results and Discussion
17. 1) Metals treated with BSL-treated soils
2) Metals extracted decreased with increase of pH
3) Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn more readily extractable
-Cr and Pb did not have similar properties
4) Metals extracted correlated with OA mixtures
Conclusion
18. Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Dr. Koo for his guidance and help
throughout the research process.
We would like to express appreciation towards Dr. Park who
provided the data tables and help with the machines in
analyzing the soils as well as with this presentation.
We would also like to extend our gratitude towards Dr.
Chang from UC Riverside as well as Dr. Ferko and Dr.
Parker for their contribution to the research project.
Finally, we would like to thank CBU for the micro grant
provided to the Natural and Mathematics Department for Dr.
Koo and his research.
