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Evaluation of ophthalmic preparation

The document summarizes procedures for evaluating ophthalmic drug preparations. It discusses that evaluation includes sterility testing, clarity testing, leak testing, and testing for metal particles in ointments. It also describes that drug product quality tests assess attributes like identification, potency, purity, sterility and particulate matter, while performance tests evaluate drug release. Key quality tests discussed are identification, assay, pH, osmolarity, bacterial endotoxins, and uniformity of dosage units. Specific tests covered include viscosity and drop size.

Education◦
Evaluation of Ophthalmic preparation Supervised by : Dr. Roshan Isarani H.O.D of Pharmaceutics Submitted by : Sunil Saini M.pharm. 1st sem. Pharmaceutics Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Evaluation is test of finish Parenteral product,that either these preparation are free from micro- organism or not. Evaluation of the ophthalmic product is done by following tests: 1.Sterility Test 2.Clarity Test 3.Leaker Test 4.Metal particles in ophthalmic ointment
Drug product quality tests and drug product performance tests Procedures and acceptance criteria for testing ophthalmic preparations are divided into two categories:  those that assess general quality attributes, for example, identification, potency, purity, (and impurities), sterility and particulate matter.  those that assess in vitro product performance, i.e., dissolution or drug release of the active drug substance from the drug product.
 Quality tests assess the integrity of the dosage form, whereas the performance tests assess drug release and other attributes that relate to in vivo drug performance.  Taken together, quality and performance tests assure the identity, strength, quality , purity and efficacy of the drug product.
Drug Product Quality Tests— Universal Tests  Identification Identification tests should establish the identity of the drug or drugs present in the drug product and should discriminate between compounds of closely related structures that are likely to be present. Identity tests should be specific for the drug substance(s) (e.g., infrared spectroscopy).
 Assay A specific and stability-indicating test should be used to determine the strength (content) of the drug product.  pH The pH and buffering capacity of an ophthalmic preparation are probably of equal importance to proper preservation, since the stability of most commonly used ophthalmic drugs is largely controlled by the pH of their environment.
 Osmolarity In formulating ophthalmic preparations, it is more important to consider the sterility, stability, and preservative aspects, and not jeopardize these aspects to obtain a precisely isotonic solution. In practice, the tonicity limits may range from 0.5%–5% sodium chloride, equivalent to a range from about 171 mOsm/kg to about 1711 mOsm/kg, without marked discomfort to the eye.  Bacterial Endotoxins All injected ophthalmic drug products shall be prepared in a manner designed to minimize bacterial endotoxins. as defined in Bacterial Endotoxins Test and Pyrogen Test.
 Uniformity of Dosage Units This test is applicable for dosage forms packaged in single-unit containers. Uniformity of dosage units typically is demonstrated by one of two procedures: content uniformity or weight variation
Drug Product Quality Tests—Specific Tests  Viscosity In the preparation of ophthalmic solutions a suitable thickening agent is frequently added to increase the viscosity. Although they reduce surface tension significantly, their primary benefit is to increase the ocular contact time, thereby decreasing the drainage rate and increasing drug bioavailability. Viscosity for ophthalmic solutions is considered optimal in the range of 15–25 cp  For testing procedures Viscosity—Capillary Viscometer Methods, Rotational Rheometer Methods, and Rolling Ball Viscometer Method
 Drop Size The volume of a drop is dependent on the physicochemical properties of the formulation, particularly surface tension, the design and geometry of the dispensing orifice, and the angle at which the dispenser is held in relation to the receiving surface.  Drop sizes may typically range from 20–70 μL
References :  USP. USP 36–NF 31, Ophthalmic Ointments 771 . Rockville, MD: USP; 2013.  Vadlapudi AD, Patel A, Cholkar K, Mitra AK. Recent patents on emerging therapeutics for the treatment of glaucoma, age related macular degeneration and uveitis. Recent Patents Biomed Eng. 2012; 5(1):83–101.  Gaudana R, Ananthula HK, Parenky A, Mitra AK. Ocular drug delivery. AAPS J. 2010; 12(3):348–360.  Gaudana R, Jwala j, Boddu SHS, Mitra AK. Recent perspectives in ocular drug delivery. Pharm Res. 2009; 26(5):1197–1216.  Wilson CG, Zhu YP, Kurmala P, Rao LS, Dhillon B. Ophthalmic drug delivery. In: Hillery AM, Lloyd AW, Swarbrick J. Drug Delivery and Targeting. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2001:329–354.
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