It includes the detail information about the different dosage form along with its example and the factors affecting the choice of different dosage form.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the tablets and its excipients and Ideal properties of tablet and the methods and equipment for there for manufacturing.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
PillPower The Art and Science of Pharmaceutical Tablets. pptx.Whahidul Hasan
"PillPower: The Art and Science of Pharmaceutical Tablets" is an engaging and informative presentation that delves into the world of tablet formulation, manufacturing, and usage. This visually captivating slide deck explores the intricate blend of art and science involved in creating pharmaceutical tablets that deliver optimal therapeutic outcomes.
From the history of tablet dosage forms to emerging trends in tablet development, this presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the subject. It covers various types of tablets, including compressed tablets, layered tablets, and coated tablets, highlighting their unique features and benefits. The importance of tablets in healthcare and their role in oral ingestion are also emphasized.
With a focus on quality control and regulatory compliance, the presentation sheds light on the rigorous processes involved in tablet formulation development and manufacturing. It explores key concepts such as granulation, compression, and coating, unraveling the intricate steps and techniques that contribute to producing high-quality tablets.
Whether you are a healthcare professional, pharmaceutical enthusiast, or simply curious about the world of tablets, "PillPower: The Art and Science of Pharmaceutical Tablets" offers valuable insights and a visually captivating experience. Discover the fascinating journey from formulation to ingestion and gain a deeper understanding of the complexities behind one of the most common and essential dosage forms in medicine.
It includes the detail information about the different dosage form along with its example and the factors affecting the choice of different dosage form.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the tablets and its excipients and Ideal properties of tablet and the methods and equipment for there for manufacturing.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
PillPower The Art and Science of Pharmaceutical Tablets. pptx.Whahidul Hasan
"PillPower: The Art and Science of Pharmaceutical Tablets" is an engaging and informative presentation that delves into the world of tablet formulation, manufacturing, and usage. This visually captivating slide deck explores the intricate blend of art and science involved in creating pharmaceutical tablets that deliver optimal therapeutic outcomes.
From the history of tablet dosage forms to emerging trends in tablet development, this presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the subject. It covers various types of tablets, including compressed tablets, layered tablets, and coated tablets, highlighting their unique features and benefits. The importance of tablets in healthcare and their role in oral ingestion are also emphasized.
With a focus on quality control and regulatory compliance, the presentation sheds light on the rigorous processes involved in tablet formulation development and manufacturing. It explores key concepts such as granulation, compression, and coating, unraveling the intricate steps and techniques that contribute to producing high-quality tablets.
Whether you are a healthcare professional, pharmaceutical enthusiast, or simply curious about the world of tablets, "PillPower: The Art and Science of Pharmaceutical Tablets" offers valuable insights and a visually captivating experience. Discover the fascinating journey from formulation to ingestion and gain a deeper understanding of the complexities behind one of the most common and essential dosage forms in medicine.
Notes made by PU student:
INTRODUCTION TO DRUG AND DIFFERENT DOSAGE FORMS
Drug
Pharmaceutical Preparations Manufactured by Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Preparations Compounded Individually
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORM
NEW DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Review on Novel Drug Delivery System and Antihypertensive Tabletsijtsrd
Novel drug delivery system offers excellent opportunity to the inventors for developing new technologies for drug administration, dispersible tablets are come under this category as it offers various advantages over conventional tablets. Dispersible tablets offer rapid disintegration in the mouth while came in contact with saliva. It is good find and rapid solution for the problem of dysphasia among geriatrics, as they feel some problem in swallowing a tablet. This article discuss about dispersible tablets, dysphasia, advantages and disadvantages of dispersible tablets. It also discuss about hypertension and antihypertensive tablets. Shivam Pandey | Dr. Hariom Sharma | Jaya Singh ""Review on Novel Drug Delivery System and Antihypertensive Tablets"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25120.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacogenomics/25120/review-on-novel-drug-delivery-system-and-antihypertensive-tablets/shivam-pandey
dispensing pharmacy note to administrationbaharbarree
Abgabekategorie regulates which kinds of drugs can be dispensed by the pharmacist, and whether a prescription is necessary. Swiss medic, the Swiss authority for approving drugs, classifies the drugs under the appropriate category
THIS VIDEO EXPLAINS ABOUT VITAMIN A IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU...
CHANEL PLAYLIST-
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S...
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139...
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu...
Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#VITAMIN_A,#FUNCTIONS,#SOURCE, #DEFICIENCY,#DISEASE,#NIGHTBLINDNESS#XEROPHTHALMIA,#BITOTSPOT,#CORNEALXEROSIS, #CONJUNCIVALXEROSIS, YELLOWFRUITS,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Notes made by PU student:
INTRODUCTION TO DRUG AND DIFFERENT DOSAGE FORMS
Drug
Pharmaceutical Preparations Manufactured by Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Preparations Compounded Individually
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORM
NEW DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Review on Novel Drug Delivery System and Antihypertensive Tabletsijtsrd
Novel drug delivery system offers excellent opportunity to the inventors for developing new technologies for drug administration, dispersible tablets are come under this category as it offers various advantages over conventional tablets. Dispersible tablets offer rapid disintegration in the mouth while came in contact with saliva. It is good find and rapid solution for the problem of dysphasia among geriatrics, as they feel some problem in swallowing a tablet. This article discuss about dispersible tablets, dysphasia, advantages and disadvantages of dispersible tablets. It also discuss about hypertension and antihypertensive tablets. Shivam Pandey | Dr. Hariom Sharma | Jaya Singh ""Review on Novel Drug Delivery System and Antihypertensive Tablets"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25120.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacogenomics/25120/review-on-novel-drug-delivery-system-and-antihypertensive-tablets/shivam-pandey
dispensing pharmacy note to administrationbaharbarree
Abgabekategorie regulates which kinds of drugs can be dispensed by the pharmacist, and whether a prescription is necessary. Swiss medic, the Swiss authority for approving drugs, classifies the drugs under the appropriate category
THIS VIDEO EXPLAINS ABOUT VITAMIN A IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU...
CHANEL PLAYLIST-
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S...
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139...
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu...
Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#VITAMIN_A,#FUNCTIONS,#SOURCE, #DEFICIENCY,#DISEASE,#NIGHTBLINDNESS#XEROPHTHALMIA,#BITOTSPOT,#CORNEALXEROSIS, #CONJUNCIVALXEROSIS, YELLOWFRUITS,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Are the X-Men Marvel or DC An In-Depth Exploration.pdfXtreame HDTV
The world of comic books is vast and filled with iconic characters, gripping storylines, and legendary rivalries. Among the most famous groups of superheroes are the X-Men. Created in the early 1960s, the X-Men have become a cultural phenomenon, featuring in comics, animated series, and blockbuster movies. A common question among newcomers to the comic book world is: Are the X-Men Marvel or DC? This article delves into the history, creators, and significant moments of the X-Men to provide a comprehensive answer.
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
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From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
2. Chapter 4 Dosage Form Design: Pharmaceutical and Formulation
Considerations
• Objectives After reading this chapter, the student will be able to:
1. List reasons for the incorporation of drugs into various dosage forms
2. Compare and contrast the advantages/disadvantages of various drug dosage forms
3. Describe the information needed in preformulation studies to characterize a drug substance for possible
inclusion into a dosage form
4. Describe the mechanisms of drug degradation and provide examples of each
5. Describe the five types of drug instability of concern to the practicing pharmacist
6. Describe the purpose and general protocol for accelerated stability studies
7. Summarize approaches employed to stabilize drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms
8. Calculate rate reactions for various liquid dosage forms
9. Categorize various pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients
3. Introduction
• Drug substances are seldom administered alone; rather they are given as part of a formulation in
combination with one or more nonmedicinal agents that serve varied and specialized
pharmaceutical functions.
• Selective use of these nonmedicinal agents, referred to as pharmaceutical ingredients or
excipients, produces dosage forms of various types.
• The general area of study concerned with the formulation, manufacture, stability, and effectiveness
of pharmaceutical dosage forms is termed pharmaceutics.
• The proper design and formulation of a dosage form requires
1. consideration of the physical, chemical, and biologic characteristics of all of the drug substances
and pharmaceutical ingredients to be used in fabricating the product.
2. The drug and pharmaceutical materials must be compatible with one another to produce a drug
product that is stable, efficacious, attractive, easy to administer, and safe.
3. The product should be manufactured with appropriate measures of quality control and packaged
in containers that keep the product stable.
4. The product should be labelled to promote correct use and be stored under conditions that
contribute to maximum shelf life.
4. The need for dosage forms
• The potent nature and low dosage of most drugs in use today precludes (not permits) any
expectation that general public could safely obtain the appropriate dose of a drug from the bulk
material.
• Most drug substances are administered in milligram quantities, much too small to be weighed on
anything but a sensitive prescription or electronic analytical balance.
For instance, how could lay person accurately obtain from a bulk supply the 325 mg of aspirin
found in the common tablet? Not possible.
• Yet compared with many other drugs, the dose of aspirin is formidable (Table 4.1).
• For example, the dose of ethinyl estradiol, 0.05 mg, is 1/6,500 the amount of aspirin in an aspirin
tablet. To put in another way, 6,500 ethinyl estradiol tablets, each containing 0.05 mg of drug,
could be made from an amount of ethinyl estradiol equal to the amount of aspirin in just one
standard tablet.
5. When the dose of the drug is minute, as with
ethinyl estradiol, solid dosage forms such as
tablets and capsules must be prepared with
filler or diluents so that the dosage unit is
large enough to pick up with the fingertips.
6. Besides providing the mechanism for the safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage, dosage
forms are needed for additional reasons:
1. To protect the drug substance from the destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity
(coated tablets, sealed ampoules)
2. To protect the drug substance from the destructive influence of gastric acid after oral administration
(enteric coated tablets)
3. To control the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a drug substance (capsule, coated tablets,
flavored syrups)
4. To provide liquid preparations of substances that are either insoluble or unstable in the desired
vehicle (suspensions)
5. To provide clear liquid dosage forms of substances (syrups, solutions)
6. To provide rate-controlled drug action (various controlled-release tablets, capsules, and
suspensions)
7. To provide optimal drug action from topical administration sites (ointments, creams, trans-dermal
patches, and ophthalmic, ear, and nasal preparations)
8. To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body's orifices (rectal or vaginal suppositories)
9. To provide for placement of drugs directly in the bloodstream or body tissues (injections)
10. To provide for optimal drug action through inhalation therapy (inhalation aerosols)
7. General considerations in dosage form design
• Before formulating a drug substance into a dosage form, the desired product type must be
determined, then various initial formulations of the product are developed and examined for desired
features (e.g., drug release profile, bioavailability, clinical effectiveness) and for pilot plant studies
and production scale-up.
• The formulation that best meet the goals for the product is selected to be its master formula. Each
batch of product subsequently prepared must meet the specifications established in the master
formula.
• There are many different forms into which a medicinal agent may be placed for the convenient and
efficacious treatment of disease.
• Most commonly, a manufacturer prepares a drug substance in several dosage forms and
strengths for the efficacious and convenient treatment of disease.
• Before medicinal agent is formulated into one or more dosage forms, among the factors
considered are such therapeutic matters as
1. the nature of the illness,
2. the manner in which it is treated (locally or through systemic action)
3. the age and anticipated condition of the patient.
8. Examples
• If the medication is intended for systemic use and oral administration is desired, tablets and/or
capsules are usually prepared because they are easily handled by the patient and are most
convenient in the self-administration of medication.
• If a drug substance has application in an emergency in which the patient may be comatose or
unable to take oral medication, an injectable form of the medication may also be prepared.
• Many other example of therapeutic situations affecting dosage form design could be cited, including
motion sickness, nausea, and vomiting, for which tablets and skin patches are used for prevention
and suppositories and injections for treatment.
• The age of the intended patient also plays a role in the dosage form design.
• For infant and children younger than 5 years of age, pharmaceutical liquids rather than solid forms
preferred for oral administration. These liquids which are flavored aqueous solutions, syrups, or
suspensions, are usually administered directly into infant's or child's mouth by drop, spoon, or oral
dispenser or incorporated into child's food.
• A single liquid paediatric preparation may be used for infants and children of all ages, with the dose
of the drug varied by the volume administered.
9. • When a young patient has a productive cough or is vomiting, gagging, or
simple rebellious, there may be some question as to how much of the medicine
administered is actually swallowed and how much is expectorated.
• In such instance, injections may be required. Infant-size suppositories may
also be employed, although drug absorption from the rectum is often erratic.
How to solve the difficulty of swallowing
• During childhood and even adulthood, a person may have difficulty swallowing
solid dosage forms, especially uncoated tablets, for this reason some
medications are formulated as chewable tablets. Many of these tablets are
comparable in texture to an after-dinner mint and break down into pleasant-
tasting creamy material.
• Newly available tablets dissolve in mouth in about 10 to 15 seconds; this
allows the patient to take a tablet but actually swallow a liquid.
10. • Capsules have been found by many to be more easily swallowed than whole tablets.
1. If a capsule is moistened in mouth before it is swallowed, it becomes slippery and readily slides
down the throat with water.
2. Also, a teaspoonful of gelatine desert, liquid candy, or syrup placed in the mouth and partially
swallowed before placing the solid dosage form in the mouth aids in swallowed them.
3. Also, if a person has difficulty swallowed a capsule; the contents may be emptied into a spoon,
mixed with jam, honey, or other similar food to mask the taste of the medication and swallowed.
• Medications intended for the elderly are commonly formulated into oral liquids or may be
prepared into an oral liquid by the pharmacist.
• However, certain tablets and capsules that are designed for controlled release should not be
crushed or chewed, because that would interfere with their integrity and intended performance.
11. Problems and solutions for multiple medication therapy
• Many patients, particularly the elderly, take multiple medications daily.
The more distinctive the size, shape, and color of solid dosage forms, the easier is proper identification of
the medications.
• Errors in taking medications among the elderly occur frequently because of their multiple drug therapy and
impaired eyesight.
Dosage forms that allow reduced frequency of administration without sacrifice of efficiency are particularly
advantageous.
Preformulation Studies
• Before the formulation of a drug substance into a dosage form, it is essential that it be chemically and
physically characterized.
Physical Description
• It is important to understand the physical description of a drug substance prior to dosage form
development.
• Most drug substances in use today are solid materials, pure chemical compounds of either crystalline or
amorphous constitution. The purity of the chemical substance is essential for its identification and for
evaluation of its chemical, physical, and biologic properties.
12. Chemical properties include structure, form, and reactivity.
Physical properties include such characteristics as its physical description, particle size, crystalline
structure, melting point, and solubility.
Biologic properties relate to its ability to get to a site of action and elicit a biologic response.
• Drugs can be used therapeutically as solids, liquids, and gases. Liquid drugs are used to a much
lesser extent than solid drugs; gases, even less frequently.
• Liquid drugs pose an interesting problem in design of dosage forms and delivery systems. Many
liquids are volatile and must be physically sealed from atmosphere to prevent evaporation loss.
• Amyl nitrate, for example, is clear yellowish liquid that is volatile even at low temperatures and is
also highly flammable. It is kept for medicinal purposes in small sealed glass cylinders wrapped
with gauze or another suitable material. When amyl nitrite is administered, the glass is broken
between the fingertips, and the liquid wets the gauze covering, producing vapors that are inhaled
by the patient requiring vasodilation.
13. • Propylhexedrine is another volatile liquid that must be contained in a closed
system. This drug is used as a nasal inhalant for its vasoconstrictor action. A
cylinder roll of fibrous material is impregnated with propylhexedrine, and the
saturated cylinder is placed in a suitable, usually plastic, sealed nasal inhaler. The
inhaler's cap must be securely tightened each time it is used. Even then, the
inhaler maintains its effectiveness for only a limited time because of the volatility
of the drug.
• Another problem associated with liquid drugs is that those intended for oral
administration cannot generally be formulated into tablet form, the most popular
form of oral medication.
An exception to this is the liquid drug nitroglycerin, which is formulated into
sublingual tablets that disintegrate within seconds after replacement under the
tongue. However, because the drug is volatile, it has a tendency to escape from
the tablets during storage, and it is critical that the tablets be stored in a tightly
sealed glass container.
14. Approaches
For the most part, when a liquid drug is to be administered orally and a solid form
is desired, one of two approaches is used.
First, the liquid substance may be sealed in a soft gelatine capsule.
• Vitamins A, D, and E and cyclosporine are liquids commercially available in
capsule form.
Second, the liquid drug may be developed into a solid ester or salt form that will be
suitable for tablets or drug capsules.
• For instance, scopolamine Hydrobromide is a solid salt of the liquid drug
scopolamine and is easily pressed into tablets.
Third approach to formulate liquids into solids is by mixing the drug with a solid or
melted semisolid material, such as a high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol. The
melted mixture is poured into hard gelatine capsules to harden and the capsules
sealed.
15. Advantages of liquid drugs
• For certain liquid drugs, especially those taken orally in large doses or applied topically, their liquid
nature may have some advantage in the therapy. For example,
1.15-mL doses of mineral oil may be administered conveniently as such.
2. Also, the liquid nature of undecylenic acid certainly does not hinder but rather enhances its use
topically in the treatment of fungus infections of the skin,
however, for the most part, pharmacists prefer solid materials in formulation work because they can
easily form them into tablets and capsules.
Why solid dosage forms are preferred ?
• Formulation and stability difficulties arise less frequently with solid dosage form than with liquid
preparations, and for this reason many new drugs first reach the market as tablet or dry-filled
capsules.
• Later, when the pharmaceutical problems are resolved, a liquid form of the same drug may be
marked. This procedure is doubly advantageous, because for the most part physicians and patients
alike prefer small, generally tasteless, accurately dosed tablets or capsules to the analogous liquid
forms.
16. • Therefore, marketing a drug in solid form first is more practical for the
manufacturer and suits most patients.
• It is estimated that tablets and capsules constitute the dosage form dispensed
70% of the time by community pharmacists, with tablets dispensed twice as
frequently as capsules
Microscopic Examination
• It gives an indication of particle size and size range of the raw material along with
the crystal structure.
• Photomicrographs of the initial and subsequent batch lots of the drug substance
can provide important information in case of problems in formulation processing
attributable to changes in particle or crystal characteristics of the drug.
17. Heat of vaporization
• The use of vapor pressure is important in the following situations:
1. The operation of implantable pumps delivering medication
2. Aerosol dosage forms
3. The use of nasal inhalants (propylhexedrine with menthol and lavender oil-benzedrex) or
treating nasal congestion.
4. Some volatile drugs can even migrate within a tablet dosage form so the distribution may not be
uniform any longer. This may have an impact in tablet that are scored for dosing where the drug
in one portion may be higher or lower than in the other portion.
5. Exposure of personal to hazardous drugs due to handling, spilling, or aerosolizing of the drugs
that may vaporize (oncology agents) is another application as the increase in mobility of the
hazardous drug molecules may be related to temperature of the environment.
6. Some drugs, such as carmustine, experience greater vapor pressures with increased
temperature as compared to cyclophosphamide, etoposide, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil).
Note: particle size affects vapor pressure; the smaller the particle size, the greater the vapor
pressure.
18. Melting point Depression
• The melting point, or freezing point, of a pure crystalline solid is defined as the
temperature at which the pure liquid and solid exist in equilibrium. Drugs with a
low melting point may soften during a processing step in which heat is generated,
such as particle size reduction, compression, sintering, and so on
• A characteristic of a pure substance is a defined melting point or melting range. If
not pure, the substance will exhibit a change in melting point. (A pure chemical is
ordinarily characterised by a very sharp melting peak).
• This phenomenon is commonly used to determine the purity of a drug substance
and in some cases the compatibility of various substances before inclusion in the
same dosage form.
• The addition of a second component to a pure compound (A), resulting in a
mixture, will result in a melting point that is lower than that of the pure compound
19. Phase diagrams are normally two-component (binary)
representations, as shown in the following figure
III
IV
II
I
Temperature
Composition
Pure A Pure B
Eutectic point
20. The Phase Rule
• Phase diagrams are often constructed to provide a visual picture of the
existence and extent of the presence of solid and liquid phases in binary,
ternary, and other mixtures.
21. The Phase Rule
A phase diagram, or temperature-composition diagram, represents the melting point as a
function of composition of two or three component systems.
The figure in previous slid is an example of such a representation for a two-component
mixture. This phase diagram depicts a two-component mixture in which the components
are completely miscible in the molten state and no solid solution or addition compound is
formed in the solid state.
As is evident, starting from the extremes of either pure component A or pure component
B, as the second component is added, the melting point of the pure component
decreases. There is a point on this phase diagram at which a minimum melting point
occurs (i.e., the eutectic point).
22. As is evident, four regions, or phases, in this diagram, represent the
following:
I Solid A + solid B
II Solid A + melt
III Solid B + melt
IV Melt Each phase is a homogenous part of the system, physically
separated by distinct boundaries.
A description of the conditions under which these phases can exist is called
the Phase Rule, which can be presented thus:
F = C − P + X
where F is the number of degrees of freedom, C is the number of
components, P is the number of phases, and X is a variable dependent upon
selected considerations of the phase diagram (1, 2, or 3).
C describes the minimum number of chemical components to be specified
to define the phases.
F is the number of independent variables that must be specified to define
the complete system (e.g., temperature, pressure, concentration).
23.
24. EXAMPLE 1: In a mixture of menthol and thymol, a phase
diagram similar to that illustrated can be obtained. To describe
the number of degrees of freedom in the part of the graph
moving from the curved line starting at pure A, progressing
downward to the eutectic point, and then following an
increasing melting point to pure B, it is evident from this
presentation that either temperature or composition will
describe this system, since it is assumed in this instance that
pressure is constant. Therefore, the number of degrees of
freedom to describe this portion of the phase diagram is given
thus: F = 2 − 2 + 1 = 1
In other words, along this line either temperature or
composition will describe the system
25. EXAMPLE 2: When in the area of a single phase of the diagram, such
as the melt (IV), the system can be described thus: F = 2 − 1 + 1 = 2
In this portion of the phase diagram, two factors, temperature and
composition, can be varied without a change in the number of phases
in the system.
EXAMPLE 3: At the eutectic point,
F = 2 − 3 + 1 = 0
and any change in the concentration or temperature may cause
disappearance of one of the two solid phases or the liquid phase.
Phase diagrams are valuable for interpreting interactions between
two or more components, relating not only to melting point
depression and possible liquefaction at room temperature but also
the formation of solid solutions, coprecipitates, and other solid-state
interactions
26. Particle Size
1. Certain physical and chemical properties of drug substances, including dissolution rate,
bioavailability, content uniformity, taste, texture, color, and stability, are affected by the particle
size distribution.
2. In addition, flow characteristics and sedimentation rates, among other properties, are important
factors related to particle size.
3. It is essential to establish as early as possible how the particle size of the drug substance may
affect formulation and efficacy of special interest is the effect of particle size on absorption.
4. Particle size significantly influences the oral absorption profiles of certain drugs, including
griseofulvin, nitofurantoin, spironolactone, and procaine penicillin.
5. Also, satisfactory content uniformity in solid dosage forms depends to a large degree on
particle size and the equal distribution of the active ingredient throughout the formulation.
6. Particle size is analysed using special instrument like Mastersizer 2000E particle size analyzer
27. Polymorphism
• An important factor on formulation is the crystal or amorphous form of the drug substance.
• Polymorphic forms usually exhibit different physicochemical properties, including melting point
and solubility. Polymorphic forms in drugs are relatively common. It has been estimated that at
least one third of all organic compounds exhibit polymorphism.
• In addition to polymorphic forms, compounds may occur in noncrystalline or amorphous forms.
The energy required for a molecule of drug to escape from a crystal is much greater than is
required to escape from an amorphous powder, therefore, the amorphous form of a compound is
always more soluble than a corresponding crystal form.
• Evaluation of crystal structure, polymorphism, and solvate form is an important performulation
activity. The changes in crystal characteristics can influence bioavailability and chemical and
physical stability and can have important implications in dosage form process functions.
• For example, it can be a significant factor relating to tablet formation because of flow and
compaction behaviours, among others.
• Various techniques are used to determine crystal properties. The most widely used methods are
hot stage microscopy, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.
28. Solubility
• An important physicochemical property of a drug substance is solubility, especially aqueous system
solubility.
• A drug must possess some aqueous solubility for therapeutic efficacy. For a drug to enter the
systemic circulation and exert a therapeutic effect, it must first be in solution.
• Relatively insoluble compounds often exhibit incomplete or erratic absorption. If the solubility of the
drug substance is less than desirable, consideration must be given to improve its solubility.
• The methods to accomplish this depend on the chemical nature of the drug and the type of drug
product under consideration.
• Chemical modification of the drug into salt or ester forms is frequently used to increase solubility.
• A drug's solubility is usually determined by the equilibrium solubility method, by which excess of the
drug is placed in a solvent and shaken at a constant temperature over a long period until equilibrium
is obtained. Chemical analysis of the drug content in solution is performed to determine degree of
solubility.
29. Solubility and Particle Size
• Although solubility is normally considered a physicochemical constant, small increase in solubility
can be accomplished by particle size reduction
Solubility and pH
• Another technique, if the drug is to be formulated into a liquid product, is adjustment of the pH of
the solvent to enhance solubility.
• However, for many drug substances pH adjustment is not an effective means of improving
solubility. Weak acidic or basic drugs may require extremes in pH that are outside accepted
physiologic limits or that may cause stability problems with formulation ingredients. Adjustment of
the pH usually has little effect on the solubility of substances other than electrolytes.
• In many cases, it is desirable to use cosolvents or other techniques such as complexation, or
solid dispersion to improve aqueous solubility.
30. Solubility and pH
• pH is one of the most important factors in the formulation process. Two areas of critical importance
are the effects of pH on solubility and stability.
• The effect of pH on solubility is critical in the formulation of liquid dosage forms, from oral and topical
solutions to intravenous solutions and admixtures.
• The solubility of a weak acid or base is often pH dependent. The total quantity of a monoprotic weak
acid (HA) in solution at a specific pH is the sum of the concentrations of both the free acid and salt
(A−) forms. If excess drug is present, the quantity of free acid in solution is maximized and constant
because of its saturation solubility. As the pH of the solution increases, the quantity of drug in
solution increases because the water-soluble ionizable salt is formed.
• The expression is
ka
• HA ↔ H+ + A–
Where ka is the is the dissociation constant.
31. There may be a certain pH level reached where the total solubility (ST) of the drug solution is
saturated with respect to both the salt and acid forms of the drug, that is, the pHmax.
The solution can be saturated with respect to the salt at pH values higher than this, but not with
respect to the acid. Also, at pH values less than this, the solution can be saturated with respect to the
acid but not to the salt. This is illustrated in the accompanying figure.
To calculate the total quantity of drug that can be maintained in solution at a selected pH, either of
two equations can be used, depending on whether the product is to be in a pH region above or below
the pHmax.
The following equation is used when below the pHmax:
The next equation is used when above the pHmax:
Where Sa is the saturation solubility of the free acid and Sa’ is the
saturation solubility of the salt form.
32. EXAMPLE
A pharmacist prepares a 3.0% solution of an antibiotic as an ophthalmic solution and dispenses it to
a patient. A few days later the patient returns the eye drops to the pharmacist because the product
contains a precipitate. The pharmacist, checking the pH of the solution and finding it to be 6.0,
reasons that the problem may be pH related. The physicochemical information of interest on the
antibiotic includes the following:
Molecular weight 285 (salt) 263 (free acid)
3.0% solution of the drug 0.1053 M solution
Acid form solubility (Sa) 3.1 mg/mL (0.0118 M)
Ka 5.86 × 10 –6
Using Equation 1, the pharmacist calculates the quantity of the antibiotic in solution at a pH of 6.0 (Note: pH of 6.0 =
[H+] of 1 × 10–6)
ST = 0.0118 [1+ (5.86 × 10 –6 / 1 × 10–6) ] = 0.0809 molar
33. From this the pharmacist knows that at a pH of 6.0, a 0.0809-M solution can be prepared. However,
the concentration that was to be prepared was a 0.1053-M solution; consequently, the drug will not
be in solution at that pH. The pH may have been all right initially but shifted to a lower pH over time,
resulting in precipitation of the drug.
The question is at what pH (hydrogen ion concentration) the drug will remain in solution. This can
be calculated using the same equation and information. The ST value is 0.1053 M.
Or a pH of 6.135
34. The pharmacist prepares a solution of the antibiotic, adjusting the pH to above about 6.2, using
a suitable buffer system, and dispenses the solution to the patient—with positive results.
An interesting phenomenon concerns the close relationship of pH to solubility. At a pH of 6.0,
only a 0.0809-M solution could be prepared, but at a pH of 6.13 a 0.1053-M solution could be
prepared. In other words, a difference of 0.13 pH units resulted in more drug going into solution
at the higher pH than at the lower pH. In other words, a very small change in pH resulted in
about 30% more drug going into solution.