Eva. bio. & toxicity 112070804015
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This document describes various tests used to evaluate analgesic agents and their mechanisms of action, including the hot plate test, tail clip method, and writhing test using mice. It also discusses the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test and use of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model to study cancer cells. Parameters observed in developmental toxicity, fertility, and teratogenicity tests are outlined. Finally, the mechanisms and methods of genetic toxicology tests like the Ames test and mechanisms of mutation are summarized.
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ISOLATION AND DETECTION OF MUTANTS
This document describes several methods for isolating and detecting bacterial mutants, including replica plating, penicillin enrichment, and the Ames test. Replica plating involves transferring bacterial colonies from a "master plate" to replica plates with and without an amino acid to identify auxotrophic mutants. The penicillin enrichment technique also detects auxotrophs. The Ames test uses Salmonella strains to evaluate whether a chemical is mutagenic based on its ability to increase histidine revertants, indicating DNA damage. Chromogenic substrates can identify mutants unable to utilize substances like lactose due to lacking the enzyme beta-galactosidase.
8
1) The study examined the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 (LP), Tunisian montmorillonite clay (TM), and their composite to remove the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) in vitro and prevent its immunotoxic effects in mice.
2) Results showed that both TM and the LP+TM composite highly adsorbed ZEA (87.2% and 94.2% respectively) after 24 hours, while LP alone removed 78%. The amount of ZEA adsorbed was highest for the LP+TM composite.
3) In mice exposed to ZEA, treatment with LP, TM, or their composite prevented the immunotoxic effects of ZEA
Poster ECB 2018 - IBL INSIBIO - CONICET
The lysin motif (LysM) is a ubiquitous motif across kingdoms, which in bacteria allows cell wall degrading enzymes to bind noncovalently to peptidoglycan. This property has been exploited for two decades to design mucosal vaccines consisting of LysM-tagged recombinant proteins anchored to bacterium like particles (BLP) as carriers. Surprisingly, less attention has been paid to apply the LysM motif to protein purification of recombinant proteins. Thus, our goal was to determine if the LysM motif is suitable for recombinant protein purification.
이연석 EPI Presentation
1) The study investigated the role of efflux pumps in clarithromycin- and moxifloxacin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains by testing the efficacy of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs).
2) For moxifloxacin-resistant strains, EPIs reduced the MIC more for strains with an Asp-91 mutation (73%) than an Asn-87 mutation (14%). For clarithromycin strains, EPIs reduced the MIC for 75% of strains overall.
3) The results indicate efflux pumps contribute to clarithromycin and moxifloxacin resistance in H. pylori, but their involvement may depend on specific mutations present
2005 trypanocidal constituents in plants 5.1) evaluation of some mexican
2005 trypanocidal constituents in plants 5.1) evaluation of some mexicanRicardo Reyes Chilpa. Instituto de Química. UNAM
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.6-IJABR-Ant Actino soil smpls satara agnst human patho-IJABR_V6(2)188-194
The document describes a study that isolated actinomycetes from soil samples in Satara district, Maharashtra, India. Of the 58 actinomycetes isolated, 12 (20.69%) showed inhibitory activity against E. coli in preliminary screening. Soil from Koyna river bank yielded more antagonistic actinomycetes (27.27%) than soil from a sugar factory effluent site (12%). The nine most active isolates were further tested against nine human pathogens. Isolate KY-33 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against all pathogens. KY-33 was identified as Streptomyces based on chemotaxonomic analysis. The results suggest soil with high organic matter and C:
Bacterial efflux pump inhibitory activity of some indigenous medicinal plants...
This document appears to be a dissertation submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in partial fulfillment of a degree in pharmacognosy. It discusses the development of antibiotic resistance and explores using plant extracts to inhibit efflux pumps in drug-resistant bacteria. The dissertation tests extracts from 6 plants, including Annona squamosa and Talinum triangulare, against resistant strains of bacteria alone and in combination with antibiotics. It finds that some plant extracts combined with doxycycline or ofloxacin were effective against drug-resistant Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, and E. coli strains.
Proteinas g y sus correlaciones inglés
This study analyzed G proteins, proteomics, glycomics and metabolomics in plants grown under protected agriculture. Protein profiles showed variation between phenological stages, and western blot detected G protein subunits of 37, 46, and 57 kDa. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified a 57 kDa protein with a pI of 5.9. Phloem sap proteins also detected G protein subunits of 28, 67 kDa between stages. Sugar analysis found glucose, fructose and sucrose varied between stages, with neutral sugars dominated by glucose, galactose and mannose. The Lightbourn Biochemical Model was applied to integrate results and propose bionanotechnology and biodynamic nutrition for high agricultural competitiveness and sustainability
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ISOLATION AND DETECTION OF MUTANTS
This document describes several methods for isolating and detecting bacterial mutants, including replica plating, penicillin enrichment, and the Ames test. Replica plating involves transferring bacterial colonies from a "master plate" to replica plates with and without an amino acid to identify auxotrophic mutants. The penicillin enrichment technique also detects auxotrophs. The Ames test uses Salmonella strains to evaluate whether a chemical is mutagenic based on its ability to increase histidine revertants, indicating DNA damage. Chromogenic substrates can identify mutants unable to utilize substances like lactose due to lacking the enzyme beta-galactosidase.
8
1) The study examined the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 (LP), Tunisian montmorillonite clay (TM), and their composite to remove the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) in vitro and prevent its immunotoxic effects in mice.
2) Results showed that both TM and the LP+TM composite highly adsorbed ZEA (87.2% and 94.2% respectively) after 24 hours, while LP alone removed 78%. The amount of ZEA adsorbed was highest for the LP+TM composite.
3) In mice exposed to ZEA, treatment with LP, TM, or their composite prevented the immunotoxic effects of ZEA
Poster ECB 2018 - IBL INSIBIO - CONICET
The lysin motif (LysM) is a ubiquitous motif across kingdoms, which in bacteria allows cell wall degrading enzymes to bind noncovalently to peptidoglycan. This property has been exploited for two decades to design mucosal vaccines consisting of LysM-tagged recombinant proteins anchored to bacterium like particles (BLP) as carriers. Surprisingly, less attention has been paid to apply the LysM motif to protein purification of recombinant proteins. Thus, our goal was to determine if the LysM motif is suitable for recombinant protein purification.
이연석 EPI Presentation
1) The study investigated the role of efflux pumps in clarithromycin- and moxifloxacin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains by testing the efficacy of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs).
2) For moxifloxacin-resistant strains, EPIs reduced the MIC more for strains with an Asp-91 mutation (73%) than an Asn-87 mutation (14%). For clarithromycin strains, EPIs reduced the MIC for 75% of strains overall.
3) The results indicate efflux pumps contribute to clarithromycin and moxifloxacin resistance in H. pylori, but their involvement may depend on specific mutations present
2005 trypanocidal constituents in plants 5.1) evaluation of some mexican
2005 trypanocidal constituents in plants 5.1) evaluation of some mexicanRicardo Reyes Chilpa. Instituto de Química. UNAM
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.6-IJABR-Ant Actino soil smpls satara agnst human patho-IJABR_V6(2)188-194
The document describes a study that isolated actinomycetes from soil samples in Satara district, Maharashtra, India. Of the 58 actinomycetes isolated, 12 (20.69%) showed inhibitory activity against E. coli in preliminary screening. Soil from Koyna river bank yielded more antagonistic actinomycetes (27.27%) than soil from a sugar factory effluent site (12%). The nine most active isolates were further tested against nine human pathogens. Isolate KY-33 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against all pathogens. KY-33 was identified as Streptomyces based on chemotaxonomic analysis. The results suggest soil with high organic matter and C:
Bacterial efflux pump inhibitory activity of some indigenous medicinal plants...
This document appears to be a dissertation submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in partial fulfillment of a degree in pharmacognosy. It discusses the development of antibiotic resistance and explores using plant extracts to inhibit efflux pumps in drug-resistant bacteria. The dissertation tests extracts from 6 plants, including Annona squamosa and Talinum triangulare, against resistant strains of bacteria alone and in combination with antibiotics. It finds that some plant extracts combined with doxycycline or ofloxacin were effective against drug-resistant Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, and E. coli strains.
Proteinas g y sus correlaciones inglés
This study analyzed G proteins, proteomics, glycomics and metabolomics in plants grown under protected agriculture. Protein profiles showed variation between phenological stages, and western blot detected G protein subunits of 37, 46, and 57 kDa. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified a 57 kDa protein with a pI of 5.9. Phloem sap proteins also detected G protein subunits of 28, 67 kDa between stages. Sugar analysis found glucose, fructose and sucrose varied between stages, with neutral sugars dominated by glucose, galactose and mannose. The Lightbourn Biochemical Model was applied to integrate results and propose bionanotechnology and biodynamic nutrition for high agricultural competitiveness and sustainability
Efflux pump
This document discusses efflux pumps in bacteria. It covers several topics:
1) Efflux pumps are membrane proteins that actively export toxins and antimicrobials from bacteria. Their overexpression is a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance.
2) Efflux pumps are classified into several families based on their structure and energy source, including ABC, MATE, MFS, SMR, and RND families.
3) Efflux pumps have natural physiological functions like exporting bile acids and fatty acids, but can also export a broad range of antimicrobials, contributing to multidrug resistance.
03 ACMAP Terri June 15 2014
Micropropagation and in vitro scaling up protocols were developed for Scutellaria barbata, a medicinal plant with anti-cancer properties. Nodal explants were cultured on medium containing different cytokinins, with m-Topolin inducing the highest number of shoots at 14 and 21 days. Glucose and fructose induced more shoots than other carbon sources tested. Cultures were successfully scaled up in liquid medium, with mannitol cultures producing the most shoots. Microshoots were rooted at high rates and acclimatized to greenhouse conditions, establishing an efficient regeneration system for S. barbata.
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
Biotransformation of Panax notoginseng by fungi
Abstract— Roots of Panax notoginseng were fermented with 30 fungi respectively. Almost one-third of the products showed increasing antibacterial activity. All products could inhibit GST-CDC25 phosphatase as a potential antitumor agent. HPLC profiles proved that components of unfermented P. notoginseng and fermented P. notoginseng have obviously changes.
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This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the effect of different explant types and growth regulators on the rapid multiplication of Bacopa monnieri in in vitro cultures. Leaf, node, and internode explants were cultured on media with different concentrations and combinations of kinetin, BAP, and 2,4-D. The highest rates of shoot regeneration were observed in nodes cultured with kinetin. DNA was then isolated from regenerated plants and analyzed using RAPD to check for genetic homogeneity between clones. PCR was performed using random primers and products were visualized on agarose gels. The gels showed 1-7 bands for each primer, indicating genetic similarity between clones.
2004 hiv 1 inhibition by extracts of clusiaceae species from mexico
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The study screened extracts from 21 species of Clusiaceae native to Mexico for anti-HIV activity. Five species showed significant inhibition (≥70%) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Of these, extracts from Calophyllum brasiliense (hexane) and Clusia quadrangula inhibited the enzyme and were non-toxic to human cells. The C. brasiliense extract was the most potent, inhibiting viral replication with an ED50 of 37.1 μg/ml, while the C. quadrangula extract was less active. The results support Clusiaceae as a source of potential anti-HIV compounds.Macrolides, FA and MUP
This document discusses Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic resistance. It analyzed 34 isolated S. aureus samples from a hospital in China. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found high resistance to erythromycin (95.2%) but no mutations conferring resistance to fusidic acid or mupirocin. Multilocus sequence typing of resistance genes identified mutations in genes related to macrolide and mupirocin resistance in 23 of 28 samples. The overuse of antibiotics is increasing resistance, demonstrating the need for prudent antibiotic use and resistance monitoring to preserve treatment options.
STREPTOMYCIN
Streptomycin was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. It was discovered in 1943 by Albert Schatz, a graduate student working in Selman Waksman's laboratory. Schatz isolated streptomycin from the soil microbe Streptomyces griseus. Animal testing showed it cured tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Clinical trials then found it successfully treated TB patients. Mass production of streptomycin was undertaken by the Merck pharmaceutical company. It revolutionized TB treatment and marked an important milestone in the discovery of antibiotics.
Efflux pumps
The document discusses efflux pumps in bacteria. It begins by noting that efflux pumps contribute to antibiotic resistance and are involved in bacterial pathogenesis. There are five major families of efflux transporters - ATP-binding cassette (ABC), resistance-nodulation-division (RND), small multidrug resistance (SMR), major facilitator superfamily (MFS), and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE). The RND family is especially effective at generating multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Efflux pumps export various substrates like antibiotics, toxins, and metabolites using secondary active transport driven by proton or sodium ion gradients. Inhibitors of efflux pumps have potential to restore drug susceptibility in multidrug-
J. Ingram, D. Poulcharidis - Adv. Topics of Chem. Bio. - Dr. Webb - Prof. S. ...
A presentation on the O'Connor group, given as part of the Advanced Topics of Chemical Biology module. Yet to be awarded a mark, I presented from slide 6 onwards.
Advantages of microbial biotransformation of bioactive compounds & microbial ...
advantages of the use of microbial biotransformation in the field of natural products.
The microbial models for mammalian drug metabolism and applications in drug studies
Biotransformation
This document discusses biotransformation, which is a chemical reaction catalyzed by living cells or enzymes. It can be used to modify the functional groups of organic compounds. The document outlines some prerequisites for successful biotransformation processes, including the culture having the necessary enzymes and the substrate not being toxic. It also discusses using plant cell and organ cultures, immobilized cell cultures, and genetic engineering approaches for biotransformation. Some factors that influence biotransformation are also summarized.
Catalytic antibodies
Catalytic antibodies (abzymes) are monoclonal antibodies that exhibit enzymatic activity. They are produced by immunizing animals with transition state analogs that mimic the intermediate of chemical reactions. Abzymes function like enzymes by binding and stabilizing the transition state, lowering the activation energy of reactions and catalyzing them. Potential applications of abzymes include treating cancer, HIV, drug detoxification, controlling obesity, and targeting unwanted protein-protein interactions. One example is an abzyme that catalytically destroys the CD4 binding site on HIV, rendering the virus inert.
Assessment of Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from Pharmaceutical probiotic Sachet
Assessment of Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from Pharmaceutical probiotic SachetSSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
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This document summarizes research on developing polyclonal antibodies to identify isoflavones in different legume species. Key points:
- Researchers produced polyclonal antibodies in rabbits to detect isoflavones. ELISA tests using these antibodies could quickly screen plants for isoflavone content.
- Seed samples from 8 legume species were tested for isoflavones using the ELISA. All species showed higher isoflavone levels than soybean (the typical isoflavone source), indicating other legumes may be alternative isoflavone sources.
- Extraction methods including hydrothermal treatment at 50°C increased levels of active aglycone isoflavone forms compared to no treatment.
- The research aims to characterize legume
Protein therapeutics
Protein therapeutics can help treat diseases by replacing missing proteins, augmenting existing pathways, or providing novel functions. Insulin was one of the first successful protein therapeutics, but producing it recombinantly in E. coli addressed issues with sourcing and costs. While proteins are often well-tolerated and specific, challenges include stability, delivery, stimulating immune responses, and post-translational modifications. Advances in recombinant technology and production methods aim to overcome these challenges to develop more effective protein-based therapies.
2011 antidepressant effect and pharmacological evaluation of standardized ext...
2011 antidepressant effect and pharmacological evaluation of standardized ext...Ricardo Reyes Chilpa. Instituto de Química. UNAM
1) The study evaluated the antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and sedative effects of standardized extracts of flavonoids from Byrsonima crassifolia in mice.
2) The methanolic extract produced a significant antidepressant effect in the forced swimming test at a dose of 500 mg/kg but did not show anxiolytic, sedative, or anticonvulsant effects.
3) Although the main compound in the extract was identified as quercetin 3-O-xyloside, flavonoids such as rutin, quercetin, and hesperidin may be involved in the antidepressant effects.1
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the hydrolytic activity of Penicillium chrysogenum Pg222 on pork myofibrillar proteins. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that Pg222 extensively hydrolyzed the main myofibrillar proteins except α-actinin. The hydrolysis led to increases in free amino acids, reaching peak values at 84 hours. Pg222 degraded most myofibrillar proteins to undetectable levels by 92 hours, suggesting it could contribute to texture and flavor development in dry-cured meat products through protein breakdown.
Pediatric dentistry update
The document discusses the dental home concept and minimally invasive dental techniques. It defines the dental home as an ongoing relationship between dentist and patient to provide comprehensive and family-centered oral healthcare from age 1. This includes preventive services, risk assessments, anticipatory guidance, and treatment. Minimally invasive techniques aim to preserve tooth structure by reducing bacteria, using preventive measures, and remineralizing early lesions. They involve minimal cavity preparation and surgery using adhesive materials, as well as repairing restorations to prevent further decay.
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This document provides information about Nemesis 30, including the name StanislavArtur, the year 2004, and a website www.Nemesis30.com. It also mentions the music "břímě" by Petr Kalandra and a photo credit to "VAŠULDA" from 2004.
Katia roriguez y_karla_santos_29nov2011
This study investigated the cytotoxic potential of Croton discolor, a plant native to Puerto Rico, using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. Extracts of the leaves and bark were prepared and tested. The crude extract of the leaves and hexane extract of both leaves and bark showed the highest cytotoxicity, with LC50 values below 200 μg/mL. Chemical analysis of the active hexane and chloroform extracts detected the presence of aliphatic, allylic, and vinylic protons. Further studies are needed to isolate and identify the active constituents responsible for the cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines.
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Efflux pump
This document discusses efflux pumps in bacteria. It covers several topics:
1) Efflux pumps are membrane proteins that actively export toxins and antimicrobials from bacteria. Their overexpression is a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance.
2) Efflux pumps are classified into several families based on their structure and energy source, including ABC, MATE, MFS, SMR, and RND families.
3) Efflux pumps have natural physiological functions like exporting bile acids and fatty acids, but can also export a broad range of antimicrobials, contributing to multidrug resistance.
03 ACMAP Terri June 15 2014
Micropropagation and in vitro scaling up protocols were developed for Scutellaria barbata, a medicinal plant with anti-cancer properties. Nodal explants were cultured on medium containing different cytokinins, with m-Topolin inducing the highest number of shoots at 14 and 21 days. Glucose and fructose induced more shoots than other carbon sources tested. Cultures were successfully scaled up in liquid medium, with mannitol cultures producing the most shoots. Microshoots were rooted at high rates and acclimatized to greenhouse conditions, establishing an efficient regeneration system for S. barbata.
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
Biotransformation of Panax notoginseng by fungi
Abstract— Roots of Panax notoginseng were fermented with 30 fungi respectively. Almost one-third of the products showed increasing antibacterial activity. All products could inhibit GST-CDC25 phosphatase as a potential antitumor agent. HPLC profiles proved that components of unfermented P. notoginseng and fermented P. notoginseng have obviously changes.
Metabolic Pathways & Phyto-patho Interactions: Clues to Targets for Metabolic...
Metabolic Pathways & Phyto-patho Interactions: Clues to Targets for Metabolic Engineered ‘Defense Bolstered Crops’ ?- Biswapriya Biswavas Misra, Ph.D., CCB@USM, 23rd August, 2012
1334003 brabala mishra
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the effect of different explant types and growth regulators on the rapid multiplication of Bacopa monnieri in in vitro cultures. Leaf, node, and internode explants were cultured on media with different concentrations and combinations of kinetin, BAP, and 2,4-D. The highest rates of shoot regeneration were observed in nodes cultured with kinetin. DNA was then isolated from regenerated plants and analyzed using RAPD to check for genetic homogeneity between clones. PCR was performed using random primers and products were visualized on agarose gels. The gels showed 1-7 bands for each primer, indicating genetic similarity between clones.
2004 hiv 1 inhibition by extracts of clusiaceae species from mexico
2004 hiv 1 inhibition by extracts of clusiaceae species from mexicoRicardo Reyes Chilpa. Instituto de Química. UNAM
The study screened extracts from 21 species of Clusiaceae native to Mexico for anti-HIV activity. Five species showed significant inhibition (≥70%) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Of these, extracts from Calophyllum brasiliense (hexane) and Clusia quadrangula inhibited the enzyme and were non-toxic to human cells. The C. brasiliense extract was the most potent, inhibiting viral replication with an ED50 of 37.1 μg/ml, while the C. quadrangula extract was less active. The results support Clusiaceae as a source of potential anti-HIV compounds.Macrolides, FA and MUP
This document discusses Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic resistance. It analyzed 34 isolated S. aureus samples from a hospital in China. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found high resistance to erythromycin (95.2%) but no mutations conferring resistance to fusidic acid or mupirocin. Multilocus sequence typing of resistance genes identified mutations in genes related to macrolide and mupirocin resistance in 23 of 28 samples. The overuse of antibiotics is increasing resistance, demonstrating the need for prudent antibiotic use and resistance monitoring to preserve treatment options.
STREPTOMYCIN
Streptomycin was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. It was discovered in 1943 by Albert Schatz, a graduate student working in Selman Waksman's laboratory. Schatz isolated streptomycin from the soil microbe Streptomyces griseus. Animal testing showed it cured tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Clinical trials then found it successfully treated TB patients. Mass production of streptomycin was undertaken by the Merck pharmaceutical company. It revolutionized TB treatment and marked an important milestone in the discovery of antibiotics.
Efflux pumps
The document discusses efflux pumps in bacteria. It begins by noting that efflux pumps contribute to antibiotic resistance and are involved in bacterial pathogenesis. There are five major families of efflux transporters - ATP-binding cassette (ABC), resistance-nodulation-division (RND), small multidrug resistance (SMR), major facilitator superfamily (MFS), and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE). The RND family is especially effective at generating multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Efflux pumps export various substrates like antibiotics, toxins, and metabolites using secondary active transport driven by proton or sodium ion gradients. Inhibitors of efflux pumps have potential to restore drug susceptibility in multidrug-
J. Ingram, D. Poulcharidis - Adv. Topics of Chem. Bio. - Dr. Webb - Prof. S. ...
A presentation on the O'Connor group, given as part of the Advanced Topics of Chemical Biology module. Yet to be awarded a mark, I presented from slide 6 onwards.
Advantages of microbial biotransformation of bioactive compounds & microbial ...
advantages of the use of microbial biotransformation in the field of natural products.
The microbial models for mammalian drug metabolism and applications in drug studies
Biotransformation
This document discusses biotransformation, which is a chemical reaction catalyzed by living cells or enzymes. It can be used to modify the functional groups of organic compounds. The document outlines some prerequisites for successful biotransformation processes, including the culture having the necessary enzymes and the substrate not being toxic. It also discusses using plant cell and organ cultures, immobilized cell cultures, and genetic engineering approaches for biotransformation. Some factors that influence biotransformation are also summarized.
Catalytic antibodies
Catalytic antibodies (abzymes) are monoclonal antibodies that exhibit enzymatic activity. They are produced by immunizing animals with transition state analogs that mimic the intermediate of chemical reactions. Abzymes function like enzymes by binding and stabilizing the transition state, lowering the activation energy of reactions and catalyzing them. Potential applications of abzymes include treating cancer, HIV, drug detoxification, controlling obesity, and targeting unwanted protein-protein interactions. One example is an abzyme that catalytically destroys the CD4 binding site on HIV, rendering the virus inert.
Assessment of Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from Pharmaceutical probiotic Sachet
Assessment of Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from Pharmaceutical probiotic SachetSSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, SachetIOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
This document summarizes research on developing polyclonal antibodies to identify isoflavones in different legume species. Key points:
- Researchers produced polyclonal antibodies in rabbits to detect isoflavones. ELISA tests using these antibodies could quickly screen plants for isoflavone content.
- Seed samples from 8 legume species were tested for isoflavones using the ELISA. All species showed higher isoflavone levels than soybean (the typical isoflavone source), indicating other legumes may be alternative isoflavone sources.
- Extraction methods including hydrothermal treatment at 50°C increased levels of active aglycone isoflavone forms compared to no treatment.
- The research aims to characterize legume
Protein therapeutics
Protein therapeutics can help treat diseases by replacing missing proteins, augmenting existing pathways, or providing novel functions. Insulin was one of the first successful protein therapeutics, but producing it recombinantly in E. coli addressed issues with sourcing and costs. While proteins are often well-tolerated and specific, challenges include stability, delivery, stimulating immune responses, and post-translational modifications. Advances in recombinant technology and production methods aim to overcome these challenges to develop more effective protein-based therapies.
2011 antidepressant effect and pharmacological evaluation of standardized ext...
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1) The study evaluated the antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and sedative effects of standardized extracts of flavonoids from Byrsonima crassifolia in mice.
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3) Although the main compound in the extract was identified as quercetin 3-O-xyloside, flavonoids such as rutin, quercetin, and hesperidin may be involved in the antidepressant effects.1
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- 1. GUIDED BY: PREPARED BY: MR PRAVIN MESARIYA M.Pharm (Q.A) Sem-1
- 2. EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AGENTS: THERMAL STIMULUS Hot-plate test Mice on hot plate at 55°c. cut off time 30 sec PHYSICAL STIMULUS Haffner’s tail clip method A metal artery clip was applied to the root of the mouse’s tail for 30 sec.
- 3. Writhing test the mice were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.6% v/v acetic acid in a volume of 10ml/kg to induce the characteristic writhings.
- 4. Carrageenan-Induced Rat Paw Edema: Animals of group I received normal saline (3 ml/kg b.w. intraperitoneal, i.p) and served as saline control. The .groups II and III received methanol extract of . Clerodendron infortunatum (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w., i.p, . respectively) and group IV received reference drug . phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg b. w., i.p)..
- 5. EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA(EAC) weekly intraperitoneal inoculation of 106 cells per mouse. Substances under investigation are administered either orally or intraperitoneally. The viability of the cells are judged by the trypan blue test viable tumour cell count is done using haemocytometer.
- 6. is induced in Balb-C mice by subcutaneous injection of 3-methylcholanthrene(3-MC).
- 7. defn The capability of producing fetal malformation. A given teratogen may be organ specific. It may be species specific. It can be dose specific. teratogens halidomide Accutane Diethylstilbestrol(DES) Alcohol OBSERVATION PARAMETERS
- 8. Multigenerational studies Single generational studies Segment I:Evaluation of Fertility and Reproductive Performance Segment II: Assessment of Developmental Toxicity Segment II: Postnatal Evaluation Tests under ICH: Fertility Assessment Postnatal Evaluation and Pregnancy State Susceptibility Assessment of Developmental Toxicity
- 9. diagnosis · colon & Rectal Cancer: Home Testing Home Colorectal Cancer Tests Home Fecal Occult Bleeding Tests · Pregnancy -- Related Home Testing: Home Pregnancy Tests
- 10. Mutation A change in the DNA molecule Process which produces changes in the DNA that may be inherited. MECHANISM 1. By the change in the structure of DNA which is responsible in inaccurate application of genome. 2. Prevent cell proliferation that fixes the DNA damage. 3. DNA repair removal of large segement of DNA.
- 11. Chemical (different compounds) ◦ Alkylating agents ◦ Aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzo(a)pyrene) ◦ Intercalating agents (e.g. fluorescent dyes) ◦ Artificial derivatives of DNA bases Physical (ionizing radiation, UV-radiation) Biological (viruses, transposable elements)
- 12. Induction of in vitro mammalian cells resistant to certain chemical compound ◦ (e.g. 8-azaguanine, 6-thioguanin, ouabain) SOS/umu test – measurement of DNA repair in bacteria ◦ The bacteria is transformed by plasmide with mutator (repair) genes umuC and umuD fused with the gene for galactosidase. If the DNA is damaged by mutagen both umu mutator genes and gal gene are transcribed and galactosidase turns a specific substrate into a color product.
- 13. Test system – auxotrophic strain of Salmonella typhimurium – survives only in medium with histidine (dies in normal medium without histidine) After treatment with mutagen some auxotrophic cells are turned into normal ones that synthesize histidine and survive in a normal medium. These cells are called revertants (due to reverse mutation).
- 14. Mutagen His– Reverse mutation His+ bacteria bacteria Medium Dies in a Normal containing normal medium histidine medium
- 15. 0 Negative control SPONTANEOUS REVERTANTS A dish with GENOTOXICITY a CONFIRMED compound to be tested Positive IS USED FOR CONTROL OF control THE TEST
- 16. Number of revertant colonies Dose of 1-nitropyrene (micrograms per dish) The graph describes results of the Ames test of various 1-nitropyrene doses. Describe the relationship between the dose and number of revertant colonies. Is it possible to confirm the mutagenic activity? Why we test the compound in various concentrations?
- 17. ijppsjournal.com/Vol1Issue2/171.pdf healthy-synergies.com/Documents/2-2-33- 36.pdf GHOSH M.N. Fundamentals of experimentaL pharmacology, Fourth Edition 2008. Page no.162-173.