This seminar discusses techniques for characterizing solid oral dosage forms. It describes several analytical techniques used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of drugs and excipients in oral dosage forms, including microscopy, thermal analysis, spectroscopy, and dissolution testing. The techniques provide information on drug distribution, polymorphic forms, interactions, and release properties which can guide formulation optimization and quality control. Recent applications of these characterization methods in published case studies are also summarized.
The document discusses the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21, which deals with governing food and drugs in the United States. It is divided into 3 chapters that cover the Food and Drug Administration, Drug Enforcement Agency, and Office of National Drug Control Policy. Part 11 of Title 21 specifically addresses electronic records and electronic signatures for pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
ANALYSIS OF RAW MATERIALS, FINISHED PRODUCTS, PACKAGING MATERIALS, IPQC, CPCS...Khadeeja6
RAW MATERIALS
It is basically the chemical ingredients of a process. starting material, in production of final product.
FINISHED PRODUCTS
Marketable product, transportable pack, salable pack
PACKAGING MATERIAL
Providing presentation, protection, identification, information, containment, convenience compliance, integrity and stability for a product during storage, transportation display and until it is consumed or throughout its shelf life.
IPQC
Providing accurate, specific and definite description of the procedures to be employed from the receipt of raw materials to the release of the finished dosage form.
CPCSEA GUIDELINES
Role of CPCSEA is to monitor animal experiments through ethics committees set up in institutions (IAEC)
CPCSEA Nominee -important link between CPCSEA and IAEC
IAEC scrutinize all project proposals for experimentation on animals.
The validity of IAEC is for 3 years.
1) Several case studies are presented involving FDA regulation violations and their consequences. Schering-Plough ignored repeated FDA warnings and was fined $500 million. Barr Laboratories routinely retested drug batches instead of following procedures for out-of-specification results, leading to a legal case.
2) Chiron's flu vaccine manufacturing plant in the UK had its license suspended in 2004, eliminating nearly half of the US supply that year. Baxter recalled blood thinner Heparin after patients had allergic reactions, which was later traced to a contaminated ingredient from a Chinese supplier.
3) Regulators must take supplier quality into account, as sponsors are responsible for ensuring third-party manufacturers meet standards. The FDA found numerous problems
Principles of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentMANIKANDAN V
This document provides an overview of the drug development and approval process, including:
1) Drug discovery typically involves new disease insights, testing molecular compounds, existing treatments with unexpected effects, or new technologies. Thousands of candidates are narrowed down based on early testing.
2) Once a compound looks promising, development involves experiments to understand absorption, benefits, dosage, delivery method, side effects, and effectiveness compared to other drugs.
3) The FDA approval process includes multiple phases of clinical trials involving healthy volunteers and patients to evaluate safety, efficacy, and side effect management strategies before approval or accelerated approval in some cases.
Quality Assurance and Regulatory Compliance for Pharmaceutical Product, Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade, KLE University College of Pharmacy, Belgaum/Belagavi
Qualification and Validation have big Weightage in the Regulatory Compliance and GMP. Qualification and Validation only can guarantee about the Product Safety, Integrity, Strength, Purity and Quality assurance.
The document discusses the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21, which deals with governing food and drugs in the United States. It is divided into 3 chapters that cover the Food and Drug Administration, Drug Enforcement Agency, and Office of National Drug Control Policy. Part 11 of Title 21 specifically addresses electronic records and electronic signatures for pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
ANALYSIS OF RAW MATERIALS, FINISHED PRODUCTS, PACKAGING MATERIALS, IPQC, CPCS...Khadeeja6
RAW MATERIALS
It is basically the chemical ingredients of a process. starting material, in production of final product.
FINISHED PRODUCTS
Marketable product, transportable pack, salable pack
PACKAGING MATERIAL
Providing presentation, protection, identification, information, containment, convenience compliance, integrity and stability for a product during storage, transportation display and until it is consumed or throughout its shelf life.
IPQC
Providing accurate, specific and definite description of the procedures to be employed from the receipt of raw materials to the release of the finished dosage form.
CPCSEA GUIDELINES
Role of CPCSEA is to monitor animal experiments through ethics committees set up in institutions (IAEC)
CPCSEA Nominee -important link between CPCSEA and IAEC
IAEC scrutinize all project proposals for experimentation on animals.
The validity of IAEC is for 3 years.
1) Several case studies are presented involving FDA regulation violations and their consequences. Schering-Plough ignored repeated FDA warnings and was fined $500 million. Barr Laboratories routinely retested drug batches instead of following procedures for out-of-specification results, leading to a legal case.
2) Chiron's flu vaccine manufacturing plant in the UK had its license suspended in 2004, eliminating nearly half of the US supply that year. Baxter recalled blood thinner Heparin after patients had allergic reactions, which was later traced to a contaminated ingredient from a Chinese supplier.
3) Regulators must take supplier quality into account, as sponsors are responsible for ensuring third-party manufacturers meet standards. The FDA found numerous problems
Principles of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentMANIKANDAN V
This document provides an overview of the drug development and approval process, including:
1) Drug discovery typically involves new disease insights, testing molecular compounds, existing treatments with unexpected effects, or new technologies. Thousands of candidates are narrowed down based on early testing.
2) Once a compound looks promising, development involves experiments to understand absorption, benefits, dosage, delivery method, side effects, and effectiveness compared to other drugs.
3) The FDA approval process includes multiple phases of clinical trials involving healthy volunteers and patients to evaluate safety, efficacy, and side effect management strategies before approval or accelerated approval in some cases.
Quality Assurance and Regulatory Compliance for Pharmaceutical Product, Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade, KLE University College of Pharmacy, Belgaum/Belagavi
Qualification and Validation have big Weightage in the Regulatory Compliance and GMP. Qualification and Validation only can guarantee about the Product Safety, Integrity, Strength, Purity and Quality assurance.
This document discusses various types of documentation required in the pharmaceutical industry, including master formula records (MFR), drug master files (DMF), and generic drug development. It defines MFRs as approved master documents that describe the full manufacturing process for a specific batch size. It provides details on the content required for MFRs based on guidelines from WHO, Health Canada, and the US CFR. It also discusses the purpose and types of DMFs submitted to the FDA, including Type 1 for manufacturing facilities, Type 2 for drug substances/products, and others. Finally, it briefly mentions the Hatch-Waxman Act as it relates to generic drug development.
Stability indicating rp hplc method development and validation for simultaneo...Rajasekhar
The document describes the development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of levodropropizine and chlorpheniramine maleate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method utilizes a C18 column with a mobile phase of 45% 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and 55% acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The method was validated for parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness according to ICH guidelines. Forced degradation studies were also performed to demonstrate the stability-indicating ability of the developed method.
IPQC and FPQC tests are important quality control steps for creams from raw materials to finished product. Creams are topical semisolid preparations used to deliver drugs to the skin. They can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. Evaluation of creams includes tests for physical properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, irritancy, microbial growth, and preservative efficacy. Creams are packaged in jars or tubes and stored properly to ensure stability.
This document discusses in process quality control (IPQC) and finished product quality control (FPQC) tests for tablets. It begins with introducing the concepts of quality, quality control, IPQC and FPQC. It then lists and describes common tests conducted for tablets, including tests for size and shape, colour and odour, hardness, friability, content uniformity and dissolution. Standard acceptance criteria for many of the tests are also provided. The document emphasizes that IPQC and FPQC are important to control quality, identify errors, and ensure product specifications are met.
Documentation in pharmaceutical industry, by dr. umesh kumar sharma and anu m...Dr. UMESH KUMAR SHARMA
This document discusses various types of documentation required in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by explaining that documentation provides necessary details to reduce mistakes and batch variations. There are three main types of documents - commitment documents between industry and regulators, directive documents between management and employees, and record documents between employees and their work. Key documents discussed include master formula records, drug master files, distribution records, and generic drug development requirements. The importance of documentation for regulatory compliance and quality assurance is emphasized.
The document discusses validation of pharmaceutical processes. It defines validation as establishing documented evidence that a process will consistently produce a product meeting predetermined specifications. There are several types of validation including process validation to ensure consistency in manufacturing, cleaning validation to minimize contamination, equipment validation to ensure equipment works correctly, and validation of analytical methods to establish test method performance. Proper documentation is essential for validation including a validation master plan, protocols, reports and standard operating procedures.
A presentation on regulatory guidelines for photostability testingzaartab
This document provides guidelines for photostability testing of drug substances and products according to ICH regulations. It discusses the purpose of photostability testing to evaluate a drug's sensitivity to light and ensure stability. Testing involves exposing samples to light sources and analyzing degradation over time. For drug substances, forced degradation tests evaluate photosensitivity while confirmatory tests provide handling and packaging information. For drug products, sequential tests progress until adequate light protection is demonstrated. The goal is to identify necessary precautions and ensure stability through appropriate packaging and labeling.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) requires calibration to ensure accurate results. Calibration involves running standards of known concentrations through the HPLC system to generate a calibration curve. The calibration curve is then used to determine the concentration of unknown samples run through the HPLC system based on their peak areas.
QUALIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT ehtesham-1.pptxEhtesham
This document discusses the qualification of manufacturing equipment, specifically dry powder mixers and fluid bed dryers. It describes the types of dry powder mixers and outlines the design, installation, operational, and performance qualification processes. These include verifying specifications, proper installation, operating parameters, and effectiveness of the equipment. Qualification ensures the equipment is installed correctly and operates as expected to mix ingredients uniformly and dry materials to the required moisture content.
The document discusses the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP), which describes the quality characteristics of a drug product. The QTPP is established early in development based on factors like intended use, dosage form, and safety/efficacy requirements. It serves as the basis for product design and helps justify choices around dosage, packaging, and delivery. The QTPP should be updated as development progresses and knowledge about the product evolves. Key components of a QTPP include details on the active substance, finished product specifications, and packaging documentation.
This document provides information about quality control testing of ointments. It discusses the types of ointments and their bases. Quality control tests are categorized into universal tests like description, identification and assay. Specific tests include pH, viscosity and particle size determination. Special tests involve phase separation, uniformity between containers and in-vitro drug release studies. Evaluation tests measure the rate of absorption, irritancy and rate of penetration. The document outlines the procedures and acceptance criteria for various quality control and evaluation tests performed on ointment formulations.
The document provides an overview of ICH guidelines, including:
- ICH was created in 1990 to harmonize technical requirements for drug approval between Europe, Japan, and the US.
- ICH guidelines cover quality, safety, efficacy, and multidisciplinary topics.
- Quality (Q) guidelines cover stability testing, validation, impurities, specifications, and CGMPs.
- The document focuses on Q guidelines for stability, impurities, specifications, and biotechnology products.
Product Registration Guidelines by USFDA.pptxSarveshRambhad
In this ppt, we discussed what are the guidelines for registration or the market of drugs in United States according to their regulatory authority i.e., USFDA
This document summarizes guidance on scale up and post-approval changes for pharmaceutical products. It outlines 3 levels for various changes based on their potential impact. Level 1 changes are unlikely to impact quality or performance. Level 2 changes may significantly impact quality or performance. Level 3 changes require full bioequivalence testing. The guidance covers changes to components, manufacturing site, batch size, equipment, and processes. Documentation requirements increase based on the level of change from annual reports to chemistry testing and bioequivalence studies.
- Generic drugs are comparable to brand name drugs in dosage, quality, and intended use but are cheaper. They contain the same active ingredients as original formulations.
- The generic drug development process involves concept development, system-level design, detail design, testing and refinement, production ramp-up, and product launch. It aims to develop affordable drugs that balance public health needs.
- Generic drugs are available after patents or marketing rights expire on brand name drugs. They maintain quality at affordable prices for critical diseases.
Ich guidelines Seminar ( Efficacy & Multidisciplinary)VivekWagh13
The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) brings together regulators and industry representatives from the European Union, Japan, and the United States to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration. The goal of ICH is to promote international harmonization of technical requirements through the development of common guidelines. ICH guidelines cover various topics including quality, safety, efficacy, and multidisciplinary issues. The guidelines provide recommendations on nonclinical studies, clinical trial design and analysis, and the format and content of registration documents to harmonize the technical requirements for pharmaceuticals across ICH regions.
This document summarizes various physicochemical characterization techniques used to analyze solid oral dosage forms, including microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis, FTIR microspectroscopy, NMR imaging and spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how each technique can provide insight into the drug substance distribution, solid state properties, and release characteristics. Near infrared analysis is also discussed for applications in qualitative analysis like raw material identification and blend homogeneity assessment and quantitative analysis for assaying finished drug products.
TO STUDY THE ANALYSIS OF SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS INCLUDING THE DIFFERENT MODE...SriramNagarajan19
Solid oral dosage forms provide a highly reproducible and convenient form of drug delivery. Generally easy to manufacture and stable, they are the most common form of self-medication. When Solid oral dosage forms is incorporated into polymers that are used to modify its physical state or control its release in the gastrointestinal tract. These formulations often present considerable challenges to the pharmaceutical chemist. Different techniques are utilized for the analysis of the solid oral dosage form. The one which is used in the modern times are Microscopy, X ray Powder Diffractions, Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Micro spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging, Near-Infrared (NIR) Analysis, Raman Spectroscopy.
This document discusses various types of documentation required in the pharmaceutical industry, including master formula records (MFR), drug master files (DMF), and generic drug development. It defines MFRs as approved master documents that describe the full manufacturing process for a specific batch size. It provides details on the content required for MFRs based on guidelines from WHO, Health Canada, and the US CFR. It also discusses the purpose and types of DMFs submitted to the FDA, including Type 1 for manufacturing facilities, Type 2 for drug substances/products, and others. Finally, it briefly mentions the Hatch-Waxman Act as it relates to generic drug development.
Stability indicating rp hplc method development and validation for simultaneo...Rajasekhar
The document describes the development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of levodropropizine and chlorpheniramine maleate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method utilizes a C18 column with a mobile phase of 45% 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and 55% acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The method was validated for parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness according to ICH guidelines. Forced degradation studies were also performed to demonstrate the stability-indicating ability of the developed method.
IPQC and FPQC tests are important quality control steps for creams from raw materials to finished product. Creams are topical semisolid preparations used to deliver drugs to the skin. They can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. Evaluation of creams includes tests for physical properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, irritancy, microbial growth, and preservative efficacy. Creams are packaged in jars or tubes and stored properly to ensure stability.
This document discusses in process quality control (IPQC) and finished product quality control (FPQC) tests for tablets. It begins with introducing the concepts of quality, quality control, IPQC and FPQC. It then lists and describes common tests conducted for tablets, including tests for size and shape, colour and odour, hardness, friability, content uniformity and dissolution. Standard acceptance criteria for many of the tests are also provided. The document emphasizes that IPQC and FPQC are important to control quality, identify errors, and ensure product specifications are met.
Documentation in pharmaceutical industry, by dr. umesh kumar sharma and anu m...Dr. UMESH KUMAR SHARMA
This document discusses various types of documentation required in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by explaining that documentation provides necessary details to reduce mistakes and batch variations. There are three main types of documents - commitment documents between industry and regulators, directive documents between management and employees, and record documents between employees and their work. Key documents discussed include master formula records, drug master files, distribution records, and generic drug development requirements. The importance of documentation for regulatory compliance and quality assurance is emphasized.
The document discusses validation of pharmaceutical processes. It defines validation as establishing documented evidence that a process will consistently produce a product meeting predetermined specifications. There are several types of validation including process validation to ensure consistency in manufacturing, cleaning validation to minimize contamination, equipment validation to ensure equipment works correctly, and validation of analytical methods to establish test method performance. Proper documentation is essential for validation including a validation master plan, protocols, reports and standard operating procedures.
A presentation on regulatory guidelines for photostability testingzaartab
This document provides guidelines for photostability testing of drug substances and products according to ICH regulations. It discusses the purpose of photostability testing to evaluate a drug's sensitivity to light and ensure stability. Testing involves exposing samples to light sources and analyzing degradation over time. For drug substances, forced degradation tests evaluate photosensitivity while confirmatory tests provide handling and packaging information. For drug products, sequential tests progress until adequate light protection is demonstrated. The goal is to identify necessary precautions and ensure stability through appropriate packaging and labeling.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) requires calibration to ensure accurate results. Calibration involves running standards of known concentrations through the HPLC system to generate a calibration curve. The calibration curve is then used to determine the concentration of unknown samples run through the HPLC system based on their peak areas.
QUALIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT ehtesham-1.pptxEhtesham
This document discusses the qualification of manufacturing equipment, specifically dry powder mixers and fluid bed dryers. It describes the types of dry powder mixers and outlines the design, installation, operational, and performance qualification processes. These include verifying specifications, proper installation, operating parameters, and effectiveness of the equipment. Qualification ensures the equipment is installed correctly and operates as expected to mix ingredients uniformly and dry materials to the required moisture content.
The document discusses the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP), which describes the quality characteristics of a drug product. The QTPP is established early in development based on factors like intended use, dosage form, and safety/efficacy requirements. It serves as the basis for product design and helps justify choices around dosage, packaging, and delivery. The QTPP should be updated as development progresses and knowledge about the product evolves. Key components of a QTPP include details on the active substance, finished product specifications, and packaging documentation.
This document provides information about quality control testing of ointments. It discusses the types of ointments and their bases. Quality control tests are categorized into universal tests like description, identification and assay. Specific tests include pH, viscosity and particle size determination. Special tests involve phase separation, uniformity between containers and in-vitro drug release studies. Evaluation tests measure the rate of absorption, irritancy and rate of penetration. The document outlines the procedures and acceptance criteria for various quality control and evaluation tests performed on ointment formulations.
The document provides an overview of ICH guidelines, including:
- ICH was created in 1990 to harmonize technical requirements for drug approval between Europe, Japan, and the US.
- ICH guidelines cover quality, safety, efficacy, and multidisciplinary topics.
- Quality (Q) guidelines cover stability testing, validation, impurities, specifications, and CGMPs.
- The document focuses on Q guidelines for stability, impurities, specifications, and biotechnology products.
Product Registration Guidelines by USFDA.pptxSarveshRambhad
In this ppt, we discussed what are the guidelines for registration or the market of drugs in United States according to their regulatory authority i.e., USFDA
This document summarizes guidance on scale up and post-approval changes for pharmaceutical products. It outlines 3 levels for various changes based on their potential impact. Level 1 changes are unlikely to impact quality or performance. Level 2 changes may significantly impact quality or performance. Level 3 changes require full bioequivalence testing. The guidance covers changes to components, manufacturing site, batch size, equipment, and processes. Documentation requirements increase based on the level of change from annual reports to chemistry testing and bioequivalence studies.
- Generic drugs are comparable to brand name drugs in dosage, quality, and intended use but are cheaper. They contain the same active ingredients as original formulations.
- The generic drug development process involves concept development, system-level design, detail design, testing and refinement, production ramp-up, and product launch. It aims to develop affordable drugs that balance public health needs.
- Generic drugs are available after patents or marketing rights expire on brand name drugs. They maintain quality at affordable prices for critical diseases.
Ich guidelines Seminar ( Efficacy & Multidisciplinary)VivekWagh13
The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) brings together regulators and industry representatives from the European Union, Japan, and the United States to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration. The goal of ICH is to promote international harmonization of technical requirements through the development of common guidelines. ICH guidelines cover various topics including quality, safety, efficacy, and multidisciplinary issues. The guidelines provide recommendations on nonclinical studies, clinical trial design and analysis, and the format and content of registration documents to harmonize the technical requirements for pharmaceuticals across ICH regions.
This document summarizes various physicochemical characterization techniques used to analyze solid oral dosage forms, including microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis, FTIR microspectroscopy, NMR imaging and spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how each technique can provide insight into the drug substance distribution, solid state properties, and release characteristics. Near infrared analysis is also discussed for applications in qualitative analysis like raw material identification and blend homogeneity assessment and quantitative analysis for assaying finished drug products.
TO STUDY THE ANALYSIS OF SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS INCLUDING THE DIFFERENT MODE...SriramNagarajan19
Solid oral dosage forms provide a highly reproducible and convenient form of drug delivery. Generally easy to manufacture and stable, they are the most common form of self-medication. When Solid oral dosage forms is incorporated into polymers that are used to modify its physical state or control its release in the gastrointestinal tract. These formulations often present considerable challenges to the pharmaceutical chemist. Different techniques are utilized for the analysis of the solid oral dosage form. The one which is used in the modern times are Microscopy, X ray Powder Diffractions, Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Micro spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging, Near-Infrared (NIR) Analysis, Raman Spectroscopy.
Analytical tech in pre formulation 112070804009Patel Parth
This document provides an overview of preformulation studies for new drug development. It discusses the need for preformulation to understand drug properties and design stable dosage forms. The stages of preformulation studies are outlined. A wide range of analytical techniques and instruments used in preformulation are described, including spectroscopic, separation, and thermal methods. Regulatory requirements for preformulation related to IND/NDA submissions and cGMP are also reviewed.
This document presents a method for determining levels of psoralens like psoralen and bergapten in oral solutions of herbal medicines using liquid chromatography. The method involves extracting samples with chloroform, dissolving residues in methanol, and analyzing by HPLC. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity. Psoralen and bergapten were found to be stable in samples and solutions under various storage conditions. The method provides a fast and reliable means of quantifying psoralen levels in herbal medicines.
Spectroscopic-Based Chemometric Models for Quantifying Low Levels of Solid-St...Dhaval shah
This document describes the development and validation of chemometric models using Raman and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to quantify low levels (less than 5% of total content) of solid-state transitions between theophylline anhydrous form II (THA) and theophylline monohydrate (TMO) in extended release theophylline formulations. Calibration samples containing mixtures of THA and TMO formulations from 0-25% TMO were used to develop partial least squares and principal component regression models after pretreating the spectroscopic data with scatter removal and derivatization techniques. The models were assessed based on diagnostic statistics and shown to have good fit and performance for quantifying TMO content, demonstrating their potential
Formulation and evaluation of gelatin microspheres loaded with fenofibrateVimal Patel
The document summarizes a study that formulated and evaluated gelatin microspheres loaded with the drug fenofibrate using a coacervation and phase separation method. Two microsphere formulations were developed with different drug to polymer ratios and evaluated for properties such as particle size, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and stability. The results showed the microspheres had particle sizes between 5-10μm and encapsulation efficiencies between 70-97%. In vitro drug release studies found one formulation released the drug over 12 hours in a sustained manner. The study concluded this formulation was suitable for oral sustained release of fenofibrate.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GELATIN MICROSPHERES LOADED WITH FENOFIBRATEReshma Fathima .K
The document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of gelatin microspheres loaded with the drug Fenofibrate. Two microsphere formulations were developed using a coacervation and phase separation method. Formulation F2 showed 97% drug encapsulation efficiency and released the drug over 12 hours, indicating it was suitable for oral sustained release. Evaluation tests on the microspheres showed they were spherical in shape, had good flow properties, and released the drug in a controlled manner without any burst release. The microspheres could facilitate the design of hard gelatin capsules for improved patient compliance.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document presents a study on the design and evaluation of sustained release solid dispersions of Verapamil Hydrochloride. Verapamil Hydrochloride was used as a model drug to prepare solid dispersions with different polymers like HPMC K4M and Eudragit in order to prolong its release. Various evaluation tests were performed on the solid dispersions including drug content uniformity, FT-IR, micromeritic properties, in-vitro drug release and drug release kinetics. The results showed that solid dispersions with HPMC K4M were able to sustain the drug release for up to 16 hours while those with Eudragit sustained it for up to 10-12 hours only. Thus HPMC K
Chromatography is a technique for separating various inorganic and organic compounds. It is one of the separation techniques used as differential migration. It is more advantageous over conventional separating methods such as crystallization, solvent extraction and distillation. The purpose of presentation is to present various chromatographic techniques included a few advanced forms such as FC, HPLC,UPLC and UPCC (Super Critical chromatography).These are rapid forms of chromatographic techniques based on air pressure driven, optimized for rapid and precise separation of an organic compound.
This document describes the development and validation of a stability-indicating high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the analysis of modafinil, both as a bulk drug and in tablet formulations. The method utilizes silica gel plates with an ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol mobile phase. Modafinil demonstrates good linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness within the method validation parameters. The method is also shown to distinguish modafinil from its degradation products formed under various stress conditions like acid and base hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and heat. The developed HPTLC method can be applied for the quantitative analysis and identification of modafinil in pharmaceutical formulations.
This document summarizes a study that formulated and tested rapidly dissolving nanofibers of the anti-diabetic drug Glibenclamide (GLB) using electrospinning and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer. Scanning electron microscopy showed the nanofibers were 370-553nm in diameter. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry indicated good drug-polymer compatibility. In vitro drug release studies found the nanofibers had enhanced dissolution rates compared to pure GLB, with release dependent on pH. The nanofibers showed potential as a fast dissolving oral formulation to improve GLB solubility and bioavailability.
The document provides an overview of preformulation studies. It discusses the importance of characterizing the physical and chemical properties of new drug molecules during preformulation to aid in the development of stable dosage forms. Some of the key areas covered include drug-excipient compatibility studies, stability kinetics testing, and determining properties like solubility, partition coefficient, and polymorphism that can help dictate the suitable dosage form. The goal of preformulation is to gather necessary data to rationally develop safe and efficacious dosage forms.
1.preformulation concept in Modern pharmaceutics.pptxPNMallikarjun
Preformulation is defined as the investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. The goal is to generate information to help formulators develop stable and safe dosage forms with good bioavailability. Some key tests include determining the drug's solubility, stability, and compatibility with various excipients using techniques like DSC, TLC, and HPLC. This provides critical data to guide the rational selection of dosage form and formulation components.
Automated analysis by yatin sankharva copyPatel Parth
This document discusses automation in pharmaceutical analysis. It covers the benefits of automation including increased speed, accuracy, and reproducibility. It also discusses the classification, basic components, and techniques of automatic analyzers including discrete analyzers and continuous flow analysis. The objectives, approaches, and good practices of automation are summarized as well.
This document discusses automated analysis and its advantages. It describes the need for automation to process large sample volumes efficiently and precisely. The objectives of automation are outlined as facilitating analysis, reducing human error, and lowering costs. Two main types of automated systems are described: discrete analyzers that keep samples separate, and continuous-flow analyzers like flow injection analysis where samples mix in a flowing stream. Key aspects of flow injection analysis include its instrumentation, sample transport and separation techniques. Other automation techniques discussed include discrete automatic systems, automatic sampling, and using robotics.
This document discusses drug Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) worldwide and generic drug product registration processes in the US and EU. It provides an overview of GMP guidelines from organizations like WHO, US FDA, EU, and others. It also summarizes the six quality systems for GMP compliance and compares inspection and batch release processes between the US and EU. Finally, it outlines the generic product registration process and common post-approval changes for both the US and EU.
The document discusses the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) process for generic drugs. It provides background on the Hatch-Waxman Act of 1984 which established the ANDA pathway. The key points are:
1. The Hatch-Waxman Act aimed to balance innovation and access to medicines by providing incentives for brand and generic drug companies. It allowed generics to rely on brand safety data and established bioequivalence standards.
2. ANDAs contain data to demonstrate a generic drug is bioequivalent to the brand version. This allows generics to enter the market without duplicative clinical trials, lowering costs.
3. The FDA approves ANDAs if generics meet quality standards and their
Analysis of parenteral dosage forms bjl final seminarPatel Parth
This document provides an overview of analytical testing for parenteral formulations. It discusses the need for quality assurance in parenterals due to risks of improper administration. The main types of parenterals are classified and key characteristics like sterility are outlined. Analytical methods for raw materials, finished products, and stability studies are summarized, including identification, potency, degradation products, pH and particulate testing. Microbiological tests like sterility and bacterial endotoxins are also covered at a high level.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing data, including descriptive, statistical, and multivariate analyses. Statistical analysis makes raw data meaningful by testing hypotheses, obtaining significant results, and drawing inferences. The appropriate analysis depends on the type of measurement, number of variables, and type of statistical inference required. Correlation analysis studies relationships between variables while causal analysis examines how independent variables affect dependents. Multivariate techniques include multiple regression, discriminant analysis, ANOVA, and canonical analysis.
This document discusses the evaluation and testing of various types of cosmetics, including skin creams, sunscreens, face powders, special creams, lipsticks, and other cosmetics. Physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses are used to test for parameters like moisture content, pH, preservatives, heavy metals, melting point, color, and skin irritation potential. Tests evaluate characteristics such as emolliency, SPF rating, particle size, and effects of temperature on product stability. Proper evaluation ensures cosmetics are safe, effective, and meet regulatory standards.
The document provides information about various regulatory authorities that regulate medicines and medical devices. It discusses the US FDA, UK MCA, TGA of Australia, and their roles and responsibilities. The US FDA regulates food, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, and other products in the US. The UK MCA was formed by merging the MCA and MDA and is responsible for ensuring medicines and devices are safe and work properly in the UK. The TGA regulates therapeutic goods including medicines and medical devices to ensure their quality, safety and performance in Australia.
A seminar on applications of various analytical techniquePatel Parth
This document provides information on preformulation studies for new drug development. It discusses:
1. The purpose of preformulation studies is to understand the characteristics of drug components and optimize dosage form manufacturing.
2. Preformulation studies establish the identity, properties, and compatibility of new drug substances to support formulation development and regulatory filings.
3. A variety of analytical techniques are used in preformulation studies including spectroscopy, chromatography, and thermal analysis to characterize drug substances and excipients.
Tablets are one of the most common oral solid dosage forms. They can be produced through compression or molding methods. There are several types of tablets including compressed, sugar-coated, film-coated, enteric-coated, and controlled-release tablets. Tablets contain active drug ingredients along with excipients that serve various purposes like diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, and colors. Excipients are carefully selected to provide tablets with properties like hardness, disintegration, and appropriate dissolution for drug release.
Solid state analysis techniques like vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR, Raman), UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and solid state NMR spectroscopy can characterize pharmaceutical solids at the molecular, particulate, and bulk levels. These techniques provide information on polymorphisms, solvatomorphisms, interactions, and degradation pathways important for development and quality assurance of solid dosage forms. Careful solid state characterization is necessary for control of manufacturing processes and formulation.
The document provides guidance on good manufacturing practices for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients. It discusses quality management, personnel, facilities, equipment, documentation, materials management, production controls, and other quality assurance aspects of API manufacturing. The objective is to help ensure APIs meet quality and purity standards.
The document discusses various techniques for amino acid analysis. It defines amino acids and explains that 20 are encoded by the genetic code. There are essential and non-essential amino acids. Amino acid analysis involves hydrolyzing proteins into individual amino acids, separating them using chromatography, and quantifying amounts. Common techniques discussed include determining amino acid composition, Edman degradation, and mass spectrometry.
The chi-square test is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can test goodness of fit, independence of attributes, and homogeneity. The test involves calculating chi-square by taking the sum of the squares of the differences between observed and expected frequencies divided by expected frequencies. For the test to be valid, certain conditions must be met regarding sample size, expected frequencies, independence, and randomness. The test has some limitations such as not measuring strength of association and being unreliable with small expected frequencies.
This document discusses sterility testing methodology and interpretation. It covers principles, objectives, culture media, control tests, test methods including membrane filtration and direct inoculation, general methods for different product types, sterility assurance, and interpretation of results. The goal is to detect any viable microorganisms that may be present in sterile pharmaceutical preparations through use of optimized growth conditions and sampling methods.
Radioimmunoassay is an assay technique that uses the binding of antigens and antibodies to measure concentrations of substances. It uses a radioactive tracer that competes with the antigen in a sample for binding to a limited number of antibodies. This allows quantification by measuring the bound versus unbound radioactive tracer. RIA has high sensitivity and specificity, and has revolutionized research and clinical practice in areas like endocrinology, pharmacology, and cancer detection.
This document discusses quality control principles for pharmaceutical testing laboratories. It covers 10 key principles: test facility organization and personnel; quality assurance programs; facilities; apparatus, materials and reagents; test systems; routine controls; standard operating procedures; protocols; reporting of study results; and storage and retention of records. For each principle, responsibilities of management, study directors, and other personnel are outlined.
The document discusses pyrogen testing techniques including the rabbit test and LAL (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate) test. It provides details on how to conduct the rabbit test, including temperature monitoring and criteria for a passing result. For the LAL test, it describes the mechanism, different methods (gel clot, turbidimetric, chromogenic), and procedures for confirming lysate sensitivity and determining endotoxin levels in samples. It notes that various pharmacopeias like IP, BP, and USP specify methods for the LAL test.
This document defines pyrogens as fever-producing substances produced by microorganisms. It classifies pyrogens into two categories: exogenous pyrogens which come from outside the body and endogenous pyrogens which are produced within the body in response to exogenous pyrogens. The most potent pyrogens are endotoxins from gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Endotoxins elicit inflammatory responses and activate the complement system. Their biological activity is associated with the lipopolysaccharide component, specifically the toxic lipid A portion. Endotoxins can cause harmful physiological effects but also stimulate immune defenses.
This document outlines procedures for performing microbial limit tests on pharmaceutical products. The tests are designed to qualitatively or quantitatively estimate the number of viable aerobic microorganisms present or detect designated microbial species. Several methods are described, including membrane filtration, pour plate, spread plate, and multiple tube dilution. Specific procedures are provided for testing for total aerobic count, E. coli, and Salmonella. Controls and interpretation of results are also described to validate the testing methods.
1. A
Seminar
On
Prepared by :-
PATEL PARTH
M.Pharm QA( Sem : II)
Enrollment no:112070804010
APMC COLLEGE OF PHARMACY 1
HIMMATNAGAR
2. INTRODUCTION :-
Solid oral dosage forms are designed to deliver the drug through
physiological mechanisms that preside throughout the gastrointestinal
tract.
Solid oral dosage forms provide a highly reproducible and convenient
form of drug delivery
To design an effective delivery system, it is important to know the
physical state of the API in the dosage form.
2
3. The techniques include :
Light microscopy,
Polarized light microscopy (PLM),
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
Transmission microscopy,
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
Micro spectroscopy,
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging,
Near-infrared (NIR) analysis, and
Raman spectroscopy.
3
4. Physicochemical characterization techniques :-
Physicochemical characterization techniques are beginning to play a
major role in the drug development process because they help us to
understand the mechanism of drug delivery.
An assessment of the internal structure of the dosage form and the micro
homogeneity and morphology of the API in the dosage form can be made
with the techniques that are discussed here.
4
6. Microscopy :-
Light microscopy, PLM, SEM, and transmission microscopy are
nondestructive techniques that can provide insight into the composition and
homogeneity of the API throughout the dosage form.
PLM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (used in conjunction with
SEM) are utilized to determine how an API is distributed within a
granulation.
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, an elemental analysis technique,
used to map chlorine content and reveal the distribution of the API in the
granulation.
These experiments demonstrate that the API exists as the hydrochloride salt
in the granulation and retains its original particle size distribution; therefore,
the high temperatures and drying conditions used in the manufacturing 6
process do not appear to have negatively affected the drug substance.
7. FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
Polarized light micrograph of Chlorine mapping of a
a granulation. Crystals of the granulation containing a
API (see arrow) are visible hydrochloride salt API.
within the matrix of the
granulation. 7
8. X-Ray Powder Diffraction :-
The molecules in a crystalline compound are ordered in a three-dimensional
array called a lattice.
When a collimated beam of X-rays is incident upon this lattice, X-rays are
diffracted.
Every crystal form of a compound produces its own characteristic X-ray
diffraction pattern.
This technique is useful for distinguishing between solid-state forms of a bulk
drug substance and for characterizing changes in the solid state (e.g.,
distinguishing between polymorphs, hydrates, and solvates and characterizing
phase transitions between them).
The technique is useful for characterizing changes in the drug substance in a 8
solid state as it exists in a matrix of a formulation—for example, a change
from a crystalline to an amorphous form or hydration, dehydration, etc.
9. To confirm that polymorphic form of the API does not change during the
manufacturing process, an experiment was done utilizing X-ray powder
diffraction patterns of crushed tablets, crushed placebo tablets and three lots
of API were acquired.
FIGURE 3
X-ray powder diffraction patterns of crushed tablets (pattern 1), crushed
placebo tablets (pattern 2), and three lots of the API (patterns 3-5).
9
10. As seen in the diffraction patterns, the crystal structure of the API remained
unchanged during processing. This study revealed no obvious evidence of
polymorphic changes of the API due to the manufacturing process.
Thermal analysis :-
Simultaneous thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis
(TGA/DTA) is a useful technique for the solid-state characterization of
pharmaceutical materials.
Such characterization includes the determinations of loss on drying, phase
transition temperatures, thermal stability, and whether or not water is bound
or unbound.
TGA/DTA combines the measurement of a change in mass of a sample as a
function of temperature (TGA) with the temperature difference of a sample
10
compared with an inert reference material as a function of temperature
(DTA).
11. The TGA/DTA data are derived from the response of the sample to a
heating program. In DTA the sample temperature remains constant
throughout an endothermic transition, whereas the sample
temperature increases during an exothermic transition.
A TGA curve is simultaneously acquired, yielding the corresponding
mass change curve. These dual pieces of information make
interpretations more straightforward than interpretation with either
technique alone.
TGA/DTA was utilized to monitor changes in the crystal morphology
and physical changes of a hydrated API in a granulation blend and in
tablets compressed from the blend.
11
12. FT-IR Micro spectroscopy :-
FTIR micro spectroscopy, equipped with an automated stage, is a
nondestructive technique that can be utilized to analyze small samples and
to chemically map locations by identifying components within the sample.
When unidentified crystalline particles were found growing on tablets
during a stability study, FTIR micro spectroscopy with a spectral resolution
of about 5 µm was used to chemically analyze and identify the minute
particles.
NMR Spectroscopy :-
NMR Imaging :-
To understand the release of an API from controlled-release tablets
containing HPMC, NMR imaging techniques were used to measure the
relaxation times and self-diffusion coefficients (SDCs) of water across the 12
gel layer.
13. In this study, the SDC values were found to increase with increasing
distance from the gel region to the core of the tablet.
The SDC gradients (the change in SDC value over distance) were found to
vary among HPMC tablets with different levels of polymer substitution.
This type of in vitro NMR imaging experiment can provide important
information to guide formulation optimization and aid in the design of drug
products that deliver the desired in vivo release characteristics.
FIGURE 4
Self-diffusion coefficients of
water across the gel layer of
an HPMC tablet
after 3 hours hydration. 13
14. In another study, NMR imaging with a modified flow-through dissolution
apparatus was used to assess the swelling of HPMC tablets.
The series of images reproduced to show the physical changes in HPMC
tablets over time under static conditions.
Determining the swelling behavior of the HPMC with this type of imaging
may increase the understanding of the release of the API from the dosage
form.
This approach was successfully applied to the study of matrix-controlled-
release tablets as well as osmotic-release tablets.
NMR imaging techniques provide information about the nature of the
physical processes involved in the disintegration and dissolution of the drug
product. 14
15. FIGURE 5
NMR images of HPMC tablets within a flow-through dissolution
apparatus under static conditions at swelling times of 1, 5, 13, and 19
hours (a–d, respectively). The black center regions show where the
tablet is dry, and the bright regions around the tablet show where the
gel is swollen.
15
16. Solid-State NMR :-
Solid-state NMR studies have been used to study the characteristics of an
API in melt-extruded pellets.
The purpose of the study was to determine whether the high temperatures
at which the melt extrusion process was conducted caused physical changes
in the drug substance, such as the formation of a different polymorph or a
change in salt form.
16
17. Mass Spectrometry :-
Recently, time-of-flight MS combined with secondary-ion monitoring
(TOF-SIMS) has been reported to be a useful tool for characterizing and
imaging the distribution of the components within a solid dosage form.
This technique :-
could be extremely important for assessing the controlled release
properties of a solid oral dosage form.
The homogeneity and quality of the manufacturing process could be
determined.
applied to the analysis of the surface of beads, tablets, and granulations,
allowing the chemical composition of more than one layer to be
evaluated. 17
18. NEAR INFRAREDANALYSIS :-
There is intense interest in using NIR techniques in several major areas
of pharmaceutical operations: clinical supply identification, incoming
raw material identification, assay and content uniformity testing of
finished products.
The following sections describe qualitative and quantitative examples
of validated NIR methods currently in use.
18
19. Qualitative NIR Analysis :-
Verification of the Identity of Packaged Clinical Supplies :-
An NIR spectroscopic method to identify pharmaceutically active
and inactive (placebo) clinical dosage forms is recently developed.
NIR analysis is particularly suited to the verification of the identity of
packaged clinical supplies because of its nondestructive nature,
speed, and low cost.
The method was developed to create and validate a one-time-use
library of the spectra of clinical dosage forms prepared for double-
blind clinical trials.
19
20. FIGURE 6
NIR spectra of known active and placebo (inactive) products packaged into
blister cards.
20
21. Raw Material Identification :-
Use of the technique for raw material identification is done for preparing
the library which is composed of spectra from dozens of lots that are
averaged into a single spectrum for each raw material.
The spectrum of an unknown material is matched against all possible
similar compounds.
The unknown is either accepted or rejected based upon how close (within
accepted variations) its spectrum matches that of a known compound.
Blend Homogeneity :-
The homogeneity of pharmaceutical raw materials during blending was
followed by visual matching, spectral matching, or principal component
21
analysis of the spectra after discrete time intervals.
22. NIR spectra obtained after different mixing intervals were used to assess
the extent to which four components were blended in a V-blender.
NIR reflectance spectra were collected with the use of a fiber-optic probe at
―high,‖ ―middle,‖ and ―low‖ positions on the blender at 1, 5, 10, 15, and
20-minute intervals. Spectra of the four-component blend after 1 minute
and 20 minutes of mixing are illustrated in Figures 13 and 14 respectively.
This experiment shows the feasibility of using NIR to determine the blend
homogeneity of both API and excipients simultaneously in real time, thus
ensuring optimal content uniformity during compression or capsule filling.
Spectra of four component blend after 1 minute and 20 minutes of mixing
are illustrated in figure.
22
23. FIGURE 7
NIR spectra at high, middle, and low positions of a V-blender after
1 minute of mixing.
23
24. FIGURE 8
NIR spectra at high, middle, and low positions of a V-blender after 20 minutes of
mixing.
24
25. At each interval, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the NIR
results at a wavelength specific to the active component was
calculated.
In addition, parallel HPLC analysis of the blend was performed. To
show that the NIR method is comparable to results obtained by
analysis by HPLC, the RSDs of the NIR results and the RSDs
obtained from the HPLC assay results were plotted versus minutes
mixed.
This experiment shows the feasibility of using NIR to determine the
blend homogeneity of both API and excipients simultaneously in real
time, thus ensuring optimal content uniformity during compression or
capsule filling. 25
26. Recent scenario :-
X-ray diffraction method and thermal analytical method, both
technique were used by Macaroni E., et al. for structural
characterization of two benfluorex hydrochloride polymorphs.
Raman spectroscopic technique was used by Henson M.J., et al. to
analyze the low concentration (0.5 % w/w) of API. The domain sizes
and spatial distribution of API and major excipient are obtained.
Thermal analysis was performed by Pfeiffer S., et al. for the process
of characterization and identification of different crystalline forms
and its thermodynamic relationship.
New perspectives of 19F MAS NMR was used by Jiri B., et al. in the
characterization of amorphous forms of atorvastatins in dosage 26
formulations.
27. FT-Raman spectroscopic technique was used by Skorda D., et al. for
identification and quantitative determination of atorvastatin calcium
polymorph in tablet. FT-Raman spectroscopic method was used by Sylwester
M., et al. for quantitative determination of captopril and prednisolone in
tablets.
FT-IR technique was performed by Andrewchan K.L., et al. for spectroscopic
imaging of a solid dispersion of nifedipine in PEG which is valuable in
optimization in manufacturing of formulations.
Near infrared technique was used by Hua Ma, et al. for characterization of
powder blends. NIR technique was used by Weiyong Li, et al. as qualitative
method for monitoring of nucleation and granule growth in fluid bed wet
granulation. NIR technique was used by Weiyong Li, et al. for determination
of polymorph conversion of an API in wet granulation using NIR calibration 27
models generated fron the premix blends.
28. Different types of solid oral dosage form:-
Capsules
• Hard Gelatine Capsules
• Soft Gelatine Capsules
• Modified-release Capsules
• Enteric Capsules
Tests
• Content of active ingredients.
• Determine the amount of active ingredient(s) by the method
described in the Assay and calculate the amount of active
28
ingredient(s) per tablet.
29. The result lies within the range for the content of active ingredient(s)
stated in the monograph. This range is based on the requirement that
20 tablets, or such other number as maybe indicated in the
monograph, are used in the Assay.
Where 20 tablets cannot be obtained, a smaller number, which must
not be less than 5, may be used, but to allow for sampling errors the
tolerances are widened in accordance with Table 1.
The requirements of Table 1 apply when the stated limits are between
90 and 110 per cent. For limits other than 90 to 110 percent,
proportionately smaller or larger allowances should be made.
29
30. Table 1
Weight of active ingredients in Subtract from each lower limit Add to the upper
tablet for samples limit for
of samples of
15 10 5 15 10 5
0.12 g or less 0.2 0.7 1.6 0.3 0.8 1.8
More than 0.12 g but less than 0.2 0.5 1.2 0.3 0.6 1.5
0.3 g
0.3 g or more 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.0
30
31. Uniformity of content
This test is applicable to tablets that contain 10 mg or less than 10 mg or
less than 10 per cent w/w of active ingredient. For tablets containing
more than
one active ingredient carry out the test for each active ingredient that
corresponds to the aforementioned conditions.
The test is also applicable to coated tablets other than filmcoatedtablets,
irrespective of their content of active substance(s).
The test for Uniformity of content should be carried out only after the
content of active ingredient(s) in a pooled sample of the tablets has been
shown to be within accepted limits of the stated content.
The test for Uniformity of content is not applicable to tablets containing 31
multivitamins and trace elements.
32. Tablets
Film-coated tablets.
Dispersible Tablets
Effervescent Tablets
Modified-release Tablets
Enteric-coated Tablets
Prolonged- release Tablets
Soluble Tablets
Tablets for Use in the Mouth
32
33. Test
Uncoated Tablets
Disintegration
Use water as the liquid. Add a disc to each tube. Operate the apparatus for
15 minutes, unless otherwise stated in the individual monograph.
Examine the state of the tablets.
If the tablets fail to comply because of adherence to the discs, repeat the
test on a further 6 tablets omitting the discs. The tablets comply with the
test if all 6tablets have disintegrated.
The test does not apply to chewable tablets.
33
34. Coated Tablets
Disintegration
For coated tablets other than film coated tablets.
Use water as the liquid. Add a disc to each tube. Operate the apparatus for
60 minutes, unless otherwise stated in the individual monograph.
Examine the state of the tablets.
If any of the tablets has not disintegrated, repeat the test on a further6
tablets, replacing water with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The tablets comply
with the test if all 6 tablets have disintegrated in the acid medium.
34
35. For film-coated tablets.
Carry out the test described above but operate the apparatus for 30
minutes, unless otherwise stated in the individual monograph.
If coated tablets fail to comply because of adherence to the discs, repeat
the test on a further 6 tablets omitting the discs . The tablets comply with
the test if all 6 tablets have disintegrated.
The test does not apply to chewable tablets.
35
36. Dispersible Tablets
Disintegration
Determine at 24º to 26º and operate the apparatus for 3 minutes.
Uniformity of dispersion.
Place 2 tablets in 100 ml of water and stir gently until completely
dispersed. A smooth dispersion is obtained which passes through a sieve
screen with a nominal mesh aperture of 710 mm (sieve number 22).
36
37. Effervescent Tablets
Disintegration
Place one tablet in a 250-ml beaker containing water at 20º to 30º;
numerous gas bubbles are evolved.
When the evolution of gas around the tablet or its fragments has ceased
the tablet shall have disintegrated, being either dissolved or dispersed in
the water so that no agglomerates of particles remain.
Repeat the operation on a further 5 tablets. The tablets comply with the
test if each of the 6 tablets disintegrates in the manner prescribed within
5minutes, unless otherwise stated in the individual monograph.
37
38. Enteric-coated Tablets
Disintegration
If the tablet has a soluble external coating, immerse the basket in water at
room temperature for 5 minutes.
Suspend the assembly in the beaker containing 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and
operate without the discs for 120minutes, unless otherwise stated in the
individual monograph.
Remove the assembly from the liquid. No tablet shows signs of cracks that
would allow the escape of the contents of disintegration, apart from
fragments of coating.
Replace the liquid in the beaker with mixed phosphate buffer pH 6.8, add a
disc to each tube and operate the apparatus for a further 60minutes. Remove
38
the assembly from the liquid. The tablets pass the test if all six have
disintegrated.
40. References :-
Ahuja S , Scypinski S , Separation and science
technology A reference series vol-3 Handbook of modern
pharmaceutical analysis, academic press, p.235-252
pharmacopeal dosage forms:Tablets,edited by Herbert A.
Liberman,Leon Lachman and Joseph.B.Schwartz , 2nd
edition,Vol-2,Page No.318 to 337
Indian pharmacopeia – 2007, Volume – 2, page no.633 –
634 and 662-665 .
40