Shahir Bin Mokbul presented on new developments in dairy cattle feeding systems and feed additives. The presentation defined bypass protein as proteins that pass intact from the rumen to the lower digestive tract. It discussed factors influencing bypass protein requirements and stages of dairy cattle development when bypass proteins provide benefits. It also described types of rumen inert fats and their effects on milk production, as well as features and composition of herbal dairy cattle feed supplements. The presentation provided an overview of commonly used feed additives in dairy cattle rations.

1. Welcome
To
My Presentation
Name: Shahir Bin Mokbul
Roll No: 15/01
Reg. No: 223
Name of M.S Subject : M.S in Dairy Science
Name of the Dept. : Department of Dairy and Poultry
Science
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University
Khulsi- 4225

2. An Assignment
on
New Development of Feeding
Systems and Feed Additives of
Dairy Cattle

3. Bypass Protein
Definition: Bypass proteins are defined here as those dietary proteins
that pass, intact, from the rumen to the lower digestive tract.
Digestible bypass protein is that portion of the bypass protein that is
enzymatically hydrolyzed in and absorbed as amino acids from the
small intestine.
Fig: Digestion procedure of protein and bypass protein

4. Responses To Bypass Proteins By
Dairy Cattle
Bypass protein in the diet used in such experiments is mediated largely through
stimulation of feed intake as indicated by the linear relationship between feed
intake and growth rate.
Experiments are: 1. Insoluble proteins, such as fish meal, added to a low protein
diet, stimulated the intake and growth of cattle much more than soluble proteins
such as rape seed meal.
2. Growth rates in cattle on a diet of pelleted barley and 1% urea and minerals
were stimulated by supplementing with fish meal.
3. Dairy cattle on diets of 70% oat hulls, 30% Solka Floe (a pure wood
cellulose) and minerals, were used. Additions of 2-4% urea with
supplementation of fish meal effects on live weight increase in cattle.

5. Rumen and Metabolic Factors Influencing
the Requirements for Bypass Proteins
1. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis
2. The amount of microbial protein available for
intestinal digestion .
3. The efficiency of microbial growth.
4. Damage and degradation of microorganisms.
5. Amount of rumen microbes predation by protozoa.
6. Amino acid composition of bypass proteins

6. Stage of Dairy Cattle when Bypass
Protein Provide as Supplement
Responses to bypass proteins should be expected only when the
requirements for amino acids are not being met.
1. During Pregnancy
2. Lactation period
It follows that the lack of responses to protection of dietary
protein in a low productive state and consequently had a low
protein demand, e.g. non pregnant, non lactating, near
mature or mature ruminants where protein requirements are
low or where energy intake is restricted.

7. Evaluation of Protein Meals for
Inclusion into Ruminant Diets
The requirement by ruminants for bypass protein under certain dietary
and production conditions necessitates feeding small amounts of a
protein meal. The quantity of dietary bypass protein required depends
on several factors the protein requirement of the animal; the supply of
digestible amino acids from microbial protein and the supply of
amino acids from the basal diet.
The quantity of protein meal required in the diet can be calculated
provided certain characteristics of the meal (including crude protein
content, protein solubility in rumen liquor and the digestibility of the
protein in the small intestine) are known.

8. Bypass Anthelmintic
Definition
Bypass anthelmintic is a drug which is directly absorbed from the small
intestine into the blood and work against parasite is called bypass
anthelmintic.
Role of Oxybendazole, Fenbendazole and Albendazole as a bypass
anthelmintics
Compared with intraruminal and intraabomasal infusion of fenbendazole,
oxybendazole and albendazole was that intraabomasal infusion of
albendazole substantially increased maximum drug concentration and the
concentration time curve in abomasal fluid and lowered the plasma
concentration time curve.

9. General Discussion about Bypass
Anthelmintics
An experimental study showed that the greater availability in
abomasal fluid of oxybendazole and albendazole when given at
commercial dose rates of 5mg/kg and 3.9 mg/kg by
intraabomasal infusion correlated with increased efficacy of both
drugs against benzimidazole resistant Trichostrongylus
colubriformis and of albendazole against benzimidazole resistant
Haemonchus contortus over that achieved by intraruminal
administration as a single bolus.

10. Mode of Action of Bypass Anthelmintic
At normal rumen pH (6.5-7) the solubility of benzimidazole compounds is
low
But increases substantially at the lower pH (2-3) encountered in the
abomasum and upper small intestine
facilitates absorption at these sites
rapid dissolution and absorption results in very high metabolite
concentrations in the bloodstream
Greater efficacy against abomasal and small intestinal nematodes

11. Rumen Inert fat
Definition: Rumen inert fat is that fat which is not significantly
changed in the rumen nor having a significant effect on rumen function
is called rumen inert fat.
Types Of Rumen Inert Fat: Three main types of rumen inert fats
currently used in lactating dairy cow diets are:
1. Partially hydrogenated tallows (PHT): Contain 15% unsaturated
fatty acid. Hydrogenation of tallow and vegetable fats reduces negative
effects that fatty acids have on rumen fermentation. The same process
severely reduces the digestibility of the end product and its potential for
value in lactating dairy cow diets. Resistance to ruminal and small
intestinal lipolysis was a major factor contributing to the poor
digestibility of highly saturated triglycerides contained in hydrogenated
tallow.

12. Types of Rumen Inert Fat
2. Calcium salts of fatty acids (CaSFA): Palm oil, soybean oil, and other fat sources
are hydrolyzed and reacted with Ca to form salts, which increases the end product
melting point. Fatty acids of Ca salts are stable in the rumen at pH >6.5. This
indicated that dissociation occurred when the pH dropped below 6.5.
3. Hydrogenated free fatty acids (FFA): Rumen inert FFA are prehydrolyzed,
mostly hydrogenated, and purified during manufacturing. This form of rumen inert
fat requires no further chemical modification by the cow prior to digestion. Free fatty
acids usually have a lesser melting point than PHT or CaSFA and have the tendency
to be less soluble in the rumen than fat supplements high in unsaturated fatty acids.
Free fatty acids also have little or no negative effects on ruminal fermentation
compared with fat sources high in unsaturated fatty acids

13. Decrease in milk protein response for CaSFA compared with FFA as well as daily milk
production, fat corrected milk (FCM) production, milk fat percentage and milk protein
percentage.
Hydrogenated tallow is limited primarily by its greater melting point, which reduces its
digestibility and subsequent energy value. Direct comparison studies between CaSFA and
FFA found primary differences caused by greater DMI and palatability when rations
contained FFA. This has corresponding positive effects on energy balance, milk
production, BW change, and reproductive performance with similar digestibility. Mode of
action for reduced DMI when using CaSFA appears primarily caused by negative effects of
gastrointestinal motility, rumen function, and palatability. Reduced DMI impacts amount
and duration of negative energy balance in early lactation, subsequent milk production and
reproduction, and economic value.
Effects of CaSFA and FFA Rumen
Inert Fats on Milk Production and
Milk Components
Implications

14. Herbal Dairy cattle feed supplement
Composition: The multi purpose compositions of herbal cattle feed supplement
mainly comprises the following ingredients in the proportion as mentioned below:
1. Herbal Mixture - 30 to 70% (w/w) of total composition.
2. Probiotics - 5 to 10% (w/w) of total composition;
3. DCC - 5 to 20% (w/w) of total composition;
4. Chelated Mineral Mixture or Mineral Mixture - 5 to 20% (w/w) of total
composition.
5. DCP or dolomite or calcite - 5 to 40% (w/w) of total composition.
6. Vitamins - 0 to 1% (w/w) of total composition and
7. Amino acids - 0 to 1% (w/w) of total composition.

15. Herbal Mixture
Chart: Details of the medicinal herbs used in herbal
cattle feed supplement

16. Key Features of Herbal Product
1. Improves general immunity of the cattle
2. Increases milk yield.
3. It works as a toxin binder
4. It maintains the acid-base balance of the gut
5. Non-hormonal, Non toxic & Non steroidal
6. No side effect on cattle fertility
7.Helps in restoring other lactation problems. These are: Hypogalactia,
Agalactia, Mastitis, ketosis etc.
8. Can also be supplemented to pregnant cattle

17. Feed Additives
Definition: Feed additives are products used in animal nutrition for purposes of
improving the quality of feed and the quality of food from animal origin, or to
improve the animals’ performance and health, e.g. providing enhanced
digestibility of the feed materials.
1. Sensory additive an additive that stimulates the appetite, improving the
voluntary intake of a diet. Examples include feed flavors or sweeteners.
2. Nutritional additive provides specific nutrients for an animal for optimal
growth. Vitamins and amino acids fall into this category.
3. Zootechnical additive improves the nutritional value of a diet. It doesn't give
nutrients directly to the animal, but through its diet. This category includes, among
others, enzymes and certain phytogenics.
Types of feed additives

18. Evaluating Feed Additives at the Farm
Level
Four factors can be considered to determine if a feed additive should be used:
anticipated response, economic return, available research, and field responses.
Response refers to expected performance changes the user could expect or anticipate
when a feed additive is included. Several examples are listed below:
1.Higher milk yield (peak milk and/or milk persistency)
2. Increase in milk components (protein and/or fat)
3. Greater dry matter intake
4. Stimulate rumen microbial synthesis of protein and/or volatile fatty acid (VFA)
production
5. Increase digestion in the digestive tract

19. 6. Stabilize rumen environment and pH
7. Improve growth (gain and/or feed efficiency)
8. Reduce heat stress effects
9. Improve health (such as less ketosis, reduce acidosis, or improve immune
response).
List of Some Feed Additives that are Commonly Used
in Dairy Cattle Ration
1. Anionic Salts and Products
2. Aspergillus oryzae
3. Biotin
4. β-carotene
5. Calcium Propionate
6. Protected Choline
7. Enzymes
8. Magnesium Oxide
9. Monensin
10. Niacin (B3, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide)

20. THANKS
TO
ALL