This document discusses the design of electric vehicle battery packs. It covers topics such as state of charge, implications of the SOC curve, measuring SOC accurately, what comprises a battery pack, building packs from cells by connecting them in series and parallel, modules and packs, electrical design considerations, insulation, costs, and insulation testing. The goal is to conceptualize battery pack design to optimize performance while ensuring safety.
IoT Based Battery Management System in Electric Vehicles.pdfKaty Slemon
Explore India's most advanced cloud platform- IONDASH, responsible for monitoring the performance of battery management system in electric vehicles.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
IoT Based Battery Management System in Electric Vehicles.pdfKaty Slemon
Explore India's most advanced cloud platform- IONDASH, responsible for monitoring the performance of battery management system in electric vehicles.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
THE CENTRAL QUESTION ...
An electric car is still a car, right? What is it that makes it so different, and should I be worried that what makes it different makes it really complicated?
COURSE ABSTRACT
A discussion of the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) architecture and the component elements that must be present within a BEV system. The battery, the electric motor, control electronics and regenerative braking are all discussed. To obtain a copy of the EVU study guide for this and other available EVU courses, please complete the form on this page.
Course level: Introductory
Ultracapacitor based energy storage system for hybrid and electric vehiclesAkshay Chandran
Ultracapacitors and its applications in energy storage in vehicles
and hybrid energy storage systems
contents
*Introduction
*Capacitors and Ultracapacitors
*Advantages of ultracapacitors
*Conventional ESS
*HESS(Hybrid Energy Storage Systems)
*Design and Working
*Operation of Proposed Systems
*Conclusion
Design of charging unit for electrical vehicles using solar powerRohit gorantla
the design of charging unit in electrical vehicles using solar power means that the automatic charge of the battery is done by use of solar panel. This gives the brief description of the methodology happened in the entire project.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
This document contains brief description of electric propulsion systems, their classification, sub categorization, and brief history and future possibilities. It also focuses on the spacecraft propulsion system along with marine, land, and air vehicles. After going through this doc one would be totally aware of the industry as a whole. And also will be able to understand the rising market of this sector.
electric vehicle is very important for the glob...because it has lot's of advantages ...only one disadvantages is that it is requrie more time to charge..its has mainly 3 type of electric vehicle .
The Economics of Parallel System Design in Commercial-Scale Solar Plantsxmeteorite
This whitepaper will outline the cost-reducing nature of a parallel system architecture, starting with an overview of series and parallel wiring schemes. We will then look at a reference system design, including a detailed electrical bill of materials. Finally, we will compare the difference in hardware and labor requirements, and therefore system costs, between the two architectures.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
THE CENTRAL QUESTION ...
An electric car is still a car, right? What is it that makes it so different, and should I be worried that what makes it different makes it really complicated?
COURSE ABSTRACT
A discussion of the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) architecture and the component elements that must be present within a BEV system. The battery, the electric motor, control electronics and regenerative braking are all discussed. To obtain a copy of the EVU study guide for this and other available EVU courses, please complete the form on this page.
Course level: Introductory
Ultracapacitor based energy storage system for hybrid and electric vehiclesAkshay Chandran
Ultracapacitors and its applications in energy storage in vehicles
and hybrid energy storage systems
contents
*Introduction
*Capacitors and Ultracapacitors
*Advantages of ultracapacitors
*Conventional ESS
*HESS(Hybrid Energy Storage Systems)
*Design and Working
*Operation of Proposed Systems
*Conclusion
Design of charging unit for electrical vehicles using solar powerRohit gorantla
the design of charging unit in electrical vehicles using solar power means that the automatic charge of the battery is done by use of solar panel. This gives the brief description of the methodology happened in the entire project.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
This document contains brief description of electric propulsion systems, their classification, sub categorization, and brief history and future possibilities. It also focuses on the spacecraft propulsion system along with marine, land, and air vehicles. After going through this doc one would be totally aware of the industry as a whole. And also will be able to understand the rising market of this sector.
electric vehicle is very important for the glob...because it has lot's of advantages ...only one disadvantages is that it is requrie more time to charge..its has mainly 3 type of electric vehicle .
The Economics of Parallel System Design in Commercial-Scale Solar Plantsxmeteorite
This whitepaper will outline the cost-reducing nature of a parallel system architecture, starting with an overview of series and parallel wiring schemes. We will then look at a reference system design, including a detailed electrical bill of materials. Finally, we will compare the difference in hardware and labor requirements, and therefore system costs, between the two architectures.
Active cell balancing of Li-Ion batteries using single capacitor and single L...journalBEEI
In this paper a novel single series resonant tank and capacitor converter based voltage balancing circuit for series supercapacitor string and battery cells string is presented. It recognizes the balancing circuit which recovered the maximum energy and zero voltage gap between cells in a series supercapacitor system or battery system. This balancing circuit not only inherits the improvement of conventional single series resonant converter based balancing system, but also recovers the drawback of switching loss, conduction loss and voltage gap between cell strings. All MOSFET switches are controlled by a pair of complementary PWM signals. Also the resonant tank and parallel capacitor operate between the two mode of charging and discharging. This voltage balancing circuit has shown promising result to be used in battery management system.
State of charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries connected in series usi...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method to estimate state of charge (SoC) for Lithiumion battery pack (LIB) with 𝑁 series-connected cells. The cell’s model is represented by a second-order equivalent circuit model taking into account the measurement disturbances and the current sensor bias. By using two sigma point Kalman filters (SPKF), the SoC of cells in the pack is calculated by the sum of the pack’s average SoC estimated by the first SPKF and SoC differences estimated by the second SPKF. The advantage of this method is the SoC estimation algorithm performed only two times instead of 𝑁 times in each sampling time interval, so the computational burden is reduced. The test of the proposed SoC estimation algorithm for 7 samsung ICR18650 Lithium-ion battery cells connected in series is implemented in the continuous charge and discharge scenario in one hour time. The estimated SoCs of the cells in the pack are quite accurate, the 3-sigma criterion of estimated SoC error distributions is 0.5%.
A Nonlinear TSNN Based Model of a Lead Acid BatteryjournalBEEI
The paper studies a nonlinear model based on time series neural network system (TSNN) to improve the highly nonlinear dynamic model of an automotive lead acid cell battery. Artificial neural network (ANN) take into consideration the dynamic behavior of both input-output variables of the battery charge-discharge processes. The ANN works as a benchmark, its inputs include delays and charging/discharging current values. To train our neural network, we performed a pulse discharge on a lead acid battery to collect experimental data. Results are presented and compared with a nonlinear Hammerstein-Wiener model. The ANN and nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model (NARX) models achieved satisfying results.
Cell imbalance can cause negative effects such as early stopping of the battery charging and discharging process which can reduce its capacity. In the previous active balancing research, the energy used for the balancing process was taken from the cell or battery pack, resulting in drop of electric vehicle driving range. In this paper, a cell charger based battery balancing system is proposed with a reduction in the number of switches. The use of a cell charger aims to increase the usable energy of the battery pack, since the energy used for the balancing process is taken directly from the grid. The use of fewer switches aims to reduce the cost and space used on the battery management system (BMS) hardware. The charger used for the balancing process has a maximum current of 3 A and a maximum voltage of 3.65 V while the number of switches used is n+5 for n batteries. A 15S1P 200 Ah LiFePO4 battery pack consists of 15 cells used for testing purpose. The test results show that the time needed to equalize the 15 cell battery voltage reaches 6 hours from the difference between the highest and lowest battery cell voltages of 145.1 mV to 15.1 mV.
A robust state of charge estimation for multiple models of lead acid battery ...journalBEEI
An accurate estimation technique of the state of charge (SOC) of batteries is an essential task of the battery management system. The adaptive Kalman filter (AEKF) has been used as an obsever to investigate the SOC estimation effectiveness. Therefore, The SOC is a reflexion of the chemistry of the cell which it is the key parameter for the battery management system. It is very complex to monitor the SOC and control the internal states of the cell. Three battery models are proposed and their state space models have been established, their parameters were identified by applying the least square method. However, the SOC estimation accuracy of the battery depends on the model and the efficiency of the algorithm. In this paper, AEKF technique is presented to estimate the SOC of Lead acid battery. The experimental data is used to identify the parameters of the three models and used to build different open circuit voltage–state of charge (OCV-SOC) functions relationship. The results shows that the SOC estimation based-model which has been built by hight order RC model can effectively limit the error, hence guaranty the accuracy and robustness.
Hybrid energy storage system optimal sizing for urban electrical bus regardin...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an algorithm for sizing the hybrid energy storage system of an urban electrical bus regarding battery thermal behavior. The aim of this study is to get the supercapacitors optimal contribution part in the hybrid energy storage system to keep the battery temperature within its allowable limit. A semi-active parallel topology that uses supercapacitors as a main source of energy is considered. According to the bus mechanical parameters and the ARTEMIS driving cycle, the power and energy demand are calculated. Using mathematical models for the battery, supercapacitors and DC-DC converter, several simulations are performed for different hybridization percentages. While observing the evolution of battery temperature, the most favorable hybridization percentage is defined.
In this paper, a complete description of dynamic modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is given. For modeling of fuel cell for software based study, calculation of all voltage drops during chemical reaction of fuel is required. Additionally a flow chart of fuel cell output voltage calculation is also explained which includes fuel cell voltage, double layer charging effect, thermodynamic response and terminal voltage of fuel cell. By using ac to dc converter, the fuel cell power can be connected to load or grid. Based on this study, a mathematical model of fuel cell is developed in simulink software MATLAB to obtain output characteristic of fuel cell. Pratik Mochi | Mihir Bhatt"Dynamic Modeling of PEMFC and SOFC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11087.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11087/dynamic-modeling-of-pemfc-and-sofc/pratik-mochi
Comparison of one and two time constant models for lithium ion battery IJECEIAES
The fast and accurate modeling topologies are very much essential for power train electrification. The importance of thermal effect is very important in any electrochemical systems and must be considered in battery models because temperature factor has highest importance in transport phenomena and chemical kinetics. The dynamic performance of the lithium ion battery is discussed here and a suitable electrical equivalent circuit is developed to study its response for sudden changes in the output. An effective lithium cell simulation model with thermal dependence is presented in this paper. One series resistor, one voltage source and a single RC block form the proposed equivalent circuit model. The 1 RC and 2 RC Lithium ion battery models are commonly used in the literature are studied and compared. The simulation of Lithium-ion battery 1RC and 2 RC Models are performed by using Matlab/Simulink Software. The simulation results in his paper shows that Lithium-ion battery 1 RC model has more maximum output error of 0.42% than 2 RC Lithium-ion battery model in constant current condition and the maximum output error of 1 RC Lithium-ion battery model is 0.18% more than 2 RC Lithium-ion battery model in UDDS Cycle condition. The simulation results also show that in both simple and complex discharging modes, the error in output is much improved in 2 RC lithium ion battery model when compared to 1 RC Lithium-ion battery model. Thus the paper shows for general applications like in portable electronic design like laptops, Lithium-ion battery 1 RC model is the preferred choice and for automotive and space design applications, Lithium-ion 2 RC model is the preferred choice. In this paper, these simulation results for 1 RC and 2 RC Lithium-ion battery models will be very much useful in the application of practical Lithium-ion battery management systems for electric vehicle applications.
Performance Evaluation of Modelling and Simulation of Lead Acid Batteries for...IJPEDS-IAES
Lead-acid batteries have been the most widely used energy storage units in
stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) applications. To make a full use of those
batteries and to improve their lifecycle, high performance charger is often
required. The implementation of an advanced charger needs accurate
information on the batteries internal parameters. In this work, we selected
CIEMAT model because of its good performance to deal with the widest
range of lead acid batteries. The performance evaluation of this model is
based on the co-simulation LabVIEW/Multisim. With the intention of
determining the impact of the charging process on batteries, the behaviour of
different internal parameters of the batteries was simulated. During the
charging mode, the value of the current must decrease when the batteries’
state of charge is close to be fully charged.
Battery energy storage systems are becoming more and more popular solution in the household applications, especially, in combination with renewable energy sources. The bidirectional AC-DC power electronic converter have great impact to the overall efficiency, size, mass and reliability of the storage system. This paper reviews the literature that deals with high efficiency converter technologies for connecting low voltage battery energy storage to an AC distribution grid. Due to low voltage of the battery isolated bidirectional AC-DC converter or a dedicated topology of the non isolated converter is required. Review on single stage, two stage power converters and integrated solutions are done in the paper.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
EV BMS DESIGN presentation
1. ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY PACK DESIGN AND INSULATION
Department of Electrical Engineering
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DURGAPUR
(An Institute of National Importance under Ministry of Education, Government of India) 1
PROFESSOR & HEAD
HIGH VOLTAGE & INSULATION LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
3. State of Charge (SOC)
Percentage of total charge at which the
battery is currently at 70% SoC implies that
battery is 30% empty and 70% full
Open circuit Battery Voltage directly
proportional to its SoC, as shown in figure
in Lead Acid battery12V battery varies from
11.7V to 12.85V .
48V battery varies from 46.5V to 51.5V
But not so in Li lon battery
Also even the proportionate to voltage
applicable when battery is neither charging
nor discharging (at rest for some time)
18-05-2021 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DURGAPUR 3
5. Implications of SoC curve
Constant Current (CC) Charging at High rate (say 2C)
Only partially charge battery: possible only up to some low SoC (say 57%) Beyond that it will be a
Constant Voltage (CV) Charging, which is very low-current charging
High-rate charging only meaningful for large Battery
High-rate Charging & discharging also impacts life badly
Energy pumped into Cell between 3.5V and o 4.2V when slow-charged
For fast charge, it is between 3.9V and 4.2V
Slow-discharge energy is between 3.4V and 4.1V
SoC not a linear function of voltage
18-05-2021 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DURGAPUR 5
6. How does one measure SoC accurately?
Voltage method
Obtain the Open Circuit Cell Voltage (OCV) Vs SoC accurately in lab at very low charging rate
(C/25 going to C/100) for different temperatures
Does OCV Vs SoC curve depend on SoH: not clear-conflicting opinions amongst researchers
SOC is a non-linear function of open-circuit voltage, only when Battery is fully at rest (very slow
charge or discharge is ok)
Coulomb counting : Very Accurate but dependent on accurate SoH and precision of current
measurement
Measuring the current (total Coulombs) flowing in and out of battery: gives one a change in SoC
if SoH as well as the initial Capacity is known
18-05-2021 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DURGAPUR 6
7. What makes a Battery Pack?
Number of cells assembled to form a battery-pack for required voltage and capacity
Safety Issues
Cell Balancing
Careful electrical design
so that every cells get equally charged / dischargedCells:
Chemistry evolves continuously bringing costs down
18-05-2021 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DURGAPUR 7
8. Building Packs from cells
Cell voltage typically 3.7V (usage voltage varying from 3.1V to 4.1V)
Cell Capacity is 3.4 Ah (cylindrical) to 50 Ah (prismatic/ pouch)
Requires cells connected in Series to get higher voltage: 14 cells in Series is 51.8V i.e 14*37
Required cells in Parallel for higher Capacity: 8 cells (50 Ah) in parallel gives 400 Ah i.e 8*50
Generally cells has to be connected in series and parallel to make a pack
mPnS implies m cells in parallel to form modules and then connecting n modules in series
nSmP implies n cells in series to form strings and then connecting m strings in parallel
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9. Building mSnP battery pack
Cells can be connected in series to form a
STRING
14 cells connected in series to form 48V
battery
20 cells in series for 72V battery
100 cells in series for 365V battery
200 cells in series for 730V
Battery Strings can be connected in parallel
to increase capacity
Two 14S2P strings with 15 Ah cells would be
of 48V 15 Ah capacity or 1.5 kWh capacity
Any capacity can be built
But a concern: if strings do not have exactly
same voltage (will mostly not be so), current
will flow from one string to another for
balancing
This will happen continuously while charging
or discharging and even when IDLE not good
for battery
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10. Building nPmS battery pack
Cells can be connected in parallel to form MODULES
Four 15 Ah cells give a module of 60 Ah
Eight 15 Ah cell give a module of 120 Ah
Sixteen 15 Ah cell give a module of 240 Ah
Modules can now be connected in series to make a battery of higher voltage
If we connect 14 modules of 60 Ah (four 15 Ah cells in parallel) in series, we get a pack of
4P14S
voltage is 51V and is 60 Ah Capacity = 51V x 60 Ah = 3.06 kWh
If we connect 14 modules of 120 Ah (eight 15 Ah cells in parallel) in series Pack is 8P14S and
capacity is 51V x 120 Ah or 6.12 kWh
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11. Cells to Module and Modules to Pack
Multiple Cells packed in parallel to form a Module
Cells selected so that they are of same voltage (balanced) Cells connected with a metal bar that conducts
electricity
Multiple Modules in series to form a battery Pack
Battery Management System (BMS) a 'must to get optimal performance Especially for Li Ion batteries
Cell equalization during Charging
Monitor voltages and temperature of each module and total pack current
If a module is over-charged (impacts life), equalize by
Passive balancing: bleed module with higher voltage through a resistor, so that it charges slower, or just drain it
Active balancing: stop charging module with higher voltage; instead, use its output to charge the rest of pack
(using a DC-DC converter)BMS could limit temperature of each module if active cooling is done
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12. Electrical Design
As high currents are involved, a conductor is not zero voltage drop Smallest resistance-difference
between two electrical paths may result into differential voltage-drops:
currents will flow more on one rather than the other creating imbalances
For example if current enters battery as shown by the arrow Electrical Path to cell marked"a" is
shorter than that for one marked “b”
Cell imbalance will be created between cells a and It happens more between modules,
As current from one cell in a module to other is more as compared to that from another cell A
pack with continuous imbalance will quickly deteriorate in Capacity.
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13. To Sumup
We have looked at Conceptual Design of Battery Pack so far Not looked carefully at Mechanical
Design (bulging, pressure, vibration hurts life), Thermal design (high temperature hurts) and
BMS design (getting the best out of cells and Safety)
Even the electrical Design was minimally dealt with Cell selection is critical in price and
performance
Cell performance in terms of life-cycles and impact of charging-discharging rate, operation
temperature, depth of discharge on life-cycles is important
But Pack-design also impacts battery life-cycle Cell-imbalance has highest impact
Pressure on cells, Vibration, cell temperature difference, differential currents impact life-cycles
Inaccurate determination of SoH and SoC impacts vehicle performance
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14. Battery Pack Capital Costs
Costs depends on Capacity (kWh) or number of cells used and Cost per Cell
Cost per cell depends upon chemistry and life-cycles (when used in standard conditions) DoD,
rate of charge discharge, usage temperature affects the useable life-cycles
Battery Pack cost not dependent on Voltage used: 1 kWh battery at 12V or 24V or 48V or 380V
will typically cost the same
Battery Capital Costs: Cell costs + BMS costs + packaging costs + Cooling costs
Cell costs directly proportional to capacity:
oBMS and packaging goes up only slightly with capacity
oCooling costs depends upon nature of cooling (naturally cooled, air-cooled, liquid cooled)
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15. Electrical design of battery pack
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED
A. Least resistance to current flow.
B. Temperature rise due to current flow.
C. Short-circuit current stresses and
protection.
D. EMI noise suppression.
E. Joining methods and performance.
WHY BUSBAR DESIGN IN IMPORTANT?
An improperly designed busbar can:
Impair system operation.
Result in poor efficiency.
Overheat self & nearby components.
Pose safety & reliability issues.
Incur structural damage.
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16. Conductor material selection
Conductor material → critical for electrical performance, mechanical rigidity & functional safety.-
Thermal considerations → system ventilation to remove excess heat due to joule heating.
Characteristics of busbar materials:
1.Low electrical and thermal resistance.
2.High mechanical strength in tension,compression and shear.
3.High resistance to fatigue failure.
4.Low electrical resistance of surface films.
5.Ease of fabrication.
6.High resistance to corrosion
7.Competitive first cost and high eventual recovery value.- best available material. The next alternative is aluminum
Aluminum has 61% lower conductivity than copper. But, resulting increase in busbar dimensions dissipate more heat.
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17. Design criteria
For any electrical conductor, ohm's law states that:
Conductor Potential Drop (V) = Current flowing though it(I) * Conductor Resistance(R)
The resistance of the conductor is dependent on the material property & physical dimensions:
i. Electrical Resistvitiy(p).
ii. Conductor Length(L)
iii. Conductor Resistance(R)
iv. Conductor Cross Section(A)
Also, the resistivity (p) of the conductor material is a function of temperature:
The current carrying capacity of a busbar is limited by its maximum acceptable temperature.
Simply, the physical relation can be equated as:Heat generated by joule heating is heat dissipated to ambient.
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18. Short Circuit Scenarios
High heat generation during short-circuit higher temperature. The rate of temperature rise
during short circuit scenario can be obtained
The specific heat & resistivity dependent on temperature.
Copper resistivity increases by 60% as temperature rises from 20°cto 300°c.
In case of no protection, busbar melts. Heats up other components nearby
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19. Voltage Drop in Sensor Harness
For robust battery pack operation, voltage,
current & temperature monitoring is essential.
The harness provide a electrical pathway for
measuring the parameters.
The harness being electrical conductor, voltage
drop present across every ends.
Critical when the harness measures at both
nearer & farthest places.
The longer conductor higher voltage drop &
hence, incorrect measurement.
Sensing system is calibrated using:
1. The software (multiplier & gain factor).
2. The harness (equal resistance to all points)
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20. Current Equalization in Parallel Path
When a Current path splits to many parallel
path, the path resistance would vary due to
variations in length & cross section of the
Conductor.•
In shown representation, paths 1 & 4
experience higher resistance than paths 2 & 3,
due to the additional distance the current
flows.
When the parallel paths must experience
equal current flow, equalize the resistance of
each path. Providing higher cross section to
longer paths by achieving same resistance to
that of shorter path.
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21. Summary - Electrical Design
Busbars should be designed with:
1. Average current density of 5 A/mm2
2. Sufficient cooling by natural convection.
3. Easy manufacturability & assembly.
4. Cost effective material solutions.
Electrical Systems should have:
1. Minimized voltage drop wherever possible.
2. Sufficient electrical insulation to prevent
accident & mitigation.
3. Mechanically rigid.
Busbars joining methods preferred with:
1. Highest mechanical strength
2. Minimal contact resistance.
3. Easy weldability.
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27. Battery pack insulation
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Insulation resistance gives an indication of the leakage current owing through a circuit. In an
electric vehicle, the insulation resistance of the high voltage bus with respect to ground depicts
the safety state of the HV bus and is an indicator of the electric vehicle's safety performance
A low insulation resistance level may result in exposing passengers to dangerous voltage levels.
The insulation resistance must always remain within the limits specied by international
standards.
According to ISO 6469-1:2009 [22], the insulation resistance divided by its maximum working
voltage should be maintained at least greater than 100 ohm/V for DC circuits and 500 ohm/V for
combined AC and DC circuits but having a value greater than 500 ohm/V is preferred to ensure
safety of vehicle users. This requirement is for the entire circuit including all components;
therefore each component is required to have a higher insulation resistance
28. Insulation degradation
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Typically, the insulation of electrical equipment is made up of dierent components carefully chosen
to withstand stresses such as electrical, thermal, mechanical and environmental to which it is
subjected.
This degradation often referred to as aging of the electrical insulation is a process that causes
irreversible changes in the properties of the insulation due to interaction of one or more factors of
inuence (stresses)
Causes of insulation failure:
1. Mechanical stresses: Mechanical stresses resulting from shock or vibration during operation
2. Electrical stresses: Increased electrical stresses occur in the form of over voltages, or as an
effect of partial discharges in the insulating material.
3. Thermal stress: heat due to joules heating and charging discharging heat generated by the
battery internal resistances and also dur too ambient temp.
4. Environmental stress: These stresses could be in the form of moisture, humidity,
radiation, chemicals, dirt and oils
29. Cases of insulation failure
Punctured cell pouch
Abrasion on pouches after vibration test
Bus bar misalignment after vibration test
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30. Some insulation test
Partial discharge test: In this standard, the purpose of this test is to verify that no partial discharge are
maintainedin the solid insulation and no surface discharges occur in the surfaces at the highest of the
following values: recurring peak voltage, peak value of the steady state voltage, peak value of the long
term temporary overvoltage. It is also used for localization of partial discharges when they occur.
The impulse voltage withstand test:The purpose of this test is verication of clearances; this test is
used to assess the stresses caused by transient overvoltages for clearances and solid insulation. This
test was not performed because it could lead to break down of the battery insulation. It is required that
the test is carried under normal lab conditions; temperature 15 35 C, air pressure 86-106 kPa at sea
level, relative humidity 25-75 %. For a DC voltage source of 400 V such as the battery the test impulse
voltage recommended for this test was 2500 V with a 1.2/50 us waveform.
The insulation resistance test:This standard species that the insulation resistance test on a battery
used in an electric vehicle should be performed after conditioning the battery in accordance with the
Standard for Environmental Testing { Part 2-30: Tests { Test Db: Damp Heat, Cyclic (12h + 12h Cycle),
IEC 60068-2-30 using the following parameters: a) Variant 1; b) At maximum temperature of 552 C
(1313 F); and c) 6 cycles. It is also species that the measuring instrument used for insulation resistance
test should have an internal resistance above 10 M ohm.
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31. Cont…
Dielectric voltage withstand test: The purpose of this test as stated in this standard is to
evaluate the electrical spacing and insulation at hazardous voltage circuits of the electric energy
storage assembly (batteries).The device under test is to subjected to preconditioning at constant
temperature of 302 C for 24 hour duration followed by conditioning at temperature of 232 C for 48
hours, humidity 93 %5 and atmospheric pressure 86 kPa to 106 kPa.
The purpose of this test as stated in this standard is to evaluate the electrical spacing and
insulation at hazardous voltage circuits of the electric energy storage assembly (batteries).The
device under test is to subjected to preconditioning at constant temperature of 302 C for 24 hour
duration followed by conditioning at temperature of 232 C for 48 hours, humidity 93 %5 and
atmospheric pressure 86 kPa to 106 kPa.
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32. Reference
Electrical Insulation in a 400 V Battery Module for Hybrid Vehicles MOHAMMAD H. MEMARI,
VICTORIA J. NAKANWAGI, 2014.
Report: 'A Guidance Document on Accelerating Electric Mobility in India
https://wri-
india.org/sites/default/files/Accelerating%20electric%20mobility%20in%20India_WRI%20India_
CBEEVIITM.pdf
NITI Aayog Report: Zero Emission Vehicle(ZEV): Towards a policy Framework
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