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[TEKNOFEST 2024] BMS Issues in Electric-Powered Application[1].pptx
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BMS Hardware/Software for Battery-Powered Vehicle
2023. 10. 02.
Asst. Prof. Mazhar Abbas
CEME
National University
whdgns0422@cnu.ac.kr
[TEKNOFEST 2024] BMS System
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Contents
Introduction
Configuration of the BMS
Hardware
Software
Technologies trend and issue
Advanced HW / SW
Research issue
Conclusion
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BMS: Hardware-Cell, module/pack levels
Cells
smallest individual electrochemical unit: primary and secondary cells
Batteries and battery packs
made up from groups of cells
cells can be wired together in series, in parallel, or in some combination of both
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Components of an electrochemical cell
Electrochemical cells have the same components
Negative and positive electrodes
Electrolyte
Separator
Current collectors
a) Core of a prismatic lithium-ion battery with planar electrodes
b) Schematic of a cell assembly in the battery
Cylindrical
Pouch
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Specific energy and energy density
Specific energy: maximum stored energy per unit weight
Energy density: maximum stored energy per unit volume
For a given weight, higher specific energy stores more energy
For a given storage capacity, higher specific energy cells are lighter
For a given volume, higher energy density stores more energy
For a given storage capacity, higher energy density cells are smaller
Lithium ion has higher energy density and specific energy
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Charge and discharge process
During discharge:
Li exits the surface of the negative-electrode particles,
Gives up an electron, becoming Li in the electrolyte
During charge:
Li exits surface of positive electrode particles,
Gives up an electron, becoming Li in the electrolyte
Schematic of the structure and working mechanism of lithium-ion batteries
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Cell nominal voltage and capacity
Cell (nominal) voltage
Nickel-based cells: 1.2 V (e.g., NiCad, NiMH)
Lithium-based cells: over 3 V
Cell (nominal) capacity
the quantity of charge, (Ah) or (mAh)
C rate:
relative measure of cell electrical current
20 Ah cell deliver 20 A (“1C”) for 1 h or 2 A (“C/10”) for about 10 h
Discharge curve at different C-rates 18650 Battery Capacity Chart
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CC/CV and CP/CV charging modes
Cells are often first charged with either:
constant-current (CC) or constant-power (CP)
When maximum permitted cell voltage is reached:
cell is held constant voltage (CV) until it is fully charged
Master BMS
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BMS functionality
Battery management system key functions
Battery
Management
System
Voltage and Current
Measurement Unit
Man-machine
Interface Module
Temperature Control
Unit
Global Clock Module
General Analogue &
Digital Inputs
Accelerating pedals
Brake pedals
Heating/Cooling
system
Voltage/Current
sensor
Safety Unit
Charging System
Unit
Balancing Control
Module
Communication
Module
Internal Power
Supply Module
General Digital
Outputs
SOC/SOH/
Failure alarm
Calibration Channel
CAN
Active/Passive
balancing
Fuse, Contactor,
Circuit breaker
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BMS architecture
Modular battery pack suggests a hierarchical master–slave BMS
BMS master:
Control contactors that connect battery to load
Monitor pack current, isolation
Communicate with BMS slaves
Communicate with host-application controller
Control thermal-management
BMS slave:
Measure voltage of every cell within the module
Monitor temperatures
Balance energy stored in every cell
Communicate every information of each cell to the
master
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BMS design requirements
Battery-pack sensing: Voltage
Voltage is measured using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
Special chipsets: aid high-voltage BMS design and high-capacity battery packs
Battery-pack sensing: Temperature
To measure temperature, must convert into a voltage signal
Can use thermocouple with amplifier, or thermistor plus voltage-divider circuit
Thermocouple-amplifier circuit Thermistor-voltage divider circuit
Analog-to-digital converter
Chipset
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BMS design requirements
Battery-pack sensing: Current
Shunt current sensor
Hall-effect sensor
Control battery-pack temperature
Lithium-ion cells maintain operating temperature band, 10 ℃ to 40 ℃
Air cooling may be sufficient, especially for EV (low rates)
Liquid cooling for some aggressive P/HEV applications
Shunt current sensor
Hall-effect sensor
Air Cooler Battery Thermal Management
System (Toyota Prius)
Battery-pack with liquid cooling system
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BMS Software: Diagnostics
Detect and log external failures that impact battery
Detect and log internal failures that impact battery
Monitor battery status due to normal degradation processes
Internal and external failures of a battery Battery status monitoring