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Ethics/Biomedical Research Stem Cells
Team A presented to the Bioethics Committee at Northwestern University on stem cell research. The presentation covered the history and current state of stem cell research, potential medical and environmental benefits, and some of the ethical issues associated with stem cell research including consent and the societal impacts. The future of medicine may be transformed by stem cell research which could potentially be used to repair damaged tissues and treat many diseases. Northwestern University must obtain stem cells for research with extreme integrity and protect donor interests to reassure the public and enable participation despite ethical concerns.
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Ethics/Biomedical Research Stem Cells
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- 2. What is aStem Cell?
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- 4. Stem Cell Research “Outside the Box” Resurrecting Endangered Species
- 5. History of StemCell Research
- 6. Benefits of StemCell Research Medical Benefits in all Specialties and Disciplines Economic and Financial Stimulation and Growth Deeper Understanding of Human and Cellular Development The Ability to Resurrect Endangered Species, or Stalling an Extinction Event From Occurring.
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- 8. Societal Impact ofStem Cell Research • Repair or Replace Damaged Tissue • Impact on Various Diseases • Helping Americans Beat Chronic Illness • Plastic Surgery Repairs for Injured Troops • Global Impact • Ethical Debates • Understanding Cellular Pathology Clearly • Environmental Benefits Pertaining to Endangered Species
- 9. Problems with Consent • Who has the right to give consent? • Ethical Dilemma’s. • Full Disclosure and Accurate Descriptions Given to Donors. • Informing Patients Prior to Treatment with Stem Cells of Potential Benefits and Risks.
- 10. Ethical Issues andConcerns Please Enjoy The Following Presentation on Stem Cell Research and Bio-Ethics at Northwestern University.
- 11. Future of StemCell Research The future of medicine is being transformed by Stem cell research. As we all commence life as a stem cell, it is through an extremely intricate series of events that those few stem cells, which have the ability of self-renewal and diversity, change into all of the distinct cells found in our grown bodies. By analyzing these events we gain exceptional insights into how the human body is created. There is amazing potential in reforming the way we practice Medicine with Stem cell research: Eventually, stem cells will be able to restore or repair injured tissues and organs and radically change how we treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's, heart disease, diabetes, spinal injuries, cancer, and burns.
- 12. Northwestern University’s Social& Ethical Responsibilities When obtaining stem cells for research, whether from aborted fetuses, embryos, children, or adults, is essential that it’s done with extreme integrity for many reasons. •The protection of the donor’s interests •Reassuring the public that important boundaries are not being crossed •Enabling those who are uncomfortable ethically with components of this research to partake to the highest extent possible •Assuring the utmost quality of research and outcomes.
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Editor's Notes
- #3 There are many types of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells come from a blastocyst which is grown in a lab typically and never implanted into a uterus for pregnancy for a variety of reasons. Mostly these cells are donated from IVF clinics, but some states allow the harvesting of embryonic cells from aborted tissues. “Definition of a Blastocyst -An embryo that has developed for five to seven days after fertilization and has 2 distinct cell types and a central cavity filled with fluid (blastocoel cavity) The cells in a blastocyst have just started to differentiate. The surface cells that surround the cavity (just under the outer shell) are called the trophectoderm and will later develop into the placenta. A more centrally located group of cells - the inner cell mass, will become the fetus” (Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago, 2013). Stem cells can also be collected from umbilical cord blood and even banked for later use by a specific donor or family member. Adult stem cells are called somatic cells, and while these cells are undifferentiated and pluripotent, they are more difficult to harvest. Induced pluripotent stem cells are somatic stem cells reprogrammed to behave like an embryonic stem cell. These stem cells can be derived from urine, and even menstrual blood as scientists have recently discovered. Video: Sci-Show (2013, April 30). Stem Cells [Video file]. Retrieved from Sci-Show website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF2iXpoG5j8 Stanford University. (2011). Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Future of Tissue Generation. Retrieved from http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2011/07/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-the-future-of-tissue-generation/
- #4 Human stem cells can used in many ways when it comes to research and clinics. There is the dealing of human embryonic stem cells which reveals information about the events that happens during human development; testing new drugs for the safety on similar cells that are created from human pluripotent cell lines and generating cells and tissues that can be used in cell based therapies because of a low supply of tissues and organs that are needed for transplants. Health care however, is not the only beneficial implementation of stem cells. Image Obtained From: http://healthmad.com/health/spare-body-parts-growing-human-organs-in-the-lab/
- #5 When it comes to the history of stem cell research time will take us back to the 1800’s when it was first perceived that some cells could reproduce other cells. During the history of stem cell research scientists dealt with the handling of animal and human stem cells. Stem cells were distributed into three categories based on their ability to separate, Multipotent, Pluripotent and Totipotent Stem Cells. (Multipotent Stem Cells are located in the fetal tissue, cord blood and adult stem cells, they are able to characterize into various number of cell types); (Pluripotent Stem Cells are located in similar inner cell mass within the blastocyst and can form over 200 different cell types in the body); and (Totipotent Stem Cells are located in embryos and has the ability to develop into any cell type). Some scientists are working on a plan to resurrect animals that no longer exist and attempt to preserve endangered species. Having access to a new reproductive biology and genome engineering technologies gives scientists the advantage to collect experiment with the animal’s DNA for a possible cloning process. When it comes to the extinct animals whose cells were not collected and stored before they disappeared the task will be more difficult. Video: Carboni, A. (2013, March 21). Bringing Back Weird Extinct Animals [Video file]. Retrieved from Discovery News, Discovery Network Corporation website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjGkRugMcH8
- #6 Evidence suggests the first documentation of stem cells or ‘special cells’ able to produce other cells occurred as early as the late 1800s. Moving forward, on February 1, 1961 the first foundation for stem cell science is established by Till and McCulloch. Really opening the doorway into the research of this newly understood science. In 1974 oppression by the US Government began due to personhood debate; that has plagued women's reproductive rights as well. The first ethics advisory committee began in 1975, only to be shot down by the Reagan Administration. In 1988 the Federal Government allows funding for stem cell research. This was blocked by The Bush Administration in 1990. The history of stem cell research has been a legal yo-yo of sorts. With laws and regulations bouncing from one idea to another. President Clinton has his own federal flip flops on the issue as well. Progressing into the current situation, Barack Obama approves federal funding for specific types of stem cell research, and the advances and results have been ever increasing in the field. Video File: Dawson, Valina (2009, September 20). Johns Hopkins Medicine, “A Century of Stem Cells” [Video file]. Retrieved from Johns Hopkins Medicine website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0r26_S9ykQ4
- #7 Benefits of Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cell research- generate hundreds of new jobs -pumps tens of millions of dollars into the state economy Crucial to the potential discovery of cures for some of the country's most devastating illnesses. Technology could cure diseases such as cancer, diabetes and Parkinson's, as well as help understand conditions such as infertility Stem cells have the potential to assume any type of cell in the body. Example "A person suffers from Parkinson's due to a loss of dopamine in the brain. If you could put those cells back into a human being, then you have one way of treating Parkinson's. (Halcom, 2008). Image Obtained From:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/6118220/New-stem-cell-treatment-being-used-by-patients-to-avoid-hip-replacements.html
- #8 Associated Negatives The derivation of human embryonic stem cells is morally inoffensive because human embryos have no moral status Justifies the killing and use of any prepersonal human entity from the fertilized egg to the prepersonal infant. Places no restrictions on the use of biological material from prepersonal human entities that can justify the destruction of these entities, as long as those uses are beneficial. Standard liberal argument normally agree that embryos are not persons, but at the other end of prepersonal human life, in infancy, they advocate slightly different criteria for the ascription of personhood. Stem cell research also try to bypass the question of moral status by showing that stem cell derivation is justified on direct consequentialist grounds. Halcom, C. (2008). Image Obtained From: http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/health/more-dubai-parents-opt-to-store-their-childrens-stem-cells
- #9 Stem cell research has been know to repair or even replace damaged tissues in the human body. Which has impacted on helping and possible reversing many diseases. This includes, diabetes cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s, autoimmune disease, blood diseases, leukemia, spinal injuries and burn victims. This can help millions of Americans which would have a very big impact on the society of the United States.
- #10 Many people argue on who has the right to give the consent, is it the mother? Or the father? Or both? Everyone has a different point of view, a mother says it is her body and her choice. The father of the embryo says that it is his choice, while other’s believe that both parents need to give consent. Even when consent is given, many people say that it is unethical and feel that the embryo is at a high risk. While there may be many benefits to stem cell research, many people do not feel that it is an ethical choice.
- #11 Please enjoy the following virtual bio ethics committee meeting presentation, the video discusses the ethical debate surrounding stem cell research, the solution Northwestern University is currently implementing to avoid problematic ethical dilemmas and the science behind the different types of stem cells. The Following Reference Material was used to comprise the dialogue in the above presentation: Cellectis Bioresearch Incorporated. (2013). What are IPS cells. Retrieved from http://www.cellectis.com/what-are-ips-cells Northwestern University Office of Research. (2009). Facility Shares the Care for Human Stem Cells. Retrieved from https://www.facilities.research.northwestern.edu/sites/facilities/files/ckfinder/userfiles/files/StemCell.pdf Stanford University. (2011). Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Future of Tissue Generation. Retrieved from http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2011/07/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-the-future-of-tissue-generation/ Family guy clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vExXuF5PMwY The above video presentation was created on 7/3/2013 and originally uploaded at the following address: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMkEcz59f_0&feature=c4-overview&list=UU5WOjn70L8MqQhQoMmStd7w
- #12 “The next few years will no doubt bring great advances in understanding stem cells at the molecular level. New techniques will aid in identifying critical genes involved in controlling their self-renewal and differentiation. Perhaps these will allow us to manipulate stem cells in vivo in a useful way. Similarly, genes involved in reprogramming will be found. So far the only even remotely reliable way of reprogramming an adult cell type into another is by transferring its nucleus into the cytoplasm of an oocyte. This presumably reflects the normal ability of the egg to reprogram the incoming sperm DNA to behave like its own. But is this due to one or many cytoplasmic factors? Identifying these and understanding how they can restore tot potentiality will be a substantial but very worthwhile challenge” (Lovell-Badge, 2001). Image Obtained From: https://altered-states.net/barry/newsletter329/stem_cells_2.jpg
- #13 “NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY COMMITTEE ON HUMAN STEM CELL RESEARCH (NUCHSCR) To help ensure the University's ability to meet the regulatory expectations of funding sources and oversight agencies, all research involving human stem cells must be reviewed and approved by NUCHSCR prior to beginning work on the protocol. The committee's review will focus on ethical concerns and consider the scientific basis of the proposed methodology and hypothesis“ (Northwestern University http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/archive/stemcells/scissues/images/scale.gif
- #14 Biomedical sciences and Bioengineering research are progressing at overwhelmingly slow rate. This is highly evident when looking into the budding development of stem cell research. The possibilities of significantly positive outcomes where current therapeutic application has failed or shown no signs of advancement are immense. The application of stem cell research could revolutionize the health care system around the world. Many institutions are racing to provide successful results and begin human trials. This involves treatments such as cellular regrowth, spinal injury repair, and tissue and organ transplantation to name a few. “The ethical dilemma lies in the fact that much of the research requires the destruction of human embryos” (Daley. 2009). Fortunately, new advances such as induced pluripotent stem cells provide a pathway in which to avoid ethical confrontation. Every state has its own specific legislature regarding the use of stem cells, how they are obtained, and what can be done with them. Political debate insights national regulations to change regularly, and currently the government is providing funding for stem cell research through the National Institute of Health, but history has shown varied changes in the laws applying to stem cell research. However Induced pluripotent cells, and even the advent of obtaining these cells from urine is very promising. These new methods avoid problematic ethical dilemmas, and allow for the continuation of stem cell research. Image Obtained From: missourilife.org
- #15 Reference Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago. (2013). IVF, In Vitro Fertilization with Blastocyst Culture and Day 5 Transfer. Retrieved from http://www.advancedfertility.com/blastocy.htm Carboni, A. (2013, March 21). Bringing Back Weird Extinct Animals [Video file]. Retrieved from Discovery News, Discovery Network Corporation website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjGkRugMcH8 Cellectis Bioresearch Incorporated. (2013). What are IPS cells. Retrieved from http://www.cellectis.com/what-are-ips-cells Daley, R. T. (2009). The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Finding Common Ground. Retrieved from http://www.ohio.edu/ethics/2001-conferences/the-ethics-of-embryonic-stem-cell-research-finding-common-ground/ Dawson, Valina (2009, September 20). Johns Hopkins Medicine, “A Century of Stem Cells” [Video file]. Retrieved from Johns Hopkins Medicine website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0r26_S9ykQ4 Halcom, C. (2008). Academics: Economic benefits of stem cell research years away. Crain's Detroit Business, 24(45), 45. Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/212352916?accountid=458 Kessler, J. A., Kessler, A., Finitzo, M., Quinn, G., Kartemquin Films., British Broadcasting Corporation., Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Special Broadcasting Service (Australia). (2008). Mapping stem cell research: Terra incognita. Chicago, Ill.?: Kartemquin Educational Films. Lovell-Badge, R. (2011). The future for stem cell research. Retrieved from http://www.ibt.unam.mx/computo/pdfs/cursosviejos/bcelularII02/bcelular/Nature%20414_88%20stem-rev.pdf Northwestern University . (2013). Northwestern University Committee on Human Stem Cell Research. Retrieved from http://www.research.northwestern.edu/committees/human-stem-cell/index.html Northwestern University Office of Research. (2009). Facility Shares the Care for Human Stem Cells. Retrieved fromhttps://www.facilities.research.northwestern.edu/sites/facilities/files/ckfinder/userfiles/files/StemCell.pdf Sci-Show (2013, April 30). Stem Cells [Video file]. Retrieved from Sci-Show website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF2iXpoG5j8 Stanford University. (2011). Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Future of Tissue Generation. Retrieved from http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2011/07/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-the-future-of-tissue-generation/ Stem Cell History. (2013). Stem Cell Research Timeline. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ahc.umn.edu/bioethics/prod/groups/ahc/@pub/@ahc/documents/asset/ahc_75703.pdf The Burroughs Wellcome Fund. (2013). The future for stem cell research. Retrieved fromhttp://www.bwfund.org/newsroom/newsletter-articles/feature-future-stem-cell-research University of Minnesota, Academic Health Center. (2006). What are Stem Cells? . Retrieved fromhttp://www.ahc.umn.edu/bioethics/prod/groups/ahc/@pub/@ahc/documents/asset/ahc_75703.pdf Family guy clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vExXuF5PMwY