Essential hypertension lecture
•Download as PPT, PDF•
17 likes•8,828 views
This document defines essential hypertension and provides a classification of blood pressure levels according to the JNC-7 report. It also outlines the causes, initial investigations, complications, and treatment of hypertension. Hypertension is classified as normal, prehypertensive, or hypertensive stage 1 or 2 based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. Lifestyle modifications and drug treatments including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers are recommended depending on the hypertension stage. Hypertensive crisis requires urgent treatment with intravenous drugs to lower blood pressure and prevent complications affecting the heart, brain, kidneys, and other organs.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Nephrotic And Nephritic Syndrome 2008
This document defines and compares nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. It provides details on various causes of glomerular disease including minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, anti-GBM disease, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Evaluation of glomerular disease involves history, exam, urinalysis, and complement levels with renal biopsy used to confirm specific diagnoses.
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects over 1 billion people worldwide and is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. Essential or primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of hypertension cases and results from an interaction of environmental and genetic factors, though the specific causes are unknown. If left untreated, hypertension can damage organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys, potentially leading to heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure or other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
INTERNAL MEDICINE - Secondary Hypertension
The document discusses secondary hypertension, defining it as elevated blood pressure due to an underlying disorder. The most common causes of secondary hypertension include renal parenchymal diseases, primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, and renovascular hypertension. It provides details on the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and prognosis for each of these common causes of secondary hypertension.
Rheumatic heart disease
Rheumatic heart disease is caused by rheumatic fever, which occurs after a streptococcal throat infection and causes inflammation of the heart valves. Genetic factors influence the risk of developing rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever causes inflammatory lesions called Aschoff bodies in heart tissue that contain characteristic giant cells. Long-term rheumatic heart disease results in thickened and scarred heart valves that may become narrowed or insufficient.
Spleenomegaly & hypersplenism etiology pathogenesis and surgical management
This document discusses splenomegaly and hypersplenism, including their causes, clinical features, and surgical management. The spleen's anatomy and functions are described. Causes of splenomegaly and hypersplenism include increased function (e.g. hereditary spherocytosis), abnormal blood flow (e.g. cirrhosis), and infiltration (e.g. Gaucher's disease). Indications for splenectomy include bleeding disorders and refractory cases. Surgical techniques including open and laparoscopic splenectomy are outlined, as well as postoperative care and complications.
Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and is poorly controlled in many countries. May 14th is recognized as World Hypertension Day to increase awareness. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes, and increased physical activity can help control blood pressure but medication is often required. Treatment goals are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease to lower the risks of complications.
Essential hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It is a major health problem affecting over 30% of adults in the US. While most cases of hypertension have no known cause, risk factors include age, diet, physical activity levels, obesity, and family history. Left untreated, hypertension can lead to serious health complications like heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and retinal damage. Lifestyle modifications including reduced salt intake, increased physical activity, and weight loss are recommended as first-line treatment, along with medication if needed to control blood pressure.
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
IDA is the most common form of anemia worldwide, affecting approximately 50% of anemia cases. It results from prolonged negative iron balance in the body due to factors like inadequate iron intake, decreased absorption, increased demand, or blood loss. Diagnosis involves a complete history, physical exam, and lab tests showing low indicators of iron stores like serum ferritin and iron, along with an elevated TIBC. Treatment aims to replenish iron stores and typically consists of oral iron supplementation of 200mg elemental iron per day for 3-6 months.
Recommended
Nephrotic And Nephritic Syndrome 2008
This document defines and compares nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. It provides details on various causes of glomerular disease including minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, anti-GBM disease, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Evaluation of glomerular disease involves history, exam, urinalysis, and complement levels with renal biopsy used to confirm specific diagnoses.
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects over 1 billion people worldwide and is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. Essential or primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of hypertension cases and results from an interaction of environmental and genetic factors, though the specific causes are unknown. If left untreated, hypertension can damage organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys, potentially leading to heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure or other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
INTERNAL MEDICINE - Secondary Hypertension
The document discusses secondary hypertension, defining it as elevated blood pressure due to an underlying disorder. The most common causes of secondary hypertension include renal parenchymal diseases, primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, and renovascular hypertension. It provides details on the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and prognosis for each of these common causes of secondary hypertension.
Rheumatic heart disease
Rheumatic heart disease is caused by rheumatic fever, which occurs after a streptococcal throat infection and causes inflammation of the heart valves. Genetic factors influence the risk of developing rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever causes inflammatory lesions called Aschoff bodies in heart tissue that contain characteristic giant cells. Long-term rheumatic heart disease results in thickened and scarred heart valves that may become narrowed or insufficient.
Spleenomegaly & hypersplenism etiology pathogenesis and surgical management
This document discusses splenomegaly and hypersplenism, including their causes, clinical features, and surgical management. The spleen's anatomy and functions are described. Causes of splenomegaly and hypersplenism include increased function (e.g. hereditary spherocytosis), abnormal blood flow (e.g. cirrhosis), and infiltration (e.g. Gaucher's disease). Indications for splenectomy include bleeding disorders and refractory cases. Surgical techniques including open and laparoscopic splenectomy are outlined, as well as postoperative care and complications.
Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and is poorly controlled in many countries. May 14th is recognized as World Hypertension Day to increase awareness. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes, and increased physical activity can help control blood pressure but medication is often required. Treatment goals are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease to lower the risks of complications.
Essential hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It is a major health problem affecting over 30% of adults in the US. While most cases of hypertension have no known cause, risk factors include age, diet, physical activity levels, obesity, and family history. Left untreated, hypertension can lead to serious health complications like heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and retinal damage. Lifestyle modifications including reduced salt intake, increased physical activity, and weight loss are recommended as first-line treatment, along with medication if needed to control blood pressure.
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
IDA is the most common form of anemia worldwide, affecting approximately 50% of anemia cases. It results from prolonged negative iron balance in the body due to factors like inadequate iron intake, decreased absorption, increased demand, or blood loss. Diagnosis involves a complete history, physical exam, and lab tests showing low indicators of iron stores like serum ferritin and iron, along with an elevated TIBC. Treatment aims to replenish iron stores and typically consists of oral iron supplementation of 200mg elemental iron per day for 3-6 months.
Hypertensive Crisis
This document discusses hypertensive crises, including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment, diagnosis, and management. It defines hypertensive emergencies as elevated blood pressure with acute end-organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies involve impending end-organ damage. The typical patient presenting with crisis is middle-aged, noncompliant with medications, and may use substances. Treatment of emergencies requires immediate blood pressure reduction in the ICU to prevent further damage, while urgencies can be treated gradually as uncontrolled hypertension. Nitroprusside is very effective but has limitations like toxicity risks with prolonged use.
Chronic complication of diabetes melitus
This document discusses chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, focusing on microvascular complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot disease as well as macrovascular complications affecting the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral circulations. It provides details on the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. It also covers diabetic neuropathy, including different types, clinical features, and treatments. The document concludes with a discussion of diabetic foot complications including foot ulcers and Charcot neuroarthropathy.
Hypertension
Arterial Hypertension simply stated is high blood pressure.
It is defined as a persistent elevation of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 140 mm Hg or higher and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 90 mm Hg or higher. types of hypertension
PRIMARY HYPERTENSION and SECONDARY HYPERTENSION .
Primary Hypertension or also known as essential or idiopathic Hypertension.
The cause of essential hypertension is unknown; however, there are several areas investigation.
It is more common type of hypertension it accounts for 90 to 95 % of all cause of HTN.
In this condition the BP is elevated from an unidentified cause.
Diabete coma
The Diabetic coma is one the most dangerous and again emergent case experienced during dental care delivery. Actually it mistreated and aggravated-diabetic cases resulting coma, that is categorized into Hypoglycemic coma, Diabetic ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar coma.
Hypertension pathophysiology
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
JNC7 Guidelines: Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
JNC7 is the national clinical guideline that was developed to aid clinicians in the management of hypertension.
Hypertension
5th-year medical student seminar presentation under the supervision of Dr. Nik Nur Atiqah, a cardiologist.
diabetic nephropathy
This document discusses diabetic nephropathy, which is kidney damage caused by diabetes. It begins with an introduction on the increasing prevalence of diabetes in India and how about 25-40% of diabetics develop end stage renal disease or chronic kidney disease. The natural history of kidney disease progression through 5 stages is described from early increased filtration to end stage requiring dialysis or transplant. Risk factors, screening methods, management including controlling blood glucose and blood pressure, and treatment options like dialysis and transplant are covered.
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs after a streptococcal throat infection. It affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain. While rates have declined due to improved living standards, rheumatic heart disease remains an issue in India, with reported incidence varying from 0.12-11 cases per 1000 people. Rheumatic fever is diagnosed using modified Jones criteria of either two major symptoms or one major and two minor symptoms. Treatment focuses on bed rest, antibiotics to treat strep infections, aspirin, and managing symptoms like chorea. The goals are to eliminate strep bacteria, prevent permanent heart damage, palliate symptoms, and prevent recurrence.
An Overview of Unstable angina
Unstable angina is a form of ischemic heart disease where a person experiences chest pain or discomfort that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion. It is caused by decreased blood supply to the heart muscle due to partial blockage of the coronary arteries. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, electrocardiogram, cardiac enzyme tests, and stress testing. Treatment consists of blood thinners, nitroglycerin, blood pressure medications, and cholesterol-lowering drugs medically or early cardiac catheterization and angioplasty or bypass surgery if high risk.
Hypertension according to harrison
This document discusses hypertension, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, treatment and goals. It defines hypertension as a blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg based on multiple readings. Types include primary (essential) hypertension which is most common, and secondary hypertension which has an identifiable underlying cause. Causes of secondary hypertension include renal, endocrine and vascular diseases. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and other classes of medications. Goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, though higher for some groups. Combination drug therapy is often needed to achieve blood pressure control.
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing inflammation and damage. It is characterized by periods of disease flares and remission. Common symptoms include joint pain, rashes, and fatigue. SLE can affect many organs like the skin, lungs, heart, and kidneys. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, lab tests like antinuclear antibodies, and sometimes biopsies. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms during flares and prevent organ damage using medications like corticosteroids, antimalarials, and immunosuppressants. SLE affects mostly women of childbearing age and has no known cure.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
The document discusses the differences between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), noting that DKA involves hyperglycemia, ketosis and acidosis while HHS involves severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity without acidosis. It provides details on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment approaches for DKA and HHS, emphasizing the goals of treatment as improving circulation, gradually reducing glucose and correcting electrolyte imbalances.
Diabetic nephropathy, patho physiology update
Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication of diabetes that can progress to kidney failure. The document discusses the pathophysiology, risk factors, stages of progression, biomarkers and pathology of diabetic nephropathy. Key factors that contribute to its development include genetic susceptibility, hypertension, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increased levels of growth factors like TGF-β, and chronic high blood glucose levels which can activate biochemical pathways like protein kinase C. Left untreated, diabetic nephropathy can progress through five stages and ultimately lead to end-stage renal disease.
Acute Rheumatic Fever
This document discusses acute rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disorder caused by an untreated Group A streptococcal infection. It is characterized by an inflammatory lesion of the connective tissues, especially the heart, joints, blood vessels, and skin. The main manifestations include carditis, arthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules. The pathogenesis involves an autoimmune response triggered by the streptococcal infection that results in damage to connective tissues. Diagnosis is based on the Jones criteria of major and minor manifestations along with evidence of a prior streptococcal infection. Complications can include permanent cardiac damage if carditis is not properly treated.
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
1) Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is an acute inflammation of the renal glomeruli that occurs after infection with certain strains of Streptococcus.
2) It is characterized by hematuria, edema, hypertension, and oliguria.
3) The pathogenesis involves molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and renal antigens, resulting in the trapping of immune complexes in the glomeruli.
Hypercalcemia ,causes and treatment
This document discusses hypercalcemia, which is defined as a serum calcium level above 10.5 mg/dl. It outlines the causes of hypercalcemia including primary hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, and excessive vitamin D or calcium supplementation. Signs and symptoms are noted such as abdominal pain, nausea, weakness and cardiac issues. Diagnostic testing including PTH, calcium, and phosphate levels as well as imaging are covered. Treatment focuses on rehydration, bisphosphonates, glucocorticoids, calcitonin, surgery if needed, and addressing the underlying cause. Complications of untreated hypercalcemia include osteoporosis, kidney stones, and kidney failure.
Pathology of Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its classification, pathogenesis, complications, and pathological features. It notes that essential (primary) hypertension accounts for 95% of cases and has unknown etiology, while secondary hypertension makes up 5-10% of cases and has a known cause such as renal or endocrine disorders. Complications of long-term high blood pressure include damage to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to reduced blood flow and vessel damage over time.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Portal-systemic encephalopathy is a brain disorder caused by liver dysfunction that allows toxins to reach the brain. It is characterized by alterations in mental status, neurological abnormalities, and distinctive EEG changes. The main underlying mechanism involves increased levels of ammonia in the bloodstream from the gut that are normally processed by the liver. Treatment focuses on reducing ammonia production in the colon through medications like lactulose and restricting protein intake. Prognosis depends on the underlying liver disease and can range from fully treatable acute episodes to chronic and potentially fatal cases.
Ischemic Heart Disease
This document provides information on ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD). It defines IHD as a condition caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, leading to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle. Risk factors include dyslipidemia, family history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, age, and obesity. The management of IHD involves identifying risk factors, lifestyle modifications, medical treatments like nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and possible revascularization procedures.
Hypertension
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. About 1 billion people worldwide and 1 in 3 Americans have hypertension. Hypertension directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prehypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mm Hg. The main factors that influence blood pressure are cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and fluid volume control by the kidneys. Hypertension can lead to damage of the heart, brain, kidneys, eyes, and vasculature if not properly treated.
Essential Hypertension
This document provides an overview of essential hypertension including its definition, classifications, causes, detection, importance, prevention, management, goals of treatment, classes of drugs and their side effects, and specific management for patients with ischemic heart disease or diabetes. Essential hypertension is high blood pressure where secondary causes are not identified, accounts for 95% of hypertension cases, and needs to be further classified. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic treatments can help control blood pressure to reduce health risks.
Hypertension power point
This document discusses hypertension, or high blood pressure. It notes that hypertension affects around 50 million people in the US. The main types are primary hypertension, which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by another disease like kidney disease. Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, family history, obesity, stress, alcohol, sodium, tobacco, and age. Untreated hypertension can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss. African Americans have a higher risk than other populations. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication, with the goal of controlling blood pressure.
More Related Content
What's hot
Hypertensive Crisis
This document discusses hypertensive crises, including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment, diagnosis, and management. It defines hypertensive emergencies as elevated blood pressure with acute end-organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies involve impending end-organ damage. The typical patient presenting with crisis is middle-aged, noncompliant with medications, and may use substances. Treatment of emergencies requires immediate blood pressure reduction in the ICU to prevent further damage, while urgencies can be treated gradually as uncontrolled hypertension. Nitroprusside is very effective but has limitations like toxicity risks with prolonged use.
Chronic complication of diabetes melitus
This document discusses chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, focusing on microvascular complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot disease as well as macrovascular complications affecting the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral circulations. It provides details on the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. It also covers diabetic neuropathy, including different types, clinical features, and treatments. The document concludes with a discussion of diabetic foot complications including foot ulcers and Charcot neuroarthropathy.
Hypertension
Arterial Hypertension simply stated is high blood pressure.
It is defined as a persistent elevation of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 140 mm Hg or higher and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 90 mm Hg or higher. types of hypertension
PRIMARY HYPERTENSION and SECONDARY HYPERTENSION .
Primary Hypertension or also known as essential or idiopathic Hypertension.
The cause of essential hypertension is unknown; however, there are several areas investigation.
It is more common type of hypertension it accounts for 90 to 95 % of all cause of HTN.
In this condition the BP is elevated from an unidentified cause.
Diabete coma
The Diabetic coma is one the most dangerous and again emergent case experienced during dental care delivery. Actually it mistreated and aggravated-diabetic cases resulting coma, that is categorized into Hypoglycemic coma, Diabetic ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar coma.
Hypertension pathophysiology
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
JNC7 Guidelines: Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
JNC7 is the national clinical guideline that was developed to aid clinicians in the management of hypertension.
Hypertension
5th-year medical student seminar presentation under the supervision of Dr. Nik Nur Atiqah, a cardiologist.
diabetic nephropathy
This document discusses diabetic nephropathy, which is kidney damage caused by diabetes. It begins with an introduction on the increasing prevalence of diabetes in India and how about 25-40% of diabetics develop end stage renal disease or chronic kidney disease. The natural history of kidney disease progression through 5 stages is described from early increased filtration to end stage requiring dialysis or transplant. Risk factors, screening methods, management including controlling blood glucose and blood pressure, and treatment options like dialysis and transplant are covered.
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs after a streptococcal throat infection. It affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain. While rates have declined due to improved living standards, rheumatic heart disease remains an issue in India, with reported incidence varying from 0.12-11 cases per 1000 people. Rheumatic fever is diagnosed using modified Jones criteria of either two major symptoms or one major and two minor symptoms. Treatment focuses on bed rest, antibiotics to treat strep infections, aspirin, and managing symptoms like chorea. The goals are to eliminate strep bacteria, prevent permanent heart damage, palliate symptoms, and prevent recurrence.
An Overview of Unstable angina
Unstable angina is a form of ischemic heart disease where a person experiences chest pain or discomfort that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion. It is caused by decreased blood supply to the heart muscle due to partial blockage of the coronary arteries. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, electrocardiogram, cardiac enzyme tests, and stress testing. Treatment consists of blood thinners, nitroglycerin, blood pressure medications, and cholesterol-lowering drugs medically or early cardiac catheterization and angioplasty or bypass surgery if high risk.
Hypertension according to harrison
This document discusses hypertension, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, treatment and goals. It defines hypertension as a blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg based on multiple readings. Types include primary (essential) hypertension which is most common, and secondary hypertension which has an identifiable underlying cause. Causes of secondary hypertension include renal, endocrine and vascular diseases. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and other classes of medications. Goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, though higher for some groups. Combination drug therapy is often needed to achieve blood pressure control.
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing inflammation and damage. It is characterized by periods of disease flares and remission. Common symptoms include joint pain, rashes, and fatigue. SLE can affect many organs like the skin, lungs, heart, and kidneys. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, lab tests like antinuclear antibodies, and sometimes biopsies. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms during flares and prevent organ damage using medications like corticosteroids, antimalarials, and immunosuppressants. SLE affects mostly women of childbearing age and has no known cure.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
The document discusses the differences between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), noting that DKA involves hyperglycemia, ketosis and acidosis while HHS involves severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity without acidosis. It provides details on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment approaches for DKA and HHS, emphasizing the goals of treatment as improving circulation, gradually reducing glucose and correcting electrolyte imbalances.
Diabetic nephropathy, patho physiology update
Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication of diabetes that can progress to kidney failure. The document discusses the pathophysiology, risk factors, stages of progression, biomarkers and pathology of diabetic nephropathy. Key factors that contribute to its development include genetic susceptibility, hypertension, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increased levels of growth factors like TGF-β, and chronic high blood glucose levels which can activate biochemical pathways like protein kinase C. Left untreated, diabetic nephropathy can progress through five stages and ultimately lead to end-stage renal disease.
Acute Rheumatic Fever
This document discusses acute rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disorder caused by an untreated Group A streptococcal infection. It is characterized by an inflammatory lesion of the connective tissues, especially the heart, joints, blood vessels, and skin. The main manifestations include carditis, arthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules. The pathogenesis involves an autoimmune response triggered by the streptococcal infection that results in damage to connective tissues. Diagnosis is based on the Jones criteria of major and minor manifestations along with evidence of a prior streptococcal infection. Complications can include permanent cardiac damage if carditis is not properly treated.
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
1) Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is an acute inflammation of the renal glomeruli that occurs after infection with certain strains of Streptococcus.
2) It is characterized by hematuria, edema, hypertension, and oliguria.
3) The pathogenesis involves molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and renal antigens, resulting in the trapping of immune complexes in the glomeruli.
Hypercalcemia ,causes and treatment
This document discusses hypercalcemia, which is defined as a serum calcium level above 10.5 mg/dl. It outlines the causes of hypercalcemia including primary hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, and excessive vitamin D or calcium supplementation. Signs and symptoms are noted such as abdominal pain, nausea, weakness and cardiac issues. Diagnostic testing including PTH, calcium, and phosphate levels as well as imaging are covered. Treatment focuses on rehydration, bisphosphonates, glucocorticoids, calcitonin, surgery if needed, and addressing the underlying cause. Complications of untreated hypercalcemia include osteoporosis, kidney stones, and kidney failure.
Pathology of Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its classification, pathogenesis, complications, and pathological features. It notes that essential (primary) hypertension accounts for 95% of cases and has unknown etiology, while secondary hypertension makes up 5-10% of cases and has a known cause such as renal or endocrine disorders. Complications of long-term high blood pressure include damage to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to reduced blood flow and vessel damage over time.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Portal-systemic encephalopathy is a brain disorder caused by liver dysfunction that allows toxins to reach the brain. It is characterized by alterations in mental status, neurological abnormalities, and distinctive EEG changes. The main underlying mechanism involves increased levels of ammonia in the bloodstream from the gut that are normally processed by the liver. Treatment focuses on reducing ammonia production in the colon through medications like lactulose and restricting protein intake. Prognosis depends on the underlying liver disease and can range from fully treatable acute episodes to chronic and potentially fatal cases.
Ischemic Heart Disease
This document provides information on ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD). It defines IHD as a condition caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, leading to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle. Risk factors include dyslipidemia, family history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, age, and obesity. The management of IHD involves identifying risk factors, lifestyle modifications, medical treatments like nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and possible revascularization procedures.
Hypertension
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. About 1 billion people worldwide and 1 in 3 Americans have hypertension. Hypertension directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prehypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mm Hg. The main factors that influence blood pressure are cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and fluid volume control by the kidneys. Hypertension can lead to damage of the heart, brain, kidneys, eyes, and vasculature if not properly treated.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Essential Hypertension
This document provides an overview of essential hypertension including its definition, classifications, causes, detection, importance, prevention, management, goals of treatment, classes of drugs and their side effects, and specific management for patients with ischemic heart disease or diabetes. Essential hypertension is high blood pressure where secondary causes are not identified, accounts for 95% of hypertension cases, and needs to be further classified. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic treatments can help control blood pressure to reduce health risks.
Hypertension power point
This document discusses hypertension, or high blood pressure. It notes that hypertension affects around 50 million people in the US. The main types are primary hypertension, which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by another disease like kidney disease. Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, family history, obesity, stress, alcohol, sodium, tobacco, and age. Untreated hypertension can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss. African Americans have a higher risk than other populations. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication, with the goal of controlling blood pressure.
Hypertension
Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disease where blood pressure is repeatedly above normal levels and can cause organ damage if left untreated; it is usually classified as essential or secondary hypertension and is typically treated initially with lifestyle changes and monotherapy using drugs that lower blood pressure by different mechanisms such as diuretics, sympathoplegics, vasodilators, and angiotensin antagonists, with polypharmacy used if monotherapy is ineffective.
Hypertension 2013 Pathophysiology
Primary hypertension accounts for 90% of hypertension cases. It is defined as high blood pressure without an identifiable secondary cause. The main pathophysiological drivers of primary hypertension are an overactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelial dysfunction. This leads to increased peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure. Over time, uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage target organs like the heart, brain, kidneys, and blood vessels, potentially causing complications like heart failure, stroke, and kidney disease. Managing risk factors and treating hypertension can help prevent its progression and reduce complications.
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension
Hypertension, Blood pressure, Systolic Hypertension, Diastolic Hypertension, Epidemiology, Classification of hypertention, Type of hypertension, aetiology of hypertension, Clinical features, complications of hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Resistant hypertension, anti hypertensives,
Secondary hypertension
This document discusses the diagnosis and investigation of secondary hypertension. It describes various reversible and irreversible causes of secondary hypertension including renal, endocrine, vascular, and drug-related factors. It provides guidance on screening investigations including plasma and urine tests. It also outlines specialized tests that may be used to investigate particular causes such as renal artery stenosis, Conn's syndrome, phaeochromocytoma, and renal artery stenosis. These involve tests such as renal artery duplex ultrasound, CT/MRI scans, renal vein sampling, and MIBG scans.
Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects over 1 billion people worldwide and 65 million Americans. It increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease. The document defines hypertension as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol, stress, and a diet high in salt. Preventing hypertension involves maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, reducing salt intake, moderating alcohol, and regular blood pressure screenings.
HYPERTENSION
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, has been documented as far back as 2600 BC. It was not until the early 18th century that methods for measuring blood pressure were developed. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Sustained elevated blood pressure is defined as hypertension. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension and reduce complications like heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage. Accurate measurement and long-term management require a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers.
secondary hypertension
This case report describes a 17-year-old male college student presenting with occipital headache, blurred vision, and vomiting for two days. His history revealed similar complaints three months prior when he was diagnosed with hypertension but did not take medications regularly. On examination, his blood pressure was elevated at 210/120 mmHg and fundoscopy showed grade 1 hypertensive retinopathy. Investigations showed abnormal renal function and echocardiogram revealed left ventricular hypertrophy. CT brain showed findings suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Based on his history of poorly controlled hypertension, family history, examination findings, and investigation results, he was diagnosed with secondary hypertension likely due to chronic kidney disease.
Hypertension
Systemic hypertension is a long-lasting increase in blood pressure. Primary (essential) hypertension has no known cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by another underlying disease. According to guidelines, the prevalence of hypertension increases with age, affecting over 60% of those over 70 years old. The JNC 7 classification simplified earlier systems, categorizing blood pressure into four levels of severity. Higher blood pressure levels correspond to greater risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart failure and stroke. Antihypertensive treatment can significantly reduce this risk by lowering blood pressure. Evaluation of hypertensive patients considers lifestyle factors, risks, and screening for related diseases to guide treatment.
Management of Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a global health problem that affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is poorly controlled, with less than 25% of cases controlled in developed countries and less than 10% in developing countries. If left untreated, hypertension can lead to heart attacks, heart failure, strokes and kidney disease.
The goals of hypertension treatment are to reduce cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality by achieving blood pressure targets. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, following a diet low in sodium and high in fruits/vegetables, engaging in physical activity, and quitting smoking can help lower blood pressure. When lifestyle changes are not enough, antihypertensive medications including diuretics, ACE inhibitors,
Hypertention lecture
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure over 90 mm Hg. It can be primary (essential), caused by unknown factors, or secondary, caused by an underlying condition like kidney disease or Cushing's syndrome. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, inactivity, tobacco use, too much salt, too little potassium or vitamin D, and heavy alcohol use. Symptoms may include headaches or changes in vision, but most cases are asymptomatic. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers to lower
Hypertensive crisis
This document discusses hypertensive crises and hypertension. It defines normal blood pressure and stages of high blood pressure. Hypertensive crisis is a medical emergency occurring when blood pressure is above 180/110. The document outlines causes like lifestyle factors, risk factors like age and race, types of hypertension like malignant or renal, symptoms, complications affecting organs, diagnosis via blood pressure reading, emergency management using drugs to lower blood pressure, and long-term management.
L3..hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and lists its learning objectives. It describes the epidemiology, classification, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and management of hypertension. Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Accurate measurement over multiple visits is important for diagnosis. Evaluation of patients with hypertension includes establishing baseline blood pressure, identifying secondary causes, checking for target organ damage, and determining other risk factors. Symptoms are usually absent, but may include headache or signs of end organ damage.
High blood pressure in the U.S. - City by City Trends 2014
Practice Fusion analyzed a subset of its 81 million de-identified and aggregated patient health records to understand the percentage of patients with hypertension and the percentage of hypertension patients at goal in 17 major U.S. cities. Practice Fusion also compared those numbers to nationwide blood pressure information from the platform.
High Blood Pressure Information
1. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, affects many adults and is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
2. Blood pressure is measured by two numbers reflecting systolic and diastolic pressure, with 120/80 considered normal.
3. Lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy weight, eating nutritious foods, exercising regularly, limiting alcohol and sodium, and quitting smoking can help prevent and control high blood pressure without medication.
Hypertension ppt arif
Systemic hypertension is defined as high blood pressure measured on 3 occasions. It is important to properly measure blood pressure in children using the correct cuff size based on age and arm circumference. Common causes of hypertension in children include primary hypertension, renal disease, vascular abnormalities like coarctation of the aorta, and endocrine disorders. Clinical evaluation involves taking a thorough history and physical examination to identify risk factors and look for signs of end organ damage from high blood pressure.
Hypertension
This document provides an introduction and overview on the management of hypertension. It defines hypertension and outlines the JNC-7 guidelines for classification and treatment goals. It describes evaluating patients for hypertension through history, physical exam, and lab tests. Causes of secondary hypertension are reviewed. Lifestyle modifications and medication options for treatment are discussed. Case examples are also provided to demonstrate applying the concepts to clinical practice.
JNC 8 REVIEW AND SOME CASES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
JNC 8 REVIEWED
FEW INTERESTING CASES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION THAT WERE DIAGNOSED IN A PRIMARY CARE HEALTH CENTRE ARE DISCUSSED
Social support
The TASO Social Support program aims to promote self-sustenance for households of clients registered with The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO) in Uganda. The program focuses on Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) and Sustainable Livelihood programming. It has supported over 5,000 families through education assistance, helped 4,000 children continue their education through vocational training, and helped over 10,000 households set up livelihood programs in agriculture. The OVC program focuses on six areas - education, food and nutrition, health, economic strengthening, psychosocial support, and child protection - to improve wellbeing and enable children to live healthy lives.
Viewers also liked (20)
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension
High blood pressure in the U.S. - City by City Trends 2014
High blood pressure in the U.S. - City by City Trends 2014
JNC 8 REVIEW AND SOME CASES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
JNC 8 REVIEW AND SOME CASES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
Similar to Essential hypertension lecture
4_2018_12_13!07_34_10_PM.ppt
This document defines essential hypertension and classifies blood pressure levels according to the JNC-7 report. For each BP classification, it recommends lifestyle modifications and lists appropriate antihypertensive drug treatments. It also discusses causes of secondary hypertension, initial investigations, complications of hypertension, and treatment for hypertensive crises.
Treatment of Hypertension Treatment of Hypertension
This document summarizes guidelines for treating hypertension. It defines hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. The goals of treatment are to reduce risks of stroke, heart disease, heart failure, and kidney disease. Lifestyle changes and medication are used to achieve a target blood pressure of less than 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease. Initial drug therapy typically involves thiazide diuretics alone or combined with other classes of drugs depending on individual risk factors and medical conditions. Special considerations are given to treating hypertension in pregnancy, kidney disease, heart disease and other compelling indications.
Management of hypertensive crises
Definition, Pathophysiology, epidemiology,causes and sign and symptoms of hypertension with management of hypertensive crisis
htn-online-1233841166580172-3.pptx
This document summarizes guidelines for the treatment of hypertension based on the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. It defines hypertension and stages of high blood pressure. Lifestyle modifications and drug therapies are recommended, with treatment guided by blood pressure level and risk factors. Initial drug choices include thiazide diuretics, with addition of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers as needed to control blood pressure. Special patient groups benefit from specific drug classes due to compelling indications.
5 hypertension final.ppt¹1111111111111111
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It can be essential (95% of cases, no identifiable cause) or secondary (5% of cases, due to an underlying cause like kidney or endocrine diseases). Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like reduced salt intake, weight loss, exercise, as well as pharmacotherapy using diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ARBs or other drugs. Goals of treatment are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease to decrease risks of heart disease, stroke and other complications. Resistant hypertension may require multiple drug classes or identification and treatment of an underlying secondary cause.
Hypertension Management (SSC.2016) (1)
This document discusses hypertension management and cardiovascular health. It begins by defining normal blood pressure and examining hypertension as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It then explores guidelines for diagnosing and treating hypertension from the US, Taiwan, and China. The document outlines methods for measuring blood pressure and deriving hemodynamic parameters from pulse wave analysis. Examples are given of how hemodynamic profiling can help personalize hypertension treatment. Lifestyle factors that can impact blood pressure and cardiovascular health are also discussed. The document promotes using an online health diary to track metrics and receive advice from doctors.
Hypertension
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of hypertension. It defines hypertension as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. It describes the types and causes of hypertension, including essential (95% of cases, no identifiable cause) and secondary (underlying cause such as renal or endocrine issues). Target organ damage from uncontrolled hypertension includes effects on the heart, brain, kidneys, and retina. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension with the goals of reducing blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to prevent cardiovascular events. Common classes of antihypertensive medications discussed include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
HTN DM for 3rd Yr Clerkship Family Med
This document provides an overview of hypertension and diabetes for medical students. It discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of both conditions. Key points include prevalence statistics for hypertension and diabetes in the US and worldwide, pathophysiology of essential vs secondary hypertension and type 1 vs type 2 diabetes, benefits of lifestyle modifications and medications for treatment, and considerations for managing these conditions in pregnant women, children and adults. Clinical cases are used to illustrate approaches to patients with comorbid risk factors.
Perfusion antihypertensives fall2023 (1) (1).pptx
This document discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension, including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, renin inhibitors, alpha blockers, and vasodilators. It provides information on how each drug class works, common uses, potential adverse effects, important drug interactions, nursing considerations, and patient education points for drugs like captopril, losartan, amlodipine, aliskiren, prazosin, hydralazine, minoxidil, and sodium nitroprusside. The goal of drug management of hypertension is to lower blood pressure and prevent adverse outcomes through an individualized, holistic treatment approach.
HTN.pptx
This document defines hypertension and provides classifications and terminology. It discusses the epidemiology, aetiology, evaluation, and management of hypertension. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg.
- Causes of hypertension include essential (95% of cases), secondary to conditions like CKD or Cushing's syndrome.
- Evaluation involves history, exam, urine/blood tests, ECG to assess target organ damage.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication. Goals are SBP <140 mmHg and DBP <90 mmHg.
- Classes of medications for treatment include diuretics, ACE
Hypertension pathophysiology
Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure with a systolic reading of 140 mmHg or higher or a diastolic reading of 90 mmHg or higher. It can be caused by primary or secondary factors. Primary hypertension makes up 90-95% of cases and has contributing lifestyle factors like increased sodium intake, obesity, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol consumption. Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight loss and lowering sodium intake as well as medication to control blood pressure. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular risk by maintaining a blood pressure reading under 140/90 mmHg or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
Cpt htn march 2010
Hypertension is defined as elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressure. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The document outlines guidelines for classifying and managing hypertension based on blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic treatment with diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers are recommended to reduce blood pressure to recommended goal levels based on patient risk factors. Special considerations are discussed for treating hypertension in various patient populations.
HYPERTENSION (4).ppt
This document discusses hypertension including its prevalence, definition, accurate measurement, classification, secondary causes, target organ damage, evaluation, treatment goals, and lifestyle modifications. Some key points:
- Hypertension is very common, affecting over 50 million Americans. It increases risks of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease.
- It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 139 mmHg or diastolic over 89 mmHg based on multiple readings.
- Lifestyle changes like following the DASH diet, reducing sodium, weight loss, and exercise are effective non-pharmacological interventions. The treatment goal is a blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg or under 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
2.6. HTN.pptx
This document provides an overview of hypertension including:
1. Definitions of hypertension and classifications of blood pressure levels.
2. Techniques for measuring blood pressure such as in-office or ambulatory monitoring.
3. Epidemiology and risk factors for hypertension including increased prevalence with age.
4. Approaches to evaluating and managing patients with hypertension including lifestyle modifications, pharmacologic treatments, and treatment goals.
hypertension ppt on high bp By Dr kartik
This document provides information about hypertension including its definition, types, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, goals of therapy, and lifestyle modifications. It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg and describes the classification of blood pressure readings. The treatment section discusses lifestyle changes and various classes of antihypertensive medications used to treat hypertension.
hypertension-definition,causes,diagnosis.pptx
Hypertension- High blood pressure is a common condition that affects the body's arteries. It's also called hypertension.
If you have high blood pressure, the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is consistently too high. The heart has to work harder to pump blood.
A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.
Usually hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90, and is considered severe if the pressure is above 180/120.
High blood pressure often has no symptoms. Over time, if untreated, it can cause health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke.
Eating a healthier diet with less salt, exercising regularly and taking medication can help lower blood pressure.
Hypertension is rarely accompanied by symptoms, and its identification is usually through health screening, or when seeking healthcare for an unrelated problem. Some people with high blood pressure report headaches (particularly at the back of the head and in the morning), as well as lightheadedness, vertigo, tinnitus (buzzing or hissing in the ears), altered vision or fainting episodes.[23] These symptoms, however, might be related to associated anxiety rather than the high blood pressure itself.[24]
On physical examination, hypertension may be associated with the presence of changes in the optic fundus seen by ophthalmoscopy.[25] The severity of the changes typical of hypertensive retinopathy is graded from I to IV; grades I and II may be difficult to differentiate.[25] The severity of the retinopathy correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension
Moins medical lecture.2(Antihypertensive Drugs 2).pdf
The document discusses antihypertensive agents and their use in treating hypertension. It defines hypertension and classifies blood pressure levels. The main types of antihypertensive agents discussed are diuretics, agents affecting adrenergic function, vasodilators, and agents affecting the renin-angiotensin system. Lifestyle modifications such as diet, exercise, and weight loss are recommended initially before use of medications to control blood pressure.
Hypertension
This document discusses hypertension including its definition, prevalence, causes, complications, evaluation, treatment goals, and lifestyle and pharmacological interventions. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg and affects over 50 million Americans. It is a primary risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
- Accurate blood pressure measurement requires proper technique and equipment. Target organ damage from uncontrolled hypertension can affect the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes.
- Evaluation involves assessing cardiovascular risk factors, identifying secondary causes, and checking for target organ damage. Treatment goals are blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
- Lifestyle
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major public health problem worldwide. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. While there is no cure, lifestyle modifications and medication can help prevent and manage hypertension. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks and complications through lowering blood pressure. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications, with regular monitoring needed to control the condition.
Similar to Essential hypertension lecture (20)
Treatment of Hypertension Treatment of Hypertension
Treatment of Hypertension Treatment of Hypertension
Moins medical lecture.2(Antihypertensive Drugs 2).pdf
Moins medical lecture.2(Antihypertensive Drugs 2).pdf
More from mt53y8
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus .pptx
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and damage to multiple organs. It predominantly affects women of childbearing age. SLE is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disease is mediated by autoantibodies that form complexes and damage tissues. Common clinical manifestations include rashes, arthritis, kidney inflammation, and neurological and cardiac involvement. Diagnosis is based on identifying clinical and laboratory criteria including autoantibodies. Management involves controlling symptoms with medications like antimalarials and NSAIDs. More severe organ-threatening disease is treated with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants like cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
This document provides an overview of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), including epidemiology, risk factors, presentation, histology, genetics, therapy, and treatment options. DLBCL is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The standard first-line treatment is rituximab combined with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). For early stage disease, options include full chemotherapy or abbreviated chemotherapy with radiation. Advanced disease is treated with full chemotherapy. Refractory cases may be treated with newer agents or CAR T-cell therapy.
Megaloblastic anemias
This document discusses megaloblastic anemias caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate. It describes the causes, clinical features, hematologic findings, treatment, and specific conditions like pernicious anemia. Cobalamin and folate are essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation. Deficiencies can cause macrocytic anemia and neurological issues. Treatment involves replacing the deficient vitamin through injections or high oral doses, with monitoring to prevent recurrence.
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension is defined as elevated pulmonary arterial pressures and can be caused by several factors. It is diagnosed using echocardiogram, right heart catheterization, and other tests. Treatment involves vasodilators, prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, and nitric oxide pathway enhancers to improve symptoms and hemodynamics. Combination therapy may provide additional benefits over monotherapy. Pulmonary hypertension remains progressive and incurable without lung transplantation in many cases.
Malabsorptive disorders final presentation
useful lecture about malapsorbtion disorders and mcqs included in the lecture
hope you enjoy the lecture
Dr/ Sameer Sawaed
Antibiotics vs appendectomy
This document summarizes a study comparing antibiotics to appendectomy as initial treatment for acute appendicitis. The study was a prospective population-based study conducted in Sweden between 2009-2010. It involved 119 patients who received antibiotic therapy as first treatment for acute appendicitis. The success rate of antibiotic therapy was initially 90.8% but decreased to 78.2% after 1 year due to recurrences. Meanwhile, appendectomy success was 89.2%. Major complications were three times higher in the appendectomy group. The study concluded that while antibiotics may be a successful initial treatment with a short hospital stay and minimal pain, the risk of recurrence needs to be weighed against the risks of surgery.
21. lower gi bleeding
Lower GI bleeding can result from various causes in the colon and rectum. The most common etiologies are diverticular disease, which accounts for 60% of cases, and inflammatory bowel disease, which causes 13% of cases. Diverticulosis is characterized by outpouchings in the colon wall that are prone to bleeding. It is usually asymptomatic but can lead to complications like diverticulitis, abscesses, fistulas, and obstruction. Inflammatory bowel disease includes both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause transmural and mucosal inflammation respectively. Common symptoms of lower GI bleeding include hematochezia and melena. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve medications, surgery
cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women globally. It is caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), with types 16 and 18 causing over 70% of cases. Screening through cervical smears has significantly reduced cervical cancer rates in developed nations. Treatment depends on the stage of cancer, ranging from conization for early stage IA1 to chemoradiation for later stages. Prognosis is best for early stage disease, with 5-year survival rates over 90% for stage IA tumors.
drugs in pregnancy
This document discusses drugs in pregnancy and their effects. It covers several key points:
1) Over 50% of pregnant women take prescribed, over-the-counter, or illicit drugs which can harm the fetus if not absolutely necessary. About 2-3% of birth defects result from necessary drugs.
2) Drugs undergo changes in pharmacokinetics in the maternal-fetal unit, affecting transfer across the placenta and to breastmilk. Factors like molecular weight and protein binding influence transfer.
3) Timing of exposure is important - drugs in early organogenesis often cause birth defects, while later exposure can impact growth and function. FDA categories denote risk. Many drugs are categorized as
5 breast disorders
This document discusses breast disorders and breast cancer. It provides information on:
- The main symptoms of breast disorders including breast masses, skin changes, pain, and nipple discharge.
- Risk factors for breast cancer such as family history, age, reproductive history.
- The importance of self-breast exams, clinical breast exams, and mammography for early detection.
- Common breast masses including fibroadenomas, cysts, and fibrocystic changes.
- Evaluating breast masses through history, physical exam, diagnostic imaging such as mammography and ultrasound, and biopsy when needed.
- Presentation and workup of breast cancer with emphasis on early detection through screening.
S ameer 2015 dysuria
Dysuria, or pain during urination, is commonly caused by urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs are often caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract from the bowel. The most common culprit is E. coli. Dysuria and other urinary symptoms may indicate cystitis (bladder infection), urethritis, prostatitis, or pyelonephritis (kidney infection). Diagnosis involves a urinalysis and urine culture. Treatment depends on the infection location and severity, but commonly involves antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or fluoroquinolones. Recurrent infections require further evaluation and prevention strategies.
rhinosinusitis
Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nasal passages and sinuses. The paranasal sinuses are air spaces surrounding the nasal cavity. Common causes include viral or bacterial infection leading to blocked sinus drainage and inflammation. Symptoms include facial pain, pressure, congestion, and mucus discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics, nasal steroids, surgery to improve drainage if symptoms persist long-term. Chronic rhinosinusitis lasts over 12 weeks and may require repeated treatments.
Sore throat and streptococcal pharyngitis
This document discusses sore throats and streptococcal pharyngitis, including causes, diagnosis, and management. Sore throats can be caused by infections like strep throat, allergies, acid reflux, and other issues. Strep throat is a common childhood bacterial infection caused by Group A Streptococcus. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms and signs of infection, and confirming with a throat culture or rapid strep test. Treatment of strep throat is usually penicillin or other antibiotics to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Proper diagnosis and treatment can eliminate symptoms and prevent spread of infection.
More from mt53y8 (15)
Recently uploaded
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaWound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
"How to make and deliver dynamic presentations by making it more interactive to captivate your audience attention"
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcclinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Recently uploaded (20)
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Essential hypertension lecture
- 1. Essential Hypertension Prof. Samir S. al- msalha
- 2. Definition Persistent elevation of BP ( ≥ 140/90 mmHg)
- 3. Classification of BP According to JNC – 7 report Normal ≤ 120 mmHg systolic and ≤ 80 mmHg diastolic Prehypertention 120 -139 mm Hg systolic and 80-90mm Hg diastolic Stage -1 Hypertension 140-159 mmHg systolic and 90- 99 mmHg diastolic Ssage -2 Hypertention ≥ 160 mmHg systolic and ≥ 100 mmHg diastolic
- 4. BP classification Life style Without compelling modification indication With compelling indication Normal encourage Prehypertension yes No anti-HTN drugs Drug(s) for the compelling indication Stage 1 HTN yes Thiazide-diuretics for most; may consider ACE,ARB, B-blockers,CCB,or combination Drug(s)for the compelling indicatios ( thiazides, ACEI,CCB,ARB, B-blocker) Stage 2 HTN yes 2-drug combination for most (thiazide,ACEI or ARB or B-blocker or CCB) Drug(s) for the compelling indications ( thiazides, ACEI, ARB, Bblocker, CCB) as indicated
- 5. CAUSES Essential Hypertention (95 %) Secondary ( 5%) 1. DRUGS( steroids , Contraceptive pills,NSAIDS,carbenoxolone,Liquorice, sympathomimetics) 2. Cardiovascular (Coarctation of the aorta) 3. Renal (Renovascular i.e RAS and renal artery occlusion or Parenchymal i.e ch. Pyelonephritis,acute and ch.glomeronephritis,obstructive uropathy,polycystic kidney disease and hypernephromas.
- 6. CAUSES 4.Endocrine: ( pheochromocytoma, 1 aldosteronism, cushing’s,acromegaly, hyperparathyroidism and hypothyroidism). 5.Others (brain tumors with increased intracranial pressure,bulbar poliomyelitis,connective tissue disorders i.e SLE and polyarteriti nodosa,DM nephropathy,Polycythemia rubra vera)
- 7. INITIAL or PRIMARY INVESTIGATIONS in HYPERTENSION Urinalysis Renal profile ECG Chest x-ray Plain U-T x-ray or renal ultrasound Urine culture HB, PCV FBS,s.lipids,s.urate Echocardiography
- 8. When to investigate for a secondary cause of hypertension 1. 2. 3. 4. Clues from the history Clues from physical examination Clues from initial investigations Malignant stage hypertension
- 9. Complications of hypertension Cardiovascular(angina,MI,LVH,HF,dissecting aortic aneurysm) Cerebrovascular(TIA,Thrombotic infarction,intracerebral hemorrhge,encephalopathy) Peripheral vascular disease(atherosclorosis,intermittent claudication, gangrene) Retinopathy(Grades1,2,3,4) Nephropathy(nephrosclerosis,fibrinoid necrosis) Malignant hypertension
- 10. Treatment of hypertension 1st. Non-pharmacological measures: 1. Diet 2. Weight reduction 3. Stopping smoking and excess alcohol consumption 4. Regular exercise ( behavioral, biofeedback therapy) 5. Treatment of other associated risk factors
- 11. B. Antihypertensive medications: 1. Diuretics Thiazide, loop, K+ sparing 2. B-Blockers Non-cardioselective Cardioselective Drugs with ISA Alpha and Beta-blockers(labetolol)
- 12. 3. Alpha-blockers ( prazosin) 4. Central acting drugs (reserpine, methyldopa,clonidine) 5. vasodilators: 1st. Direct relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle: -Hydralazine -Minoxidil -Diazoxide -Na-nitroprusside
- 13. 2nd. Calcium-channel blockers: - Verapamil - Nifedipine - Amlodipine 3rd. ACE inhibitors : - Captopril - Enalapril - Lysinopril - Quinapril
- 14. 6. ARBs - Losartan - Candesartan - Irbisartan - Valsartan
- 15. Hypertensive Crisis: Severe hypertension with one of the following: 1. Heart failure 2. MI 3. Renal failure 4. Encephalopathy 5. Dissecting aneurysm 6. Intracerebral hemorrhage 7. Accelerated or malignant hypertension
- 16. Parentral Drugs Used In Hypertensive Emergencies: Na-nitroprusside infusion 2. Diazoxide i.v 3. Hydralazine iv 4. Furosemide i.v 5. Phentolamine i.v 6. Nifedipine s/L 7. Labetolol i.v ( N.B: B.P shouldn’t be reduced to below diastolic of 100 mmHg ) 1.