Essay On Ultrasound

Essay On Ultrasound
RESULTS
A total of 194 patients were symptomatic and had screen detected abnormalities. All of the breast lesions who underwent ultrasound guided diagnostic
procedures were sonographically visible and were classified according to BI–RADS as 3, 4 or 5.
Among 194 patients who underwent needle core biopsy for diagnosis of breast lesions 79 were reported to be BI–RADS –3, 20 were reported to be
BI–RADS –4 and 32 were reported to be BI–RADS –5 [Table 1]. Out of the 194 patients biopsied, 65 were for screen detected non–palpable
abnormalities and 129 were symptomatic patients.
Table 1: The number of patients in the symptomatic and screen detected cases in each category
Patient categoryBIRADS3BIRADS4BIRADS5
Symptomatic792032
Screen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the total of 197 patients with a benign diagnosis 115 patients were recommended surgical excision based on the radiological and
histopathological discordance. Ten patients with non–diagnostic biopsies were also offered excision.
COMPLICATIONS
There was no core biopsy related infections or pneumothorax in our study
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The contingency table analysis (П‡2 test) shows that there is a highly statistically significant association between assessments made on the
mammograms and ultrasound of the breast and the core biopsy results.
Table 3: Histopathological correlation with BIRADS category
PATHOLOGYBI
–RADS–3BI–RADS–4BI–RADS–5
Cancer21218
Not cancer5930
The positive predictive value for BI–RADS–5 is 100%. The negative predictive value for BI–RADS 3 is 97%.HPE–Histopathological examination;
BIRADS–Breast imaging reporting and data system.
DISCUSSION
FNAC is preferred over core needle biopsy in developing countries is because of the supposed reduced cost of the procedure and the relative ease
with, which procedure is performed.[2,3,4,5,6,7] Histological processing is not

... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Pathophysiology Of Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is defined as a chronic progressive disease in which the cardiac muscle is not able to pump an adequate amount of blood to fulfill
the body's requirement for blood and oxygen. (American heart association, 2016 sep 28) In the United State of the America, Near to 5.7 million people
are diagnosed with heart failure (Mozzafarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al), with overall estimated heart failure costs exceeding $30 billion each
year (Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, Butler J, Dracup K, Ezekowitz MD, et al.). In the United States, Heart failure is one of the leading
causes of hospitalization in elderly people. Because of improvement in health care services such as diagnosis and treatment options, the number of
people living ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study concluded that BNP had very high negative predictive value at a cut–off value of 100 pg/ml. Subsequently making it appropriate as a
ruleвЂђout test for heart failure. The measurement of BNP level provided high accuracy in diagnosis of heart failure as compared to clinical
assessment.( Maisel A S, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak R M. et al ) In the Nв
Ђђterminal proBNP Investigation of Dyspnoea in the Emergency department
(PRIDE) study and in the International Collaboration of NTвЂђproBNP (ICON) study established the role of NT–proBNP in detecting of heart failure.
An NT–proBNP level < 40%NT–BNP357 pmol/l73822498

Pros And Cons Of False Positive Drug Test Background
Ana Patricia Morales
Dr. Beverly Joy
Finite Math
October 2, 2017
False Positive Drug Test Background
The random test is a drug test conducted upon a computer–generated random sampling of Department employees, administered for the purposes of
detecting the presence of drugs, controlled substances (including anabolic steroids) or their metabolites. (Florida Department of State)
What are employees' rights in regard to random drug testing?
If an employee receives a false positive drug test, employee has different rights depending on the policy of the organization or company and the federal
laws that protect the rights of employees.
For instance at the University of Miami, if an individual test positive, the individual's sample will be re–tested using appropriate laboratory procedures
to confirm the results. If the positive results are not confirmed in the second test, the test will be considered negative. (University of Miami Personnel
Policies & Procedures Manual)
In the state of Florida, "an employer is required to use a certified medical review officer (MRO) (include name and address, telephone number in your
policy). The MRO will be responsible for: Interpreting the drug test results, Contacting the employee if the drug test is positive. The MRO is required
to contact the donor who has a confirmed positive test result before reporting the results of the test to the employer. If the donor has a plausible
explanation for the test result showing

Acute Appendicitis Case Study
Out of 100 patients studied in this research, the age incidence varies between 12 to 47 years, the maximum incidence of acute appendicitis was found
in age group of 21– 40 years [56 patients (56%)], followed by age group of в‰¤20 years [28 patients (28%)] and lastly the age group of 41–60 years
[16 patients (16%)]. Regarding to sex, males were more than females [68 males (68%) vs 32 females (32%) with a ratio of 2.13:1 respectively].
Married patients were suffering from acute appendicitis more than single patients (52% vs 48% respectively). Regarding to job, students were the
maximum job suffering from acute appendicitis (32%) followed by workers (28) then house wife (20%). Acute appendicitis were more prevalent
among urban country ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1).
Table (2):– Distribution of Modified Alvarado scoring system components among studied populations
Variable Summary statistics
Symptoms
Migrating. Rt. iliac fossa pain68 (68.00%)
Anorexia 96 (96.00%)
Nausea/vomiting 84 (84.00%)
Signs
Tender Rt. lower quadrant96 (96.00%)
Rebound tenderness Rt. iliac fossa 88 (88.00%)
Pyrexia >37.3 Co68 (68.00%)
Investigation
Leucocytosis >10x10/L80 (80.00%)
Total Modified Alvarado score Mean В± SD Median (min–max)
7.56В±1.56
8 (4–9)
Total Modified Alvarado score <6 в‰Ґ6
16 (16.00%)
84 (84.00%)
Total Modified Alvarado score <7 в‰Ґ7
24 (24.00%)

76 (76.00%)
Regarding to abdominal ultrasonography, 68 patients (68%) had positive (+ve) ultrasound findings for acute appendicitis but 32 patients (32%) had
negative (–ve) findings. 80 patients (80%) were positive for histopathological study but 20 patients (20%) were negative, as shown in table (3) and fig.
(1).
Table (3):– Investigations of studied populations
Variable Summary statistics
Laboratory
WBCs Mean В± SD Median (min–max)
13004В±3809
12600 (6200–19400)
Radiology
Abdominal ultrasonography Negative Positive
32 (32.00%)
68 (68.00%)
Histopathology
Negative Positive
20 (20.00%)
80 (80.00%)
Fig. (1):– Diagnosis of appendicitis by Modified Alvarado score, Abdominal ultrasonography and Histopathology There were insignificant difference
between males and females regarding to modified Alvarado score as a diagnostic method in

The Regression Model Of The United States
First of all, I would like to mention that it is more reasonable to compare the models that are based on the same data, so I tried to use the same
variables and the same missing value treatment approach (excluding decision tree) to all of the models.
All the 3 models showed a performance of nearly the same quality, according to the various lift charts produced and presented in the further parts of the
report.
However, the difference becomes more evident on the % captured response and the most efficient and useful model turns out to be the logistic
regression model.
It is described in a greater detail in part 4 of this report.
This ROC plot indicates that the logistic regression is also efficient in terms of trade–off between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.Recommended Model – Decision Tree
The recommended decision tree model includes 2 variables : annual income and loans, both of them are interval variables and represent the original
observations. They were chosen for the final model, because after several trials, they proved to be the key ones in determining the rules within decision
trees.
In terms of missing values, nothing particular had to be done, because decision trees conveniently handle missing values by default.
As for the splitting criterion, after getting more knowledge about each of the criteria and performing numerous trials , Gini was chosen, due to its
ability to measure the differences between the values of a frequency distribution.
Presented below is the model assessment graph that represents the misclassification rates at each number of leaves.
As can be seen from the graph, the model enables to reduce the difference between the training and actual sets compared to other situations when
different settings were used and different variables included.
Another indicator of this model's usefulness is the lift value graph. The base line represents the nonexistence of our prediction model, while the
intercept of the red line states that with this decision tree we can identify 3,7% more bad customers than we would have done without it.
The %

Evaluating Systematic Review
Evaluating a Systematic Review or Meta–Analysis
Overall Relevance:
1. Is the article proposing to answer a specific clinical question or questions? What are the questions?
This article is looking to determine if it is effective practice for primary care providers to perform routine screening for skin cancer in their patients.
Effectiveness of screening is described as early detection of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer in order to reduce mortality and morbidity rates.
2.Is the problem studied one that is common to your practice? If a therapeutic intervention or a diagnostic test is being studied, is it feasible?
The problem studied is common to practice and it is stated that the incidence of melanoma has increased rapidly in the United States. This study aims
at examining routine skin cancer screenings. Routine skin cancer screenings by a primary care provider are feasible, particularly if the routine skin
cancer screenings are performed on patients determined to have increased risk factors associated with developing skin cancer.
3. What outcome(s) was (were) studied? Are the outcomes patient–oriented?
The outcomes studied were the effect of routine screening on patient morbidity and mortality and effect on quality ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The inclusion criteria for this study was appropriate to the clinical question because it addressed obtaining studies that focused of the effectiveness of
routine skin cancer screening, as well as addressing screening patients with risk factors for skin cancer and the effectiveness of detecting skin cancer
early because of routine skin cancer

The Relationship Between Antioxidants From Diet And...
Objective The objective of Study 1 (S1) was to review the relationship between antioxidants from diet and supplements and risk of PCa. The
antioxidants included were vitamin E, selenium, vitamin C, carotenoids, and polyphenols from coffee and tea. Combination studies were also included.
Method
The method of S1 was a literature search utilizing the database Pubmed for studies that contained subheadings of diet, antioxidants, and prostatic
neoplasms. The reference of selected studies was reviewed to identify additional articles. Studies that only examined plasma levels were excluded.
Selected were 12 intervention studies and 32 observational studies.
Results The evidence of vitamin E was inconsistent, the majority found no benefit for the vitamin E. Selenium was found to have some protective effect,
the findings were restricted to patients with the lowest concentration at baseline and indicated a confounding effect of selenium deficiency. Other
studies found no effect of selenium on PCa. The Initial benefits of Vitamin C was attenuated once vegetable intake was taken into account. Carotenoids
provided inconclusive evidence, demonstrating no relationship with PCa. Three studies of green tea were performed, one each of intervention,
prospective, and case studies. After 1 year PCa was significantly less prevalent in the green tea test group than the controls. Dietary flavonoids were
not associated with PCa risk. Coffee was inversely associated with lethal, but not low–grade

Statistics for Bi
Statistics for Business Intelligence – Hypothesis Testing
Index:
1. What is Hypothesis testing in Business Intelligence terms? 2. Define – "Statistical Hypothesis Testing" – "Inferences in Business" – and "Predictive
Analysis" 3. Importance of Hypothesis Testing in Business with Examples 4. Statistical Methods to perform Hypothesis Testing in Business
Intelligence 5. Identify Statistical variables required to compute Hypothesis testing. a. Correlate computing those variables from the data available in
normalized tables arranged in row x columns. 6. Computing Statistical Hypothesis Testingfor Business Decisions using Algorithms 7. User Interface
Development for Presentation of Hypothesis feature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Predictive analysis considers previous data and predicts future data points, but predictive analysis fails to consider new variables to practice and judge
results. In this case, hypothesis helps to analyze old data to set benchmark and set goal to achieve the new variable modified.
Hypothesis helps in making decision by comparing benchmark values and present results with the variables applied. If Hypothesis is used to predict
the future results this will be more about decision to conclude whether to implement/accept or reject. Again, Hypothesis also use all statistical modals
of data, outliers removal, mean of sample, mean of population and proportions.
4. Statistical methods to perform Hypothesis Testing in Business Intelligence –
Steps in Hypothesis Testing–
Step 1: Take a decision item of proposed or implemented
Step 2: Formulate testable hypothesis (In case of implemented decision hypothesis will be to judge whether the modified variable has shown positive
results or not)
Step 3: Design the experiment
Step 4: Set up a Decision Rule
Step 5: Collect Data
Step 6: Make a Decision

Step 7: Revise your decisions towards success or profits.
Hypothesis Formulation:
We formulate a pair of mutually exclusive, collectively exhaustive statements about the business scenario.
One statement or other must be true, but they cannot both be true.
Ho = Null Hypothesis
H1 = Alternative Hypothesis
The two statements are hypothesis

Predictive Analytics Has Positive And Negative Impact
1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
"Predictive analytics uses technology to predict the future and influence it." [27] It is predominantly being used to improve business processes, which
is a great opportunity for entrepreneurs to achieve positive business outcomes [26]. The goal of this white paper is to discuss the impact of predictive
analytics in today's world and the various concerns that come along with it. The paper addresses key research questions like what are the legal and
ethical concerns that rise from predictive analytics? And where can we use predictive analytics to get positive results? We have tried to analyze the
current market situation in order to answer these questions, focusing on the key areas where predictive analytics has had positive and negative impact.
After intense scrutiny of the facts and details encountered by us, we have come up with some recommendations and solutions to address the issues
caused by the use of predictive analytics and how their effects can be balanced by organizations.
2. INTRODUCTION:
"There have always been three types of analytics: descriptive, which reports on the past; predictive, which uses models based on past data to predict
the future; and prescriptive, which uses models to specify optimal behaviors and actions" [4]. This white paper addresses predictive analytics, which is
the analysis of past and present data in order to predict future risks and opportunities. Although reactive decision–making has been successful in the
past, it

Advantages Of Predictive Policing
Can Predictive Policing Benefit Society?
According to Times Magazine, "President Donald Trump signed three executive orders that will intensify the criminalization of communities of color,
under the false premise the need to increase 'law and order.'" Racism was bad before Trump, now it has worsened, is there anything else that could
make things worse? In "Police Program Aims to Pinpoint Those Most Likely To Commit Crimes" by John Eligon and Timothy Williams it states that
predictive policing is using math and police awareness to stop or prevent crimes from happening. "...An experiment taking place in dozens of police
departments across the country, one in which authorities have turned to complex computer algorithms to try to pinpoint people most likely to be
involved in future crimes" (Eligon and Williams). This means that police use predictive policing as a way to stop crimes from happening based on
data. There are benefits and disadvantages that predictive policing contain. When looking at the issue of predictive policing, many might argue that
predictive policing is beneficial because it can reduce crime rates and prevent deaths from happening through the use of social media. However,
predictive policing has more disadvantages because of being accused guilty of whom you associate with and the use of inaccurate data leads to unfair
policing.
It may be true that previous crimes have been stopped due to predictive policing, and that predictive policing has prevented

The Lachman Test
The Lachman Test is an important diagnostic test for detection of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) pathology (van Eck, 2013) and is frequently used
by sports therapists. Joint arthrometry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and diagnostic arthroscopy are all well–established methods to evaluate the
knee for the presence of an ACL tear. However, the clinical gold standard, with well–established levels of accuracy for detecting this injury, is the
Lachman test, which is performed with the patient in a supine position and the knee at 20В° to 30В° of flexion (Benjaminse, 2006; Ostrowski, 2006).
The grading of the Lachman test is based on the amount of anterior translatory movement (translation) of the tibia relative to the femur and on the
end–feel perceived by the examiner. A positive test requires a soft end–feel and observable translation of the tibia (Torg, 1976).... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient's knee joint position during the Lachman's test might affect the grade given. Because examiners do not agree on the position of the knee
joint during the Lachman's test, reliability might be affected if they do not place the knee in the same position each time they administer the test
(Donaldson 1985 ). Similarly, grading might be affected as experience of therapists differs from each other. Hence, judgments based on the Lachman's
test are inconsistent when made by inexperienced testers, but such judgments become more "reliable" as testers become more experienced (Dehaven,
1980; Noyes,

Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Case Study
Discussion: The objective of our study was to assess the accuracy of MRI and image guided CNB in diagnosing the soft tissue sarcomas. Two
important steps in diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas are the pre biopsy imaging and the biopsy. MRI has been considered the preferred imaging
modality by most of the authors. However the Sensitivity and specificity of MRI has been reported to vary from 70% –100% and 17–89% respectively
(Moulton et al 1995, Ma et al 1995) . There are also articles on limitations of MRI as a diagnostic tool (Peer S et al, Daniel et al, Devita et al ) . The
sensitivity and specificity of MRI depends on methodology (radiological parameters included) . In our study 98/100 patients had MRI as initial
imaging investigation.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on the above mentioned referenced and WHO guidelines all patients in our centre underwent image guided biopsy In our study 98/100 patients
underwent image–guided biopsy , and as per the WHO guidelines the biopsy tract was chosen by the operating surgeon , and the quality of biopsy was
assessed by both MSK radiologist and pathologist. The diagnostic yield in our study was 98%, this was comparable to diagnostic yield of an open
biopsy. This yield was higher when compared to results of other studies like Siegfried peer et al (94.6%), Adam SC et al 2010(91%), Yang et al (89%),
Taieb et al (89%), Narvani et al(94.8%) , and Demarchi et al (94.8%). Most commonly reported cause of non diagnostic yield was myxoid/cystic
lesions. In our study 2/98 patients had non diagnostic yield of which one was a cystic lesion seated deep inside the chest wall and the other was a
intra articular lesion <3 cms . The sensitivity and specificity of CNB in our study was 94 % and 89% respectively , these

Abstract. Objectives: To Highlight The Importance Of Cord
Abstract
Objectives: To highlight the importance of cord blood S100B protein in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)
Subjects and Methods: This study included 60 asphyxiated newborns and 40 matched controls. Blood samples were collected from all neonates and
values of S100B protein were determined using enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results: The mean serum level of S100B
protein was significantly higher in asphyxiated group than the control group with a significant correlation between increased S100B protein level and
severity of HIE among patients. We found that at the cutoff level of serum S100B protein 0.44Вµg/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity91%, an accuracy of
predicting neonatal asphyxia 94% with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1976 Sarnat and Sarnat carried out a score, the Sarnat score, which was a combination of neurological symptoms as described above and the
accompanying electro–encephalographic (EEG) features. This score was, in fact, a grading of the severity of the encephalopathy. It contains three
stages, hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) stage 1, HIE stage 2 and HIE stage 3, the latest the most severe stage of encephalopathy. The most
severely affected infants typically progress from stage 1 to 3 [7,8]. The S100B protein is produced and released primarily by astrocytes in the CNS
where it has trophic functions on neurons and the glia. Many molecules are asigned a role as markers of neurological injury in cases of HIE. Glutamate,
aspartate, lactate, ammonia, creatinine, specific kinase, NSE (neuron specific enolase) and other substances have been studied in serum, umbilical cord
blood, amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [9]. Previous studies that measured the concentration of S100B in the CSF and blood have shown
a direct relationship with brain injury [10]. The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of cord blood S100B protein in the diagnosis of
neonatal HIE and determination of its severity.
Patients and Methods
This cross–sectional study is conducted on 60 asphyxiated full–term neonates delivered in El Shohadaa Central Hospital and Shebeen El Kom teaching
Hospital in the period

Rma Care Case Study
Introduction Based on the data 22,000 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer every year .If diagnosed early the 5 year survival rate is said to be
93% .Here we do an analysis to find out the best optimal path of care for a person , from the insurance company's perspective. Decision Maker
–Insurance Company Attributes –Cost From the given data and the decision tree we have inferred the various costs that the insurance company would
have to pay for under different circumstances. If the Patient goes for :– a)RMI test =$ 0 b)OVA 1 test =$650 c)Surgery by a OB/GYN(Benign)=$
28,750 d)Surgery by an Oncologist(Benign)=$ 31,500 e)Surgery by an Oncologist(Malignant)=$ 44,500$ For the different options available we found
that the following costs are relevant. From the perspective of Insurance Company lowest cost is assigned Utility 1 (0$) and Highest Cost is assigned
Utility 0... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The more the insurance company pays for the treatment of a malignant tumor, higher the utility. The utilities were calculated as follows:– u(OB/GYN
–Malignant)=1 and u(Do–Nothing– Malignant)=0 For Ex :Our choice was uncertain between A: when the insurance company pay's when patient goes
to an oncologist and the tumor is benign . B : 70% chance of paying for a patient who goes to an oncologist and the tumor is malignant and 30%
chance of not paying and the tumor is malignant U(ONC–Benign)= 0.7 * u(OB/GYN –Malignant)+0.3 * u(Do–Nothing– Malignant)
U(ONC–Benign)=0.7*(1)+0.3*(0) =0.7 Similarly we came up with the other values. The corresponding values are as follows. ReputationUtility
Do–Nothing– Malignant0 Do–nothing– Benign0.2 ONC–Malignant0.8 ONC–Benign0.7 OB/GYN –Malignant1 OB/GYN –Benign0.4 [Table 2]
Alternative Policy

Linear Regression Model Based On Recursive Feature...
last and the first 10 seconds of elbow flexion and extension task. And the number of flexion/extension was also counted as the 31st feature. More
detailed description of the features and their calculations are provided in Figure 3 and Table 1.
We compared features between two groups, non–frail and frail, categorized by TSFI (frail was identified when TSFI is over 0.27). One–way ANOVA
was employed for comparing two groups. And the features which have significantly difference (p < 0.05) between groups were preselected for
designing a model in order to select optimum parameters.
Optimum Feature Selection Based on Recursive Feature Elimination
Algorithm for optimum selection of parameters was based on linear regression modeling including ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4) Then, the accuracy of the redesigned model was calculated to identify frailty. 5) And, this procedure was repeated when the last feature is removed
for redesigning the model. 6) All accuracy values were compared. 7) If an accuracy value related to a feature excluded for modeling is the lowest, the
feature was eliminated. 8) After that, the same procedure was repeated without the eliminated feature by 1) to 7) until only one feature remained after
eliminating features. 9) Finally, the number of features were selected based on the performance of the model evaluated by the recursive feature
elimination for selecting the best model to identify frailty.
Evaluation of algorithm performance
Performance of the algorithm was evaluated using the validation set. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value (PPV), negative
predictive value (NPV) and accuracy as follows:
Sensitivity (1)
Specificity (2)
Positive predictive value (3)
Negative predictive value (4)
Accuracy (5)
where true positive (TP) represents the number of correctly identified frail, false negative (FN) indicates the number of missed frail, true negative
(TN) refers to the number of correctly identified nonfrail and false positive (FP) stands for the number incorrectly identified as nonfrail. The area
under the ROC curve (AUC) was also calculated as an additional evaluation of the performance. In this

The Choices Among Model Assessment Statistics
Compare and contrast the choices amongst model assessment statistics
There are two factors that determine the appropriate validation assessment rating or assessment statistics. Firstly the target measurement scale and
secondly the prediction type. For a binary target with a primary outcome(target=1) and secondary outcome(target=0) there are three types of prediction
types a.) decisions b.) ranking and c.) estimates. When the prediction type is decision for a binary target, it works to match the primary decision
with the primary outcome yielding a correct decision called as true positive and matches the secondary decision with the secondary outcome yielding
a correct decision called as true negative. In this case the decision predictions are rated by their accuracy in other words in order to maximize
accuracy there should be agreement between the outcome and prediction. Also, when the secondary decision mismatches with the primary outcome it
yields an incorrect decision called as false negative. Similarly, when primary decision mismatches with secondary outcome it yields an incorrect
decision called as false positive. In this case the decision predictions can be rated by their misclassification rate wherein to minimize misclassification
there should be very less disagreement between the actual outcome and predictions. In ranking predictions, the cases are ranked based on their
likelihood of being a primary or secondary outcome. When the primary and secondary cases are

Hypothetical Screening
Think of hypothetical screening programs for diseases of interest to you; find one example of a disease where high sensitivity would be more
important, and one example where high specificity would be more important. Screening programs utilize diagnostic tests on individuals who are
asymptomatic of certain diseases and the intent of diagnostic tests are used to establish the probability of having a certain disease (New York State,
Department of Health (n.d.). As a provider, the fundamental intention of screenings is to reduce morbidity and mortality; however, providers must also
understand the potential affect on individuals if results reveal false–positives and false–negatives (Gates, 2001). Therefore, diagnostic accuracy is
critical and making sure quality of screenings is important in that the tests are sensitive enough to detect disease during the period in individual who
do not have symptoms of a particular disease and specific enough to lessen the incidence of false positives (Gates, 2014). Screening the female
population with Pap (Papanicolaou) smears for cervical cancer is considered a sensitive test (Lalkhen & McCluskey, 2008).... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is the period of time between early diagnosis with screening and the time in which diagnosis would have been made without screening
(Gates, 2001). Thus, lead time is an important factor when evaluating the effectiveness of screening programs. According to Gates (2001), advancing
the time of diagnosis solely does not validate screenings because those diagnosed early are not living longer per se compared to those individuals that
are not screened. Therefore, the best way to avoid lead–time bias is to compare actual mortality rates in the screened and unscreened populations
through randomized trials (Gates, 2001; Gordis,

Characteristics And Differences Of People Behaviors
The claim being tested the individual differences in some specific personality characteristics and differences in people behaviors. The participants in
study one were one hundred and sixteen students. Fifty five were men and sixty one women. The students received a course credit for participating in
the study. The final sample included forty men and forty eight men. The independent variable of the studymale and females. The dependent variables
is questionnaire, scales, tissues and hot sauce. The researchers provided packet of in random order. The measures consisted of global self–esteem and
forty item personality inventory. Additional measures of self–esteem that researchers hypnotized would be predictive aggression. Social inclusion used
two scales one was nine items and other was ten item. Interpersonal support evaluation list to measure social inclusion. This measure was reverse
scored. The researchers measured components of competitive within group self–esteem questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of participants to
rate themselves "relative to other college same age and sex." The ratings were on a ten point scale that ranged five percent relative to same sex peer.
The last measure was a twelve item that measured attractiveness to potential mates. The survey included items such as "members of opposite sex seem
to like me." The second measure was reverse scored. Then the participants were tested in groups of three to five people at a time. The participants were

Symptoms And Treatment Of Pediatric Patients
Hyperlactatemia is a prevalent condition in ICU patients and it occur because of the disturbance between oxygen supply and oxygen consumption,
hyperlactatemia also occurs as a result of increased aerobic glycolysis in hypermetabolic conditions [1]. Multiple organ dysfunctions that occurs
postoperatively, following trauma, and in septic shock are often associated with increased lactate levels [2], and it has been found that hyperlactatemia
is associated with bad prognosis [3]. The PRISM III score was calculated to evaluate the disease severity in the first 24 hours after hospital admission,
it uses age–related physiological variables estimated during the first day after admission, including: temperature, systolic blood pressure, heart rate,
pupillary reflexes, mental status, acidosis, pCO2, pO2, glucose, potassium, creatinine concentration, blood urea, white blood cell count, platelet count,
prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time [4]. Early detection of children who are at high risk for mortality gives chance for early changes in
therapy and improves the prognosis. Although improvement in critical care in pediatric patients in the last several decades, there is no consistent
marker for predicting mortality in the critically ill children [5]. A single elevated serum lactate measurement at the beginning of emergency department
care in pediatric sepsis is associated with a 5–fold increase in the risk of organ dysfunction, but no previous studies have investigated the

Comparative Value Of Real Time And Conventional Pcr
Comparative Value of Real Time and Conventional PCR in Antenatal Gender Determination
Naglaa Ibrahim Azab1, *, Rabab Fawzi Salim1, Mohamed A. Hadi Farag2
1 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha– Egypt.
2 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha – Egypt.
*Corresponding author naglaa1270@yahoo.com, naglaa.azab@fmed.bu.edu.eg
ABSTRACT
Invasive procedures including chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis in sex–linked diseases increase the risk of fetal loss. Therefore,
Noninvasive fetal gender determination using cell–free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma may be promising. Fifty pregnant women with
gestational age between sixth to tenth weeks were included. cffDNA were extracted from maternal plasma and amplified by real time PCR and
conventional PCR for detection of SRY, DYS14 and DAZ genes as specific genetic markers for male
–bearing pregnancies. In general, sensitivity and
specificity of real time PCR was better than conventional PCR. However, sensitivity of DYS14 gene and specificity of SRY gene by real time PCR
was equal to those of conventional PCR. Sensitivity of DYS14 gene was the highest and sensitivity of SRY gene was the lowest. However,
combination of the three Y–chromosome sequences in the diagnosis increased the test accuracy, which is suitable for clinical application.
Keywords: Fetal gender determination, cell free fetal DNA, SRY gene, DYS14 gene, DAZ gene,

Statistics Can Reduce Internet Fraud Essay
Many online auction sites help consumers bid on items they might want to possess. These sites include eBay, WebStore, ebid, OnlineAuction, OZtion,
Overstock, and a whole slew of others. Currently there is no system to protect consumers from fraudulent sales. When someone bids for an item,
consumers trust both the seller and the online auctioneer to be both honest and ethical when presenting items for bid. Many of the auction houses,
including Sotheby's and Christie's have their experts examine each piece to prove authenticity. However, it is not all bad news. To help protect
consumers from fraud, Joseph Gastwirth and Wesley Johnson have found that the use of statistics answers the problem of authenticity. Joseph... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They gathered all the alleged Henry Moore
item auctioned on eBay during the period of March 2005 through November 2007. It totaled 239 items. After they completed the gathering of the
data, they required the help of two independent evaluators. "The first was Stephen Gabriel, an expert on Moore, and the second was one of the
authors (JLG)." (Gastwirth & Johnson, 2011) They had a third person, Dr. H. Hikawa download each item. They used digital photos of each of the
items. "The files were e–mailed to the first evaluator, while the second evaluator was given a printed version." (Gastwirth & Johnson, 2011) Neither
assessor was able to talk to the other about any of the art for sale during the study period in order to ensure the independence of the evaluations. "The
results of the study were summarized in two 2 x 2 tables reporting the matched pairs classification for the two groups of artwork." (Gastwirth &
Johnson, 2011) Figure 1 is a copy of that table.
PrintsEvaluator 2QuestionableGenuineTotal
Evaluator 1Questionable61016Genuine1149150Total7159166
Sculptures and DrawingsEvaluator 2QuestionableGenuineTotal
Evaluator 1Questionable59665Genuine268Total611273
The second part is their specificity, which is in some ways the reverse – that they know a genuine article when they see one. These are far from being
the same thing. An evaluator

Predictive Validation Paper
While it can be difficult to find that there are processes, procedures, and business decisions in place that may not be working as intended, for leaders,
analytics are unavoidable as the insights gained add value and drive leaders to make better evidence–based people decisions (Hirsch, Sachs & Toryfter,
2015). Analytics are used in various business practices including the validation of pre–employment assessments. Validation is one of the most essential
aspects of any legitimate pre–employment assessment program. Predictive validity is established when the scores from a measurement procedure
generate accurate predictions about the construct it has been designed to measure. (e.g., intelligence, achievement, burnout, etc.). In a predictive
validation... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consider for example a university that is looking to hire 20 faculty members to fill positions within its math and science department from an applicant
pool of 125. An assessment is given to identify the most qualified applicants. An optimal study design would use and test predictive validity
simultaneously placing the 20 applicants with the best scores in the vacant positions. After 6 months, the hires work performance would be assessed.
From there the assessment and work performances (criterion) can be correlated. The result is high reliability and high content validity. Chances for
adverse impact are also greatly reduced. This approach also provides verification of job–relatedness of the assessment. It is also difficult for applicants
to fake job proficiency which ensures a more positive correlation in the relationship between test scores and job performance. The validation of
assessments aid managers in gaining an understanding of the market and formulating employer branding. Assessment validation is also the key driver
in objectively quantifying test results. Through the use of predictive validation managers are able to confirm that the items included in an assessment
accurately represent the constructs being analyzed and that appraisal based on logic and

Classi Cation Performance Evaluation Report
To evaluate our systems classication performance, i.e. the proportion of correctly classi ed tweets for a given test set, we used four common
information retrieval (IR) evaluation measures, including recall (R), Precision (P), F1 Score, and Accuracy [73]. To explain these evaluation
measures, we use a confusion matrix depicted in gure 5.1. 1 Classified Positive Classified Negative Actual Positive TP FN Actual Negative FP TN
Figure 5.1: Confusion Matrix Where, TP (True Positive) ) Number of correct classications of the positive samples FN (False Negative) ) Number of
incorrect classications of positive samples FP (False Positive) ) Number of incorrect classications of negative samples TN (True Negative) ) Number
of correct classications... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In another way, it is the number of positive predictions divided by the total number of positive class values predicted. It is also called the Positive
Predictive Value (PPV). Precision can be thought of as a measure of a classiers exactness. A low precision can also indicate a large number of False
Positives. Precision, P = TP TP + FP Recall: Recall is the number of True Positives divided by the number of True Positives and the number of False
Negatives. In another way it is the number of positive 48 5.3 Results with Supervised Feature Selection predictions divided by the number of positive
class values in the test data. It is also called Sensitivity or the True Positive Rate. Recall can be thought of as a measure of a classiers completeness. A
low recall indicates many False Negatives. Recall, R = TP TP + FN F1 Score: The F1 score, also called the F Score or the F Measure, conveys the
balance between the precision and the recall. The traditional F1 score (F–measure or balanced F–score) is the harmonic mean of precision and recall:
F1 Score, = 2 P R P + R Accuracy: The accuracy is the proportion of true results (both true positives and true negatives) among the total number of
cases examined. Accuracy simply

Predictive Analytics : The Use Of Data Science For...
Essay Introduction To compete effectively in an era in which advantages are ephemeral, companies need to move beyond historical, rear–view
understandings of business performance and customer behavior and become more proactive(tableau). Predictive Analytics is the use of data science for
audience profiling. Generic audience profiling involves determining specific characteristics of your target audience and creating specific personas to
represent each type of person within your target audience. Predictive analytics is essentially the same process, but from a data perspective (koozai).
Predictive analytics can be used in wide areas in the industry, it's importance is not constrained to a particular domain and ranges from marketing,
telecommunication, retail, banking, etc. For example, the telecommunication industry has noticed a high customer churn since the switching costs are
slim to none. So telecommunication companies operating in this industry are looking for new ways to differentiate themselves from competitors in
order to retain customers. By using predictive analytics as a solution to this problem, they would be able to understand the customer needs,
requirements and retain them also allowing them to acquire new ones more effectively. With predictive analytics, companies can predict trends,
understand customers, improve business, drive strategic decision making and predict behavior. A company named Cox Communications, the third
largest cable entertainment and broadband

Prostate Cancer Research Paper
Prostate cancer is considered as the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, in the U. S and most cases of prostate cancer have a good prognosis.
Some of these cases can be aggressive and the death–rate is assessed to be 2.8%. The Prostate–specific antigen (PSA) test is used for screening for
prostate cancer, to aid early detection and treatment.
Prostate–specific antigen (PSA) test Prostate–specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the prostate gland, found in the blood. Blood sample is
utilized to check PSA levels and Lab results are reported in nanograms of PSA per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. 4 ng/mL is considered to be the normal
level of PSA. Levels of PSA in the blood may be elevated in patients who have prostate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although PSA Screening tests can facilitate to detect prostate cancer in its early stage, there is controversy and concern about patient being
unnecessarily treated and over–diagnosed. The reliability of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing is very poor. PSA values could be false positive
caused by conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, ejaculation, perineal trauma and PSA value cannot be used to rule out prostate cancer.
PSA–screening misses a considerable number of patients with PCa (false–negatives) and wrongly suspects or false–positives (Hayat, Nordin and
Berglund, 2013). Sensitivity of the test is determined with the percentage of people tested with the disease that had positive results equals the number
of patients that were true positive. The cut–off range for an abnormal PSA screening is 4.0 ng/mL. The American Cancer Society estimated that, the
sensitivity of a PSA levels cutoff of 4.0 ng/mL, was twenty one percent for detecting any prostate cancer and fifty one percent for detecting high–grade
cancers (Gleason в‰Ґ8). Validity of the test can be determined by the ability of its screening to accurately identify, if the patient has the disease or not.
With PSA screening alone, one cannot validate if the patient has prostate cancer and other diagnostic tests such as digital rectal exam

What Is Next Generation Sequencing And Liquid Biopsy?
Next–generation sequencing and liquid biopsy:
Next–generation sequencing (NGS) has lately been adapted to diagnostic prerequisites and a growing number of diagnostic facilities offer an
assortment of NGS–based services. However, variable NGS–based methodologies ranging from amplicon–based (targeted) NGS, whole exome (WGS)
or whole genome NGS (WES) exist and are suited for different applications. As regards to tumor diagnostics in molecular pathology amplicon–based
NGS predominantly is usually applied this is due to the facts that
п‚§Most of sequence information produced by WGS and WES cannot be converted into clinical intervention,
п‚§WGS and WES are not prepared for FFPE based NGS,
п‚§the yield of WGS and WES appears to be too low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While, Predictive biomarkers identifies the possible benefit of a particular treatment to a particular patient, and subsequently are used to make clinical
choices. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers measure the impact of a medication on the disease, whereas diagnostic biomarkers are used to set up the
particular disease present in the patient sample. Yet, the "prognostic" and "predictive" biomarkers are responsible for patient outcome. (Bentzen et al.
2008) As indicated by a U.S. NIH Consensus Conference, "a clinical valuable prognostic biomarker must be demonstrated as independent, significant
factor that is easy to determine and interpret and that has therapeutic consequences". Prognostic biomarker provides data about the patients overall
outcome irrespective of the treatment response (Nicholas et al. 2011).
In contrast, a predictive biomarker provides data about the impact of a therapeutic intervention as it enables screening of a subset of patients that are
receptive to a specific therapy where response is defined. (Nicholas et al. 2011).
Some biomarkers work as both prognostic and predictive. For instance, patients with breast cancer that is estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone
receptor

Case Study Of Acute Appendicitis
–
Out of 100 patients studied in this research, the age incidence varies between 12 to 47 years, the maximum incidence of acute appendicitis was found
in age group of 21– 40 years [56 patients (56%)], followed by age group of в‰¤20 years [28 patients (28%)] and lastly the age group of 41–60 years
[16 patients (16%)]. Regarding to sex, males were more than females [68 males (68%) vs 32 females (32%) with a ratio of 2.13:1 respectively].
Married patients were suffering from acute appendicitis more than single patients (52% vs 48% respectively). Regarding to job, students were the
maximum job suffering from acute appendicitis (32%) followed by workers (28) then house wife (20%). Acute appendicitis were more prevalent among
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This concurs with our results, the incidence of acute appendicitis were more in males than females (68% vs 32%) with a ratio of 2.13:1. But other
investigators, documented different results in which that male: female ratio was 1: 1.66 [Mardan et al., 2007]. Ultrasonography is an affordable,
noninvasive tool whose results can be obtained more quickly than for C T scans [Incesu et al., 1997]. Many studies proved that, ultrasound has a
high sensitivity ranged from 55% to 98% and specificity ranged from 50% to 100%, PPV ranged from 80.48% to 97.4, NPV ranged from 19.51%
to 89.19% and accuracy ranged from 70.91% to 81%.. These results emphasize that appositive ultrasonographic findings for appendicitis is strongly
in favor of a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. However a negative ultrasound findings is not sufficient to rule out the diagnosis and discharge the
patient [Singh et al., 2014; Incesu et al., 1997; Flum et al., 2002; Nasiri et al., 2012]. But in our study, ultrasound sensitivity= 60%, specificity= 0%,
PPV= 70.59%, NPV= 0% and accuracy= 30%, comparing our results with the previous results reveals that the ultrasound provides less reliable
findings for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in our study. These variations in reported data may be due to that, the ultrasound is an operator–
dependent technique and the results vary depending on how is performing

Bipolar Disorder II ( Bpd II )
Bipolar Disorder II (BPD–II) is a relatively new disorder, first appearing in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition
(DSM–IV) as a separate condition to Bipolar Disorder I (BPD–I), which until then was deemed as being a personality style (Parker, 2015). BPD–II is
more often than not described as being the "lite" version of BPD–I (Phelps, 2012) thought to have much less incapacitating effects on the individual
however; its disease burden is comparable to that of BPD–I, if not worse (Merikangas & Lamers, 2011) Of all non–communicable diseases, Bipolar
Disorder (BPD) is ranked in the top ten most debilitating with BPD–II prevalence ranging from 0.4% (World Health Organisation, 2008) to 1.2%
(Bauer & Pfennig, 2005). Its suicide rates are amongst the highest of all mental disorders with the Rihmer & Pestality (1999) study indicating that
suicide risk may be greater in BPD–II when compared to BP–I and Unipolar Depression (UPD) (12%), are more likely to use more lethal means and
have greater numbers of completed suicides. As per DSM–5 (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2013) criteria, the two key BPD–II symptoms
are episodes of recurrent depression and an episode/s of hypomania whereby some individuals rapid cycling between hypomanic and depressive states
in short periods of time, significantly impacting work, family and social environments. Diagnosing BPD–II is of great sleuth work on the clinician's
part as hypomanic symptoms are not easily

Social Cost Of Cancer
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease. In 2011, more than 575,000 people died of cancer,
and more than 1.5 million people had a diagnosis of cancer. Millions more have been affected by cancer directly post diagnosis or indirectly by taking
care of a loved one that had been diagnosed with cancer. The actual cost of such a disease extends well beyond the number of lives lost and new
diagnoses each year. Cancer survivors, as well as their family members, friends, and caregivers, may face physical, emotional, social, and spiritual
challenges as a result of their cancer diagnosis and treatment. The financial costs of cancer also are overwhelming. According to the National Institutes
of Health,

Ceervical Cancer Case Study
Good Evening Dr. Anttila and Class, Based on Shelby's age, smoking, and medical history, she should be screened for cervical cancer. Women age
30–65 should have a Pap (Papanicolaous) smear done every three years or Pap smear in combination with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing every 5
years (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2016). HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Smoking doubles a woman's risk of developing cervical
cancer and it also weakens the body's immune system to fight the HPV virus (ACS, 2017). Cervical cancer is the 4th most commonly diagnosed
cancer among women worldwide and the 14th in the U.S. (Kessler, 2017). This year the cervical cancer prevalence was estimated to be 256,078 and
incidence was 12,820 in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study was done by performing a Pap smear, followed by a visual inspection with acetic acid, and a colposcopy on all the subjects. Biopsies were
done to those who had an abnormal result. A "histopathological diagnosis was used as gold standard for women for whom biopsies were taken"
(Saleh, 2014). A larger study involving 256,648 women in multiple clinical practices in the U.S. comparing Pap test alone vs co–testing with HPV and
HPV test alone showed that a positive co–test result has a better sensitivity (98.8%; 4040 of 4090 co–tests) for diagnosing CIN3 than either a positive
HPV only test (94%; 3845 of 4090 HPV only tests) or a positive Pap only test (91.3%; 3734 of 4090 Pap only tests; P<.0001). A high sensitivity means
that the test is capable of detecting those who have the disease. A positive Pap only result had a slightly better specificity (26.3%; 66,145 of 251,715
Pap only tests) for diagnosing CIN3 than a positive HPV only test (25.6%; 64,625 of 252,556 HPV only tests) or a positive co–test (10.9%; 27,578 of
252,558 co–tests; P<.0001) (Blatt, Kennedy, Luff, Austin, & Rabin, 2015). When performing a test simultaneously like a co–test, the specificity
usually decreases because both tests have to show negative results for the individual to be considered negative and the sensitivity increases because an
individual will be considered positive when either of the tests show positive. The results of the three tests are very similar. This shows

New Predictive Model For Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
A clear objective of this study has been demonstrated in the paper: To construct a new predictive model for vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC),
which incorporates the factors that can only be obtained as the pregnancy progresses and compare the new model with a previous model that only
have variables available at the first prenatal visit. In this study, authors stated that in a previous model is limited to the variables which are available
at the first prenatal visit, and they want to know whether incorporating pregnant woman's most recent circumstances can refine the predicted
probability of VBAC. Model and Variables: Logistic model has been use in this study. In previous model, only variables at first prenatal visit have
been used. In this study, Grobman et. al developed the model by adding the variables that can only be obtained as the pregnancy progresses.
Cross–validation method was used to evaluate the predictive power of models. Dataset was equally divided into two parts. Models were fitted on
training set and tested on testing set. Results The significant factors in the model were presented in table 1. In Fig 1 and 2, calibration curves
(empirical probabilities vs predicted probabilities) were presented. The predicted probabilities are the mid–points of five equal intervals (0%–20%,
21%–40%, ..., etc). The empirical probabilities were calculated by average all women in the same interval. The closer to the 45–degree line, the better
the model is. Figure 1

Predictive Accuracy And Modelling For Explanatory Power Essay
Through using R, we have created a set of models that help to predict the likelihood of a customer churning. By working together in the analysis
stage we were able to 'bounce' ideas off one another and grasp a further understanding of the data and customer churn. We created two different
models: modelling for predictive accuracy and modelling for explanatory power. What is our team structure? In the group we have four team
members that consists of three males and one female; Ryan Campion, Samuel O'Connell, Hunter Stewart, and myself, Hannah Lowe. We've all
worked really well together. Everyone has contributed and we have managed to meet the allocated times set to doing this assignment. There has
been no group issues, or any person putting in any less effort than the other. In the analysis stage we tackled it as a group: we didn't work as
individuals. We worked on one computer and used the lab work we had done prior to aid us with our models. The reason for this is that we were
confused slightly as how to read the models from the start; by discussing it with one another we were able to grasp a better concept of what we were
looking for. In the reporting stage we all worked independently, within our own time frame. There was a discussion on the findings from the data,
which is in our reports, but in our own words. The presentation was worked on collectively. I organised the parts that were to be discussed, these areas
were the distributed to other members. We all wrote

Using The Method Of S2
Method
The method of S2 was to conduct a nested–case–control study. Utilizing a national database of civil registration numbers, through which all databases
were linked and a university prescription database. The inclusion criteria were to have a prescription history of Met > or = two years before the
diagnosis of PCa (index date). For every case in the study 10 controls were selected and those controls were born the same year, alive, and resided in
the same area < two years before the index date of the case.
Results
S2 identified 12,226 cases of PCa and selected 10 controls per case for a total of 12,260 controls. Met users were found to have a reduced risk of PCa
when compared to never users of Met (adjusted OR [aOR]: 0.84; 95% CI, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study was publishes in 2015. This study determined the optimum prostate–specific antigen (PSA) value coupled with free PSA% (FPSA%) to
reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies performed on benign prostate disease while identifying significant tumors of prostate cancer (PCa). The
study involved 2,225 Caucasian patients who experienced biopsies between the years of 1995 and 2012 and were in the Biobank. The patients were
stratified into four age groups: < or = 49 years, 50–60 years, 60–69 years, and > or = 70 years. To determine the new PSA cutoff values, scenarios were
simulated with sensitivity and specificity calculated for all PSA cutoff values from 1.25 ng/ml to 6 ng/ml in increments of 0.5 ng/ml and FPSA%
values of 15%, 18%, and 20% were compared and contrasted for all groups. Sensitivity was determined to be 88% in all groups, this value was
utilized as the lower limit for the new cutoff values and among that group of > or = 88% those with the highest specificity and sensitivity were
utilized as the new PSA cutoff values. Statistical analysis was calculated for the new cutoffs, including a 95% confidence interval. The receiver
operating characteristic curves with stratified FPSA% values of < or = 18% vs. > 18% and < or = 21% vs. 21% were noted. The proposed new cutoffs
for PSA, the FPSA% and the reduced number of biopsies

Accounting Information and Predicting Financial Performance
Accounting Information and Predicting Financial Performance:
Accounting information can be useful in order to help predict future performance in the short and long term. It is important to note however that
accounting information including accounting ratios show a company's performance at a period in time. It is historical data. Trends can be identified by
comparing data in sequential periods and future forecasts can be determined using historical data. There is no evidence or proof however, that these
patterns will predict the future at a level of complete certainty. In my opinion, it would be hard to argue that decreasing profits over an extended
period of time, or deteriorating liquid assets and increasing long term debt will have a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The coverage ratios use cash flow from operations in most cases. Coverage ratios are important to long term investors and creditors because of the
nature of the ratios that show the availability of cash to pay for items that include long term debts and dividends as well calculating percentages of
cash flow from operations to shareholders equity, and average number of common shares outstanding (Ibarra, 2009). In addition, it has been
determined that the cash flow to total debt (a coverage ratio) can be used as one of the best indicators of financial distress (Jooste, 2007). In all
coverage ratios, a high ratio and increasing trends is the best case scenario.
Regression analysis seems to be extremely useful in determining financial distress and the bankruptcy of firms. In fact, in a particular study conducted
by Bredart in 2014, it was presented that regression analysis was able to show an 84% prediction accuracy rate in determining bankruptcy of 870 firms
between the years of 2000 and 2012 (Bredart, 2014). The independent variables used in Bredart study included profitability (net income/total assets),
liquidity (current assets/current liabilities), and solvency (equity/total assets) while the dependent variable included financial distress.
Although cumulative research seems

Support Vector Machine ( Svm )
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is primarily a classier method that performs classification tasks by constructing hyperplanes in a multidimensional
space that separates cases of different class labels. SVM supports both regression and classification tasks and can handle multiple continuous and
categorical variables. For categorical variables a dummy variable is created with case values as either 0 or 1. Thus, a categorical dependent
variable consisting of three levels, say (A, B, C), is represented by a set of three dummy variables: A:{1 0 0}, B: {0 1 0}, c:{0 0 1} To construct an
optimal hyperplane, SVM employs an iterative training algorithm, which is used to minimize an error function. According to the form of the error
function, SVM models can be classified into four distinct groups: Classification SVM Type 1 (also known as C–SVM classification) Classification
SVM Type 2 (also known as nu–SVM classification) Regression SVM Type 1 (also known as epsilon–SVM regression) Regression SVM Type 2 (also
known as nu–SVM regression) C.Dataset The dataset for ECG signals are obtained from MIT–BIH pyhsionet database. There were two databeses
present in the website, one was Normal Sinus Rhythm database(NSR), and other was sudden cardiac death(SCD) database. In this database it had
one hour of each pateints ECG record, where 30 minutes were prior to cardiac arrest. Every 5 minutes of ECG srignal were used to record HRV, and
thus keeping a window size of 10 minutes, HRV values

A Research Study On Alcohol Abuse
In the proposed study, analyzes of several potential distal and proximal determinants of 8th and 10th graders' alcohol abuse would be conducted using
a nationally representative sample from the Monitoring the Future study to understand its pathways. It is expected that Bandura's concept of
"reciprocal determinism" related to Social Learning Theory (1978) and Life Course Theory (Elder, 1998) as developmental theory will help explain
that victimization (a risk factor) as a direct or indirect predictor of adolescents' alcohol abuse, as well as interpersonal relationship with family and peers
as a protective factor, which can moderate the predictive effect of victimization on self–perception, perception towards alcohol, and alcohol abuse. In
the proposed path analysis, all statements related to each path are based on some evidence in the literature. As a result, it is expected to the proposed
path analysis will help evaluate victimization as the direct and indirect predictor of interpersonal relationship, self–perception, and perception towards
alcohol, and alcohol abuse among adolescents in the United States. On the other hand, it is expected that interpersonal relationship of adolescents will
moderate the effect of victimization. Additionally, it is also expected that self–perception as moderated by interpersonal relationships, or influenced by
victimization, will mediate the outcome measure, alcohol abuse. Similarly, perception towards alcohol influenced by victimization or

Case Mix Based Funding For Patients
(A) Statements:–1
Firstly case mix distributes a fixed state budget based on the type and number of patients treated and the average of patients treated and the average
cost of treating patients as reported by hospitals.
Case mix based funding is used to purchase an agreed services at an agreed patients.
It is based on the average cost of treating patients.
Case mix provides incentive to treat patients for the fewest inputs.
This type of funding helps determine hospital budgets and hospital management allocate resources within organization.
Case mix influences each hospitals fair share of a fixed state budget.
Case mix allocates funds in way that promotes health funding objectives particular hospital.
Example: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
WIES (weighted inliers equivalent separation) co payments are in addition to base allocation determined by the patients DRG and length of stay.
Cost data supplied to director of health is accurate as possible.
Various block funding used to support hospital activity such as incentive schemes, teaching and research, new technology patient complexity,
compensation grants. (B) Statements: – 2
Australian Institute of health and welfare
ARDRG modifications to the preferred option that outperformed their inclusion would not be consistent with decisions made about other ADRGs
across the classification.
It should be noted that, for two of these ADRGs, the vote was very nearly equally divided between two option For two ADRGs the statistical criteria
for splitting were not adequately satisfied in the preferred option.
In addition,, a modification to the preferred option that out–performed those presented to the DTG was found after the meeting. In both cases, this
involved adding a same day split to the preferred patient complication and co morbidity level (PCCL) split.
This was consistent with suggestions that were made by DTG members for other ADRGs. In these cases, further analysis had been circulated after the
meeting and the suggested modification accepted by the members.
(C) Statements: – 3
ICD is vital for the correct coding & interoperation of cause of death information by codes and statisticians.

Fluid Responsiveness Study
Introduction Prediction of fluid responsiveness has been investigated to prevent fluid overload because excessive peri–operative fluid administration
can be a contributory factor to postoperative complications, prolonged length of hospital stay, organ failure and mortality1–4. Mini–fluid challenge is a
strategy to assess fluid responsiveness based on a fractional change in stroke volume (SVfc) after a small loading dose of fluid. Theoretically, at a
steep portion of the Frank–Starling curve, SVfc after fluid loading would be greater than at a plateau portion. Therefore, greater SVfc after small fluid
loading could indicate positive fluid responsiveness. Several studies have shown that a mini–fluid challenge could predict fluid responsiveness... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The administration of a small amount of fluid is thought to have minimum adverse effects in even non–responders. Muller et al reported that a rapid
administration of 100 mL fluid induced a greater than 10% increase of subaortic VTI by Doppler echocardiography, which subsequently predicted a
15% increase in VTI after a 500 mL of fluid administration in mechanically ventilated and sedated ICU patients with acute circulatory failure5. Guinot
et al demonstrated a greater than 7% SVfc measured by thoracic impedance cardiography after 100 mL of fluid administration was a good predictor of
a subsequent increase in SVfc in response to a 500 mL fluid loading in spontaneously breathing patients under spinal anaesthesia6. Therefore, the
mini–fluid challenge can be a clinically useful diagnostic method to predict fluid responsiveness in either mechanically or spontaneously ventilated
patients. The present study also showed the relatively high (r = 0.77) correlation coefficient between SVfc3 and SVfc10, suggesting that the greater the
increase in SVfc3, the better the fluid responsiveness. SVfc3 greater than 5.8% measured by transthoracic echocardiography also predicted fluid
responsiveness in mechanically ventilated anaesthetised dogs. All these results support the ability of the mini–fluid challenge to predict fluid
responsiveness based on SVfc. However, the assessment of SVfc is challenging in routine practice because it requires special and expensive equipment.
Therefore, an alternative simple method to assess SVfc would be

Statistical Analysis On Pre-Eclampsia
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was carried out using the software program Anova one–way unstacked. Quantitative data were presented as mean
and standard deviation. Pearson correlation for measuring covariance of two variables divided by the product of their standard deviations measures
the strength of a linear association between two variables and is denoted by r. The Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve was used for
prediction of pre–eclampsia using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and the predictive values (positive and negative). Sensitivity: probability that
the test results will be positive when the disease is present (true positive rate, expressed as a percentage); Specificity: Probability that the test
results will be negative when the disease is present (true negative rate, expressed as a percentage); Positive Predictive value (PPV: probability that
the disease is present when the test is positive); Negative Predictive value (NPV: probability that the disease is present when the test is negative) and
accuracy is the ratio of the true positive and true negative on all patients. Result was considered significant at a P value of 400ml/24hrs). Oliguria was
found in 25% of severe preeclampsia cases as shown in Table (1).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This indicating increased intensity of proteinuria with the severity of disease (Table 3). Prediction of preeclampsia was done on the basis of serum
LCN2 using calculation of ROC curve and area under ROC curve. Sensitivity and specificity of serum Lipocalin2 using a cut off value of 480 pg/ml,
for the diagnosis of preeclampsia was found to be 100% and 100% respectively, using 95% confidence interval. The positive predictive value was
100%, negative predictive value was 100%, area under curve (AUC) was 1.0 and accuracy index was 100 % (Tables 4, 5 and Fig.

Essay On Ultrasound

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Essay On Ultrasound

Similar to Essay On Ultrasound (16)

More from Lori Bowie

More from Lori Bowie (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Essay On Ultrasound