ESS INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 2019-SURVEY

1
International Baccalaureate
Environmental Systems and Societies
Internal Assessment
Topic: The role of environmental value systems (dependent variables) in
determining family planning in Gurgaon/Delhi and Raniwalla/Hilasauri
(independent variable).

2
Contents
Criteria 1 Identifying the context
I. Aim………………………………..…………….…………………………………………..3
II. Research Question……………………………………..…………...……………………3
III. Research Question with Variables…………..………………………………………….3
IV. Background Information…………………….….…………...……………………………3
V. Global Environmental Issue Context………….……….………………………………..4
VI. Local Environmental Issue Context………….……….……….…….………..…………4
VII. The link between the RQ and Environmental Issue………...….……………………….4
VIII. Hypotheses……………………………………….….……………………………………..5
IX. Scientific Justification…………….……………..…………………………………………5
Criteria 2 Planning
I. Variables………………………………………………………………………………….…...6
II. List of apparatus………………………………………………………………………………8
III. Methodology…………………………………………………………………….………...….8
IV. Procedure……………………………………………………………………….…………….8
V. Sampling Strategy……………………………………………………...……………….……9
VI. Risk Assessments……………………………………….………………………………......9
VII. Ethical Considerations……………………….…………………………………………..….9
Criteria 3 Results, analysis and conclusion
I. Data Collection………………………………………………………………………...……11
II. Data Processing………………………………………………………………………….…15
III. Chi-squared Test…………………………………………………………………………...17
Criteria 4 Discussion and evaluation
I. Discussion….……….………………………………………………………………………..20
II. Findings...….…….…..……………………………………………………………………….21
III. Reviewing…………..……………………...…………………………………………………21
IV. Evaluation……………….………………………………………………………………...….22
V. Conclusion……….………………………………………………………………………..….23
VI. Link with Published Resources………………...……………………………………….….23
VII. Modifications and Further Areas of Research………………….………………..……….23
Criteria 5 Application
I. Justification of Environmental Issue……………………………………………………….25
II. Evaluation of solutions…………………………………………………………………......26
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...30

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Criteria 1 Identifying the Context
Aim
To determine how significant a role environmental value systems play in shaping
family planning in both the urban (Gurgaon/Delhi) and the rural (Raniwalla/Hilasauri),
and to see whether there are any other factors influencing family planning.
Research Question
To what extent does family planning differ from the urban (Gurgaon/Delhi) to the rural
(Raniwalla/Hilasauri), as a direct result of the influential components of environmental
value systems, in India?
Research Question with Variables
To what extent does family planning [dependent variable] differ from the urban to the
rural [independent variable], as a direct result of the influential components of
environmental value systems, in India?
Background Information
Maldevta is a small town on the
outskirts of Dehradun, which is
Uttarakhand’s capital and is famous
for its quality education. Maldevta
comprises of many villages, two
such being Raniwalla and Hilasauri.
India’s capital Delhi is the second
largest urban area in the world.1
Delhi has many medical and
engineering colleges and around 7
major universities.
Gurgaon is an up and coming city
with offices for more than
250 Fortune 500 companies; many
expats have settled here. This
founded international education, and
now Gurgaon has the best schooling
in India.2
1
“Delhi.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 Oct. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi.
2 “Gurgaon.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Sept. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon.
Figure #1 A Map of India showing the geographical
distance between studied areas.

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Global Environmental Issue Context
Human population growth is felt globally by the strain on precious resources like clean
water and
shelter. China
and India
account for 60%
of the world’s
population.3
A
combination of
the J-shaped
curve of growth,
scarcity of
resources, and
the limited
carrying
capacity of
Earth can result in a collapse. Family planning
must be used.
Changing the Consumption rate is one part of the equation according to the Paul
Ehrlich Equation.4
But population growth must be addressed. As Kenneth Boulder
said, “Anyone who believes that exponential growth can go on forever in a finite world
is either a madman or an economist.”5
Local Environmental Issue Context
In Maldevta, shortages of food are regular. This is more common in the summers,
when crops dry up, harvest is insufficient and rationing ineffective. This occurs
because of the surplus in population and the limitation of the carrying capacity of
Maldevta.
Locals don’t link the size of their families with these problems. High infant mortality
rates in the state area6
, are a reason for big families. So, improvements in healthcare
facilities and education can go a long way in eventually reducing natural growth, and
matching population with carrying capacity.
The Link between the Research Question and Environmental Issue
If I can successfully connect environmental value systems (hereby referred to as
EVSs) with family planning then solutions for population growth can be found.
3
“World population.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Oct. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population.
4
Paul Ehrlich Equation, www.colorado.edu/econ/courses/roper/sustainable-economics/resource-
productivity/ipat.html.
5
Drum, The Oil. “Population Growth Is Still The Biggest Problem Facing Humanity.” Business Insider, Business
Insider, 4 July 2010, www.businessinsider.com/population-growth-must-stop-2010-7?IR=T.
6 Azad, Shivani, and Tnn. “U’khand records rise in infant mortality rate - Times of India.” The Times of India, City,
23 Oct. 2016, timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Ukhand-records-rise-in-infant-mortality-
rate/articleshow/55002671.cms.
Figure #2 The Human Population Curve

5
Moreover, if education, socio-economic status, and culture can be influenced then
effectually family planning will also be influenced; rather than providing under-utilised
government schemes like the Jamkhed Project.7
Hypotheses
I believe that environmental value systems are the main determinant of the level of
family planning undertaken by a household, as they encompass many influential
factors. I think a higher quality of these factors like better education, and a higher
socio-economic status would indicate a higher quality of family planning.
I also believe that a certain location would have one common environmental value
perspective in place. This can be because people with similar socio-economic
incomes, education and peers choose to settle in a similar place.
Scientific Justification
I came across the term ‘family planning’ with the one-child policy in China: If a
household would have only one child, then the government would provide free
education and healthcare for that child. However, the policy promoted gender
discrimination, abortion practices and tapered the Chinese population demographic
transition model.8
India’s attempts at
such a policy were
futile, because of
cultural taboos.
This supports my
hypothesis:
people are
reluctant to try
planning methods because of
conservative backgrounds (culture) as
well as the government’s track-record,
like female sterilisation.9
Similarly, the book ‘Family Planning in Islam’10
explained that methods in birth control
were used in Islamic communities at the onset of the population boom. However, some
fatwas ensued from traditionalists on ‘radical thinking’. Again, a cultural setback thus
supporting my hypothesis.
7
India - Population and Family Planning Policy, countrystudies.us/india/34.htm.
8
Pletcher, Kenneth. “One-Child policy.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 24 July 2017,
www.britannica.com/topic/one-child-policy.
9
Burke, Jason. “India's population policies, including female sterilisation, beset by problems.” The Guardian, Guardian News
and Media, 13 Nov. 2014, www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/13/india-population-growth-policy-problems-sterilisation-
incentives-coercion.
10
“Family Planning in the Legacy of Islam.” Google Books, books.google.co.in/books?id=bV7-
jKIS3WoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=family%2Bplanning%2Bin%2Bislam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinodTc1u
TTAhUMo48KHRPeCxkQ6AEIITAA#v=onepage&q=family%20planning%20in%20islam&f=false.
Figure #3 The demographic transition models of
India and China in 1995.

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Criteria 2 Planning
Variables
1. Independent Variables
2. Dependent Variables
3. Controlled Variables
No. Variable Why controlled? How was it controlled?
1. Number of
households
interviewed
To allow sufficient
range for data
collection.
10-15 trials at each site. Allowed
for discrepancies, and the chance
that some people wouldn’t have
children or want to offer data.
2. Target
audience
To focus on the role
of mothers in family
planning.
Asked mothers between 20 to 50
years.
3. Number of
questions
To standardise
quantitative data and
keep calculations
constant.
Asked only 6 questions.
4. Kind of
questions
To ensure the
interviewer wouldn’t
influence data.
Followed a standardised format:
- Yes/ No
- A/ B/ C
5. Time of day To not disturb their
routine.
Went in the early morning.
No. Variable Impact of independence
1. Location Compare living conditions in rural areas
and urban areas.
No. Variable Impact of dependence
1. Education Area’s proximity to schools and colleges.
2. Socio-economic status Distribution of agriculture (primary sector)
and manufacturing (secondary sector)
would show the relative wealth of the area.
3. Contraceptive use Availability at nearest stores.

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4. Uncontrolled Variables
No. Variable Why uncontrolled? How to control?
1. Accuracy of data Depends on the efficiency of
the data-collection process.
Rechecking.
2. Bias of data The interviewee may be
misled by open-ended
questions.
Have close-ended
questions only.
3. Understanding the
questions asked
The interviewee may not
understand ESS
terminology.
Interviewer should
clarify doubts.
4. Repetition Other students had similar
questionnaires.
Design a different
questionnaire.

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List of apparatus
Methodology
My primary data includes my two questionnaires (attached in the appendix), and my
first-hand knowledge of the areas. My secondary data is sourced from the internet,
research papers and my teacher’s guide-book. All the evidence included will be in the
form of photos.
Procedure
Questionnaire #1 – To see if a correlation exists between women’s education
and family planning.
1) Create a questionnaire with close ended questions only (Controlled variable).
2) Pick a sample size of 10-15 households from the two main sites (urban and rural),
as any fewer wouldn’t give enough data to base findings upon. This standardises
the lab (Controlled variable).
3) Visit the household and interview target audience separately, as they may be
uncomfortable discussing culturally sensitive topics in front of their
family11
(Controlled variable). *Don’t interview women who aren’t mothers; data must
be exclusive to families with children to evaluate their method of planning*
4) Collect data by filling in answers with each new entry.
5) Have 8-10 trials of this experiment (Controlled variable).
6) Collate data into a table format for easy view.
Questionnaire #2 – To investigate the environmental perspectives in place.
1) Compile several case studies related to environmental perspectives.
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Cultural sensitivity is another key determinant of environmental value systems.

9
2) Design a questionnaire so that each question has three responses:
a. Ecocentric-based
b. Anthropocentric-based
c. Technocentric-based
3) Pick a sample size of 10-15 households from the two main sites (urban and rural),
as any fewer wouldn’t give enough data to base findings upon. This standardises
the lab (Controlled variable).
4) Through random sampling, ask interviewees to complete the questionnaire
(Controlled variable).
5) Count the number of As, Bs and Cs, and deduce the EVS. *In the case of having
no clear majority, note result as a mixed value system*
6) Have 8-10 trials of this experiment (Controlled variable).
7) Collate data into a table format for easy view.
Sampling Strategy
For my first questionnaire, I used stratified sampling because of the specific target
audience: Mothers. I needed data which would help establish a correlation between
use of contraceptives and children born. I also wanted to investigate the relationship
between the location of the child’s birth (home/ hospital) and education of the mother.
For my second questionnaire, I used random sampling as a method, as I needed to
know about the general EVS of the area. Data was standardised by looking at around
20 trials of the same experiment, and by interviewing locals from a common
questionnaire.
Risk Assessment
• Bias towards social questions; dishonest answers because of discomfiture.
• Changes in external factors like laws, regulations, and election season may
affect answers with relevance to the role of government.
Ethical Considerations
• To respect the interviewee always, and be conversational rather than
intimidating.
• To not fabricate data if needed data isn’t acquired.
• To not influence the data result by misleading the interviewee towards certain
answers.
Criteria 3 Results, analysis, and conclusion
Data Collection

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1. The first questionnaire is to see if a correlation exists between women’s
education and family planning. The star in the specific columns of ‘education
level’ and ‘contraceptives used?’ shows the link and importance of the
quantitative and qualitative information under both categories.

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2. The second questionnaire is to see the environmental value perspectives in
place.

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Data Processing
1. The first questionnaire’s aim was to see if a correlation exists between women’s
education and family planning.
Figure #4 The distribution of education of
mothers.
2
0
9
8
6
10
0
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Raniwalla Hilasauri Gurgaon Delhi
Thenumberofpeopleusingornotusing
contraceptives(DependentVariable)
The Areas/location (indepedent variable)
The Use of Contraceptives across rural and urban
areas in India
Contraceptives Used No contraceptives used
2
7
0 0
4
0
2
1
2
0
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Raniwalla Hilasauri Gurgaon Delhi
Thenumberofpeoplewhocpmpleted
thatlevel(DependentVariable)
The Areas/location (Independent Variable)
The Maximum Levels of Education pursued
across rural and urban areas in India
Primary Secondary Higher
Figure #5 The distribution of
contraceptive use by mothers.

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2. The second questionnaire’s aim was to establish the EVS.
5
1.5
0.5
The Distribution of
Raniwalla's EVSs
Ecocentric Anthropocentric Technocentric
9
00
The Distribution of Hilasauri's
EVSs
Ecocentric Anthropocentric
Technocentric
Figure 6.1 Rural A (Raniwalla) Figure 6.2 Rural B (Hilasauri)
1
1
7
The Distribution of Gurgaon's
EVSs
Technocentric
Figure 6.3 Urban A (Gurgaon)
1
4.5
3.5
The Distribution of Delhi's
EVSs
Technocentric
Figure 6.4 Urban B (Delhi)

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The Chi-Squared Test
Calculations for Questionnaire #1
The chi-squared test is done to determine a significant association between two
categorical variables.12
The formula is:
For standardisation purposes I will be taking the significance level as 0.05 for both.
The two sets of different categorical variables are:
1) For education level with contraceptive use (education – dependent variable)
Null Hypothesis – H0 is that there is not a correlation between education and
contraceptive use; they are independent.
Alternative Hypothesis – H1 is that there is a correlation between education level and
contraceptive use; they are dependent.
Key: (expected cell totals), [chi2
statistic]
After formula substitution:
12
“Chi-Square Statistic: How to Calculate It / Distribution.” Statistics How To,
www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/chi-square/.
Higher
Education
No higher
education
Marginal Row Totals
Contraceptive 16 3 19
No contraceptive 1 16 17
Marginal Column Total 17 19 36
Higher
Education
No higher
education
Marginal Row
Totals
Contraceptive 16 (8.97) [5.5] 3 (10.03) [4.93] 19
No contraceptive 1 (8.03) [6.15] 16 (8.07) [5.5] 17
Marginal Column
Total
17 19 36
Table 3.1
Table 3.2

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The chi2
statistic is 22.0871
The P-value is 0.000003
P < 0.5 (my significance level)
Therefore, my variables are dependent and I can now reject my null hypothesis.
Thus, the categorical data values (education and use of contraceptives) have a
correlation.
2) For rural/urban with contraceptive use (culture – dependent variable)
Null Hypothesis – H0 is that there isn’t a link between the development of the area you
live in and your use of contraceptives; they are independent
Alternative Hypothesis – H1 is that there is a link between the development of the area
you live in and your use of contraceptives; they are dependent.
statistic]
The chi2
statistic is 24.0832
The P-value is 0.000001
Thus, the categorical data values (culture and use of contraceptives) have a
correlation.
Rural Urban Marginal Row Totals
Contraceptive 2 17 19
No contraceptive 15 1 16
Marginal Column Total 17 18 35
Contraceptive 2 (9.23) [5.66] 17 (9.77) [5.35] 19
No contraceptive 15 (7.77) [6.72] 1 (8.23) [6.35] 16
Marginal Column
Total
17 18 35
Table 3.3
Table 3.4

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Calculations for Questionnaire #2
For standardisation purposes I will be taking the significance level as 0.05.
The two sets of different categorical variables that are type of location (independent
variable) with type of EVS (dependent variable).
In my data collection, there were people who had mixed EVSs. I’ve made adjustments,
because the data to be categorical: I’ve counted mixed EVSs as two separate EVSs.
Null Hypothesis – H0 is that there is not a correlation between location and
environmental value system; they are independent.
Alternative Hypothesis – H1 is that there is a correlation between location and
environmental value system; they are dependent.
statistic]
The chi2
statistic is 19.6349.
P-value is 0.000054
Thus, the categorical data values (location and environmental value systems) have a
correlation.
Ecocentric 15 4 19
Anthropocentric 2 8 10
Technocentric 1 13 14
Marginal Column
Total
18 25 43
Ecocentric 15 (7.95) [6.24] 4 (11.05) [4.49] 19
Anthropocentric 2 (4.19) [1.14] 8 (5.81) [0.82] 10
Technocentric 1 (5.86) [4.03] 13 (8.14) [2.90] 14
Marginal Column
Total
18 25 43
Table 4.1
Table 4.2

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Criteria 4 Discussion and Evaluation
Discussion
My investigation focused on how family planning and EVSs change with different
locations.
For my first questionnaire, I looked to link women’s education and family planning.
Figure 4 shows that the surveyed rural population were less educated than the urban
population. The maximum level of education differed: Hilasauri’s was primary
education (5th
grade), Gurgaon’s was higher education (Masters’ degree). Raniwalla
had a wider range of education than Hilasauri. Delhi had more people with
qualifications than Gurgaon.
Figure 5 shows us the same people in Figure 4 who use/ don’t use contraceptives.
Connecting the two figures, I saw people with qualifications, living in an urban area
were most likely to have fewer children and use contraceptives i.e. Gurgaon. Likewise,
people who had only completed primary education, and lived in rural areas were most
likely to have more children and not use contraceptives i.e. Hilasauri.
One discrepancy is with Delhi, which has secondary and higher education but still has
1 person not using contraceptives. Raniwalla’s data shows how different education
levels led to differences in usage of contraceptives. There is a clear link between
education and contraceptive use as shown by parallel Figures 4 and 5.
For my second questionnaire, I looked to link location and EVSs.
I variances in data, with uncontrolled variables: the cultural typecasts and socio-status
of the interviewees. None of my interviewees refused to answer any of my questions
but people in rural areas were more surprised by my questions than people in urban
areas.
Figure 6 shows the EVSs of each location studied. Hilasauri was completely
ecocentric, Delhi had a rough mix of all 3, Raniwalla and Gurgaon were majorly
ecocentric and technocentric, respectively. Linking this to Figures 4 and 5, I can see
how location influenced family planning, as an indicator variable.

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Findings
Reviewing
The chi-squared test proved that my categorical variables were dependent sets of
variables and thus had direct correlations.
For my first questionnaire, it was with family planning and the variables of education
and location.
For my second questionnaire, it was with my variables of location and EVSs.
I would need more research to see whether these variables were affecting each other,
or were similarly affected by an external factor (the primary independent variable:
location).

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Evaluation
Method Strengths Limitations Improvements
1. One
independent
variable
used
This focused my
research question
and correspondingly
my investigation, so
I could assess its
effects better.
I only gained
insights for a
specific area of
the EVSs.
I could have taken
a comparison of
villages in rural
areas and villages
from urban areas,
instead of taking
two different types
of locations.
2. Sample size Range of 8–10
interviews per
location. This
standardised the
data.
Not wise to
support
hypotheses
with evidence
from a smaller
set of values.
I should have
taken more
surveys to have
more data and
accuracy
3. Selection of
locations
I picked a variety of
locations: 2 for
urban and 2 for
rural. This gave me
a broader set of
data values.
The locations
were very close
to one another.
I also picked
Delhi, a capital
city, meaning
that it attracts a
lot of
immigrants (pull
factors). I also
did sampling
and not a
census.
I could have
chosen more
diverse locations
with geography as
a parameter.
4. Areas
explored
I looked at family
planning with
different lenses;
education, location,
culture; I found
interrelated links.
I only explored
‘contraceptives’.
Birth control
also includes
surgeries and
medicines
which I didn’t
explore.
I should’ve looked
at all aspects of
my investigation,
and overcome any
taboo surrounding
my topic.

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Conclusion
The aim of this investigation was to find out how significant a role EVSs play in shaping
family planning at homes in separate locations. My calculations and results all support
my hypothesis that EVSs are the main determinant of the level of family planning
undertaken by a household. I saw that a higher quality of these factors like better
education, and a higher socio-economic status indicated a higher quality of family.
My results support to some extent that a certain location would have one common
environmental value perspective in place. This was true with rural settings but not with
urban settings. This could be explained by the diversity in urban locations: The
deviation of education, the number of children born per mother, the cultural typecasts
shared. The places I picked were metropolises, meaning that pull factors were great
leading to immigration.
I found that the populations of rural locations had more similar traits than the
populations of urban locations. This is because of living closer together, and sharing
amenities. Thus, it would be easier to implement family planning methods in the rural
locations because you’d only be dealing with a certain set of cultural restrictions. In an
urban setting, there are more sectors of society to consider.
Link with Published Resources
The source: ‘UN condemns baby boxes for unwanted new-borns’, Newspaper article
from The Day.13
The link: The article shows a solution for many teenage mothers who have unwanted
babies. This shows that even European countries don’t have comprehensive family
planning. However, lack of education may not be the problem; media portrayal, peer
pressure and family life can create social problems. This supports my hypothesis,
which shows that any one aspect of EVSs can influence family planning. In Europe, it
is more of culture whereas in India it is more of education (as I concluded through my
investigation).
Furthermore, in India there should be more emphasis given to sex education. Places
where this is implemented, like Switzerland, see a significantly lower rate of teenage
pregnancies than countries without sex education.14
Modifications and Further Areas of Research
Sometimes, governments don’t want birth rates decreased but increased. This is
commonplace in Japan, Russia – countries with negative birth rates – where women
are paid to have children.15
Certain bodies are created solely for this purpose, i.e. PMA
13
Administrator. “Choose the News.” No cookies?, theday.co.uk/health/un-condemns-baby-boxes-for-unwanted-
newborns.
14
O'Dea, Clare. “The secret of Switzerland's low abortion rate.” SWI swissinfo.Ch, Swissinfo.ch, 2 Oct. 2012,
www.swissinfo.ch/eng/fertility-matters_the-secret-of-switzerland-s-low-abortion-rate/33585760.
15
“GCSE Bitesize: Case study: pro-Natalist policy in France.” BBC, BBC,
www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/population/managing_population_rev5.shtml.

23
of France. A regular PMA centre allows for homosexuals, and infertile couples to
expand families through ‘assisted medical procreation’, like artificial insemination, test-
tube babies, and genetically altering genes of foetuses.16
This poses modifications to my global environmental issue. Two big culprits of
population growth are China and India as they account for 60% of the world’s
population.17
However, I didn’t account for all the responses to the environmental
problem, which in hindsight is something I could have further researched. This shows
my lack of understanding in the depth of culture of my own EVS.
16
Croquet, Mathilde Damgé et Pauline. “La PMA en 8 questions.” Le Monde.Fr, Le Monde, 18 Sept. 2017,
www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2017/09/14/la-pma-en-8-questions_5185567_4355770.html.
17
“World population.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Oct. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population.

24
Criteria 5 Application
Justification of Environmental Issue
In my opinion, the environmental issue fits with the topic of this investigation; effects
are being felt worldwide although it’s primarily the developing countries of India and
China which are responsible for this phenomenon. Here in India, the cultural typecasts
are too strong to overcome easily. I’ve found a correlation between family planning
and education. This is proven with my chi-squared test results, which indicate that my
variables are linked, thus supporting my hypotheses.
Careers also play a key role in this: The rural was more involved in the primary sector
with agriculture (more ecocentric population); The urban was more involved in the
service sector (more technocentric population). Education is the major determinant of
later careers: You are more likely to have more family planning the better you are
educated, as seen by Figures 4 and 5.

25
Evaluation of Solutions
Solution Strengths Weaknesses
1. Start a national public
awareness and
education drive on use
of contraceptives.
Establish knowledge and
importance of family
planning across India.
This is an ecocentric-
based solution so rural
areas would be more
comfortable with it.
Pinpoint few locations to
maximise audience
reach. Launch large and
have a brand
ambassador to promote
the cause. These would
increase costs for the
government.
2. Create more effective
science-based
techniques for birth
control.
Ensures more ways to
prevent unwanted
pregnancy.
Most of the surveyed
population indicated an
ecocentric or
anthropocentric EVS. So,
they may not accept
solutions in this
technocentric format, and
may be unwilling to try
new methods.
There are research and
development costs
involved.
3. Increase
accessibility and
distribution of
contraceptives18
Increases availability of
contraceptives in rural
areas, and to younger
age groups.19
Costly method. Must
undertake research to
provide in places with the
best distribution value,
accessibility and need.
These solutions are dependent on EVSs:
• Solution 1 is more ecocentric
• Solution 2 is more technocentric
• Solution 3 is more anthropocentric
When deciding which solution to implement where, the government would have to take
into consideration the EVS of the place and match it to the same EVS in the solutions.
This would improve compatibility between solution and result.
18
Administrator. “Choose the News.” No cookies?, theday.co.uk/health/mail-order-contraception-launched-for-
christmas.
19
Sloggett, Chris. “Morning-after pill made available to under-16s.” No cookies?, theday.co.uk/health/morning-
after-pill-made-available-to-under-16s.

26
Appendix
Appendix #1 To see till what level is there a correlation between women’s education
and family planning.
Name of the City/Village:
Family City/Village Education
Level
No. of
kids
Age of
mother
at first
delivery
Place of
child birth
Contraceptive used?

27
Appendix #2 To investigate the environmental perspectives in place
Gender (the independent variable) Male Female
1.This is considered by some to be a major environmental issue – which one of the following
solutions do you think is most suitable?
A. We must educate people to encourage the reduction of greenhouse gases
(GHGs) - use public transport, reduce electricity consumption, change diets etc.
B. We must regulate the production of GHGs through legislation and taxes.
C. We must look to technology for solutions renewable energy, scrubbers, hybrid
cars.
2. Human population growth is significant most people agree that this will cause problems –
what is the solution?
A. Further scientific research is needed to ensure we can increase space, food
production, water supply and resources
B. It does not matter if people become less materialistic and more self-sufficient.
C. Policies such as China’s one child policy should be employed to bring
population growth under control.
3. Acid deposition is a serious problem in some areas of the world. How should we deal with
this issue?
A. We must educate people to encourage them to reduce the combustion of fossil
fuels of the gases that cause acid deposition.
B. We must use legislation and impose taxes to reduce the production of the gases
that cause acid deposition.
C. We must look to technology for solutions – renewable energy. Scrubbers,
hybrid cars etc.
4. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is a mass of plastic in the middle of the Pacific
Ocean. How can we avoid adding more plastic to it?
A. Clean up the GPGP.
B. Reduce, reuse and recycle.
C. Raise awareness (through education) of the concept of bio rights and the need
for humans to self-regulate consumption of plastics.

28
5. What should be done about deforestation?
A. We should plant more trees and actively engage in forest conservation groups.
B. Develop laws to ban it in certain places.
C. Spread awareness about the negative effects and look at alternatives to wood.
6. The company Dove had a Union Carbide plant which blew up in Bhopal – The Bhopal
Disaster. Many Indians were affected. What will you do now?
A. Stop using Dove, and use ecologically favorable brands.
B. That was a mistake, they’ve improved their facilities.
C. Raise awareness about understanding sustainable consumption and ethical
consumer behavior.
7. You see plastic garbage on a farm, where a cow can eat it. What do you do?
A. Pick it up and throw it in the right place.
B. Put a sign up that says ‘Do Not Litter’
C. Tell your neighbors about the side effects of animals eating plastic.
Results:
Mostly As – ecocentric
Mostly Bs – anthropocentric
Mostly Cs – technocentric

29
Bibliography
Websites
“Controlled Variables.” The Scientists Tries to Avoid Interference, explorable.com/controlled-
variables.
International Magazines
Rachel Sullivan Robinson | The Conversation. “Will Trump's global family planning cuts cause
side effects?” Business Standard, Business-Standard, 18 Apr. 2017, www.business-
standard.com/article/international/will-trump-s-global-family-planning-cuts-cause-side-
effects-117041800305_1.html.
Research Papers
“Family Planning in the Legacy of Islam.” Google Books, books.google.co.in/books?id=bV7-
jKIS3WoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=family%2Bplanning&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGnJP
-_cvTAhXEK48KHXb-AbcQ6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=family%20planning&f=false.
K. Charan Kumar, Guru. Family Planning.
gurumantra.wikispaces.com/file/view/Family%20Planning%20PL.pdf/556052839/Family%20
Planning%20PL.pdf.

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