This ESS IA talks about To compare the family planning in a two areas. A rural village (A- Hilaswali, Mahendra Pur, Dehradun) and a metropolitan city (B- Gurgaon, Haryana) and evaluate whether education influences it.

1. 9a
International Baccalaureate
Environmental Systems and Societies
Internal Assessment
An investigation into the education levels that are affecting the family
planning in a village and city.

2. 1 | P a g e
Table of Contents
Content Page Number
Introduction
- Aim 2
- Background Information 2
- Research Question and Environmental
context
4
- Hypothesis 4
- Scientific Justification 5
Planning
- Variables 5
- Methodology 7
- Procedure 7
- Risk Assessment 8
- Ethical Guidelines 8
Data Collection
- Raw Data 9
- Data Processing 11
- Mean Calculation 13
- Chi Square 15
- Pearson Correlation/ r Value Test 16
- Scatter Plots 17
Discussion and Evaluation
- Discussion 18
- Evaluation 21
- Conclusion 22
Application
- Solution to Environmental Problem 23
Appendix 24
Bibliography 26

3. 2 | P a g e
Introduction
Aim:
To compare the family planning in a two areas. A rural village (A- Hilaswali, Mahendra Pur,
Dehradun) and a metropolitan city (B- Gurgaon, Haryana) and evaluate whether education
influences it.
Research Question:
To what extent do the levels of education affect the various factors of family planning in a
village and city?
Background Information:
Location A- Hilaswali Maldevta, Dehradun
The city of Dehradun is located near the Himalayas and between the rivers Ganges and
Yamuna. Hilaswali is a small town in Dehradun nearby to Mahendra Pur with a growing
population of 800 stretched across acres of land. The main source of income for residents is
agriculture (selling produce to whole sellers in Dehradun). Growing population is depleting
nearby forests and threatening wildlife.
Figure 1- Map of Dehradun

4. 3 | P a g e
Figure 2: Location of Hilaswali on map.
Location B- Gurgaon, Haryana
Gurgaon is one of the most populated cities of India, and is considered immensely developed.
However, due to its immense inflow of people seeking better job opportunities there is shortage
of homes as land is a scarce resource. There is high consumption of energy and fossil fuels.
Figure
3: Gurgaon located on the map.

5. 4 | P a g e
Connection to Environmental Issue: Global
Overpopulation is a well-known environmental issue however its adverse effects are always
underestimated. There are two major impacts of a rapidly increasing population;
- Depletion of resources due to excess consumption
- Emission of waste products in the form of waste, pollution, greenhouse gases and other
toxics.
1
Environmental issue linked to Research Question: With an estimated population of more than
1.3 billion, India is expected to surplus the population of China by 2050 by reaching a total of
1.8 billion. The main source of this rapid growth are the high levels of birth rate due to
ineffective family planning which is affected by poverty and illiteracy.
Figure 4: Global World Population specifically
showing how China and India dominate it
This lack of family planning which includes factors such as age of marriage, age of mother at
birth and number of kids is the main problem. Therefore my research question is directed at
comparing differences in family planning in a village and a city and then evaluating why
these differences persist.
Hypothesis-
• Gurgaon will have better family planning then Hilaswali because
• Gurgaon has higher levels of Education which will result in better family planning.
• Showing a strong relationship between education and family planning.
1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population

6. 5 | P a g e
Scientific Justification-
It is believed that Education can be labelled as the best contraceptive as it involves spreading
awareness which is the most effective way to reduce unwanted fertility.
Hannum and Buchman find that “countries with better-educated citizens tend to have healthier
population, as educated individuals make more informed health choices, and have healthier
children.” Cohen et al. also cite a range of benefits of secondary education in the developing
world, including lowering fertility and population growth. 2
Planning
There are several variables that were taken into consideration to ensure accuracy of data and a
logical methodology.
Variables: Table below shows list of controlled variables:
Controlled Variable How it was controlled Why it was controlled
Number of
Households visited
In both the village and city,
30 houses were visited by
using random sampling.
Sampling was used to generalize
population as it would not be possible to
conduct surveys in all houses.
Number of
Households chosen
for survey
20 houses were chosen out
of 30 as surveys that had data
with outliers were removed
Increased accuracy of data as outliers can
distort results and lead to faulty
conclusions.
Number of questions
asked
The same questionnaire with
7 questions was used in both
the village and the city.
Insured additional information from the
interviewee didn’t lead to participant bias.
Gender of Participant Surveys were only
conducted in houses in
which a women was
answering the questions.
Increased reliability as data from women
is first-hand information.
Day and Time Surveys were conducted on
Sunday and in the
afternoon.
Ensured that women were available to
answer questions as they would not be
busy with household work.
2 International Journal of Population Research Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 940509, 9 pages

7. 6 | P a g e
Variables manipulated for survey:
Type of Variable What was
manipulated?
How was it
manipulated?
Why was it
manipulated?
Independent Variable
Age of Participant Only women aged 20-
50 were surveyed.
Restricts outliers from
appearing in data.
Education Level Education level of
interviewee was noted
before survey started.
This is the main factor
influencing the other
variables
Dependent Variable Contraceptive Used Interviewee was
asked about use of
contraceptive,
frequency of usage
and awareness and
availability of it.
Knowledge of
contraceptive
indicates proper
education.
Uncontrolled Variables- Weather
Availability of Interviewee
Apparatus Needed:
Apparatus Name Precautions to take
Notebook and Writing Material - Should have adequate pens and number of
pages for additional information.
Survey (Refer to appendix 1) - Questions are easy to understand, but are open
ended so answers are not restricted.
Local Guide - Should have knowledge about the village/city
and their inhabitants.
Translator - To translate questions to Hindi and translate
answers back to English without losing the
information provided.

8. 7 | P a g e
Methodology:
Before survey was conducted several methods and techniques were used to ensure
data would be accurate.
- Factors were chosen to be compared with levels of education. These
included age of marriage, age at first delivery, number of kids and
contraceptive used.
- Photographs were taken at site for evidence.
- Research was conducted before hand so suitable questions could be asked.
Procedure:
1. Questionnaire used simple language so it could be easily understood. A copy was
translated into Hindi for Area A- Village.
2. Secondary research was conducted to gather prior-knowledge of both the areas.
3. Information was collected from spokesperson of both the areas, this helped better
understand the background history through primary research.
4. 30 houses were chosen based on random sampling and visited.
5. Surveys were conducted in Area A- Hilaswali
6. Steps 4 and 5 were repeated in Area B – City
7. Strategic sampling was used to choose data of 20 houses.
8. Once data collection was complete, raw data was changed to processed tables.
9. The processed data was made into graphs and models and used for mathematical
processes.
10. These visual representations and numerical values were used to discuss and evaluate
the hypothesis.
11. Discussion and evaluation led to conclusion of the research question.

9. 8 | P a g e
Sampling Strategy and Justification:
- I applied random sampling as my method to choose the houses to survey.
Using random sampling ensures that each house has an equal probability of being selected
which restricts the formation of a biased sample and therefore provides an accurate
representation of the larger population. Ease of use is also an advantage.
- I used a convenience sample of 30 houses.
This was made up of people who were easy to reach which guaranteed that it will be easier
to cover houses in the available time.
- After collecting data, strategic sampling was used by selecting data of 20 houses from
the 30 studied.
This helped remove outliers which can distort the mean of the data to one side. As the data
used random sampling outliers could be removed physically without any bias.
Risk Assessments:
• Questions are translated beforehand (if needed) and repeated each time. A slight change
could lead to participant mis-interpreting the question.
• Participant is made comfortable and asked for permission before surveying as answers
of questions are of sensitive personal information.
• Aim of survey is not specified before conducting survey so as to make sure that no
participant bias takes place.
Ethical Guidelines-
• Participants were asked for their consent before they were asked questions as survey
contained personal questions.
• Participants were debriefed after survey and told what the survey was about and why it
was being conducted.
• Participants were allowed to stop the survey at any time.
• Participants were ensured that their answers would remain anonyms.

10. 9 | P a g e
Data Collection: (Refer to Appendix 1 for Questionnaire)
*Refer to Key Below*
1. At what age did you get married?
2. What was your age when you first gave birth?
3. How far have you studied till?
4. How many children do you have? How many boys or girls?
5. Have you ever used contraceptive methods? If yes then how often do you use them?
Are they easily available?
6. Did you give birth in a hospital or did you have a home delivery?
7. Is your family joint? (If no then consider nuclear)
Raw Data of Area A- Village Hilaswali
Question Number:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
House
Number:
1 13 21 X 1F
3- 2M
X H+ J
2 19 20 X 4- 2F
2M
X H J
3 17 26 8th
4- 4M X H J
4 18 22 X 4- 3F
1M
X H J
5 16 22 X 2- 2M X H J
6 13 21 X 3- 3M X H+ J
7 17 22 8th
4- 3F
1M
X H N
8 19 23 8th
4- 2M
2F
Yes H N
9 18 25 X 3- 3M X H J
10 19 22 X 4- 1M
3F
X H J
11 17 22 X 3-3F X H J
12 14 20 8th 2-2M X H J
13 15 19 X 4-3M
1F
X H J
14 14 19 X 3-3M X H J
15 17 21 X 3-1F
2M
X H J
16 19 21 8th
3-2F
2M
X H N
17 17 20 X 2-2F X H J
18 17 21 5th
4-2M
2F
X H N
19 14 19 X 3-3M X H J
20 16 20 X 2-2M X H J

11. 10 | P a g e
Figure 5: Key for Data Tables Above and below
Raw Data of Area B City Gurgaon
Question Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
House
Number :
1 28 30 G/12 2- 1M
1F
Yes H+ N
2 26 28 UG/16 1- 1M Yes H+ N
3 21 23 UG /16 2- 1M
1F
Yes H+ J
4 23 24 UG/16 1- 1M Yes H+ N
5 29 31 PG/20 2- 2F Yes H+ N
6 28 29 PG/20 1- 1F Yes H+ N
7 26 27 PG/20 2- 2F Yes H+ N
8 26 27 PG/20 2- 2M Yes H+ N
9 24 26 UG/16 1- 1F Yes H+ N
10 22 24 UG/16 3- 2M
1F
Yes H+ N
11 23 25 UG/16 2-2F Yes H+ N
12 26 27 PG/20 2-1F
1M
Yes H+ N
13 24 26 PG/20 1-1M Yes H+ N
14 28 30 PG/20 1-1F Yes H+ N
15 22 24 PG/20 3-2F
1M
Yes H+ N
16 29 31 PG/20 3-1F
2M
Yes H+ N
17 23 24 UG/16 2-2F Yes H+ N
18 27 29 UG/16 2-1F
1M
Yes H+ N
19 22 25 PG/20 1-1M Yes H+ J
20 26 27 UG/16 1-1M Yes H+ N

12. 11 | P a g e
Processed Data Tables
I created processed data tables for each criteria to group together. This helped to easily compare
the two areas and make it easier to apply mathematical processes.
Area A- Village Hilaswali
For questions 1 and 2 I made a range to group the data.
Age Range Number of people
Question 1
Area A
11-17 6
18-20 14
21-25 0
26-30 0
Age Range Number of people
Question 2
Area A
19-22 17
23-26 3
27-29 0
30-32 0
Level of Education (Years) Number of people
Question 3
Area A
0-1 (no education) 14
2-8 (middle school) 6
9-12 (high school) 0
12-16 (college) 0
For question 4 I only factored in the number kids each family has and decided to leave out the
gender of each child as this would not help contribute to any mathematical process.
Number of Kids Number of Respondents
Question 4
Area A
0-2 4
3-5 16
Gender Ratio Male- 40 Female- 25
For question 5 I converted it to a fraction value as most of the data was towards one side.
Question 5
Area B
1/20 Used 19/20 did NOT use
I grouped questions 6 and 7 however I decided to not to use them for any mathematical process
but instead only for additional information in my discussion.
Question 6
Area B
18 Home Deliveries 2 Hospital Deliveries
Question 7
Area B
16 Joint Families 4 Nuclear Families
- The same was repeated for data collected in Area B- City Gurgaon

13. 12 | P a g e
Age Range Number of People
Question 1
Area B
11-17 0
18-20 0
21-25 9
26-30 11
Age Range Number of People
Question 2
Area B
19-22 0
23-26 9
27-29 7
30-32 4
Level of Education (Years) Number of People
Question 3
Area B
0-1 0
2-8 0
9-12 0
12-20 20
Number of Kids Number of Respondents
Question 4
Area B
0-2 17
3-5 3
Gender Ratio Male- 16 Female- 19
Question 5
Area B
20/20 used -
Question 6
Area B
0 Home Deliveries 20 Hospital Deliveries
Question 7
Area B
2 Joint Families 18 Nuclear Families
Calculating Means:
Mean of Age of Marriage Area A (Village)
Range Frequency (f) Midpoint fx
11-17 6 14 84
18-20 14 19 26
21-25 0 23 0
26-30 0 28 0
20 350
= 350/20 = 17.5

14. 13 | P a g e
The same table and formula was repeated for means of age at birth, number of kids, and level
of education for Areas A and B.
Mean of Age at Birth – 21.1
Mean of Number of Kids- 3.4
Mean of Education Levels- 1.8
Area B (City)
Age of marriage Mean- 25.7
Mean of Age at Birth- 27.0
Mean of Number of Kids- 1.4
Mean of Education Levels- 14
Graphs for Mean Data

15. 14 | P a g e
16
2
4
18
40
16
25
19
1
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Village City
NumberofPeople
Factors
Comparision of other Factors
Joint Nuclear Male Female Contraceptive Used
Figure 8- Graph displaying 3 main factors of Area A and B
Figure 9- Graph displaying variations in value of different categories
17.5
25.7
21.1
27
3.4
1.4
1.8
14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Village
City
Mean
Area MEAN COMPARISION
Education Level Number of Kids Age at first Birth Age of Marriage

16. 15 | P a g e
Chi Square test
I conducted this test to see if level of education is independent of the three factors (H not) or
dependent of the three factors (H1).
Chi square test of the variables- level of education and age of marriage.
Education Marriage Sum
Area A 1.8 16.5 18.3
Area B 14 25.7 39.7
Sum 15.8 42.2 58
*Rounded to 3 significant*
Expected frequency Table
(18.3 x 15.8)/58 = 4.9 (18.3 x 42.2)/58 = 13.3 18.3
(39.7 x 15.8)/58 = 10.8 (39.7x 42.2)/58= 28.64 39.7
15.8 42.2 58
fo fe fo-fe (fo-fe)2
(fo-fe)2
/ fe
1.8 4.9 -3.1 9.61 1.96
16.5 13.3 3.2 10.24 0.76
14 10.8 3.2 10.24 0.95
25.7 28.64 -2.9 8.41 0.30
(fo-fe)2
(x2
calc) = 3.97
Fe
Figure 8- Result of Chi Square test
Critical Value at 5% significance = 3.84
X2 Calc
> 3.84 so we reject H0.
- Level of education and age of marriage are NOT independent
Same procedure repeated for other 2 factors.
Level of education and Age at Birth
x2
calc = 5.53 At a 5% significance x2
calc > 3.84 so we reject H0
- Level of education and age of birth are NOT independent
Level of Education and Number of Kids
x2
calc = 6.86
At a 5% significance x2
calc > 3.84 so we reject H0
- Level of education and number of kids are NOT independent

17. 16 | P a g e
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
Though the chi square established a relationship between level of education and the other three
factors, the Pearson correlation test/ r value test will determine how strong the relationship
is.
r Value of level of education and age of marriage in the city
R calculation
r = ∑((X - My)(Y - Mx)) / √((SSx)(SSy))
r = 22.6/ √{(111.2)(124.55)} = 0.192
I repeated the same with the level of education and age of marriage for the village data.
R calculation
r = ∑((X - My)(Y - Mx)) / √((SSx)(SSy))
r = 32.75/ √{(243.75) (76.95)} = 0.2391

18. 17 | P a g e
Scatter Plots
To represent this information visually I created scatter plots with a line of best fit for both r
values of Village and City.
Figure 10- Age of marriage and level of education correlated on a graph for a village
Figure 11- Age of marriage and level of education correlated on a graph for a village
R² = 0.0369
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ageofmarraige
Level of education
Correlation Scatter Plot for City
R² = 0.0572
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10
Ageofmarraige
Level of education
Correlation Scatter Plot for Village

19. 18 | P a g e
Discussion-
My initial research question aimed to evaluate the impact of education on family planning. I
did so by analysing various factors that affect family planning and carrying out a comparative
study.
Reference to Data Analysis: It is evident from Figures 8 and 9 that in each category the city
has better statistics of mean and numerical value of factors thus the city has a better family
planning. The chi square test supports this discovery, as level of education directly influences
all 3 factors of family planning, this is shown in Figure 8. The r value is positive in both city
and village which means that there is an evident level of association between the two. However
the value of r for the city is 0.192 and for the village it is 0.239. These values are significantly
low, this means that the relationship between the level of education and age of marriage (main
factor of family planning) is weak. This can also be interpreted from Figures 10, 11. The scatter
plot shows this as the points lie far away from the line of best fit and are not linear. The initial
data showed an impact of education on family planning however through more mathematical
analysis it is evident that level of education only effects family planning to a small extent.
Connection to Real Life Situation: Education is not helpful as itself it is not the only factor
affecting family planning. In many rural areas such as in a country like India, mentality of the
population, cultural norms persistently result in poor family practices. This will probably be
the reason for India crossing the population of China.
3
Figure 12- India’s Population Growth compared
to China’s
The reasons for poor family planning can include, having more kid to help in agricultural
practices or an increased infant mortality rate. Metropolitan areas usually have better family
planning. This could be due to the lifestyle followed as Metropolitan areas are known
commonly as the business hub or the I.T hub, these job opportunities are often heavily work
centred and require people to work immense number of hours leaving little time for family in
general.
Global Connection: In different countries there can be sub-factors that contribute to the
restricted use of contraceptives however the two common issues are awareness and access.
3
http://www.hindustantimes.com/health/slowing-population-growth-why-families-get-smaller-in-size-with-
better-access-to-healthcare/story-mN6BMpK6DydjnG1r6D6z4J.html

20. 19 | P a g e
- Impact of Access: Countries in South Asia have significantly increases the access to
contraceptive methods which have evidently reduced fertility rates. Many believe
religion to be a factor that contributes to poor family planning in countries such as
Afghanistan and Pakistan however statistics in Bangladesh show that even though
more than 90% of the population is Muslim and share similar cultural norms, they still
have a 47.5% usage of contraceptive methods. However the number of contraceptive
methods used in Asia still remain relatively lower than other regions. (shown below in
Figure 13)
Figure 13- Contraceptive usage in
different regions.
In addition, there is lack of availability of modern contraceptive methods in general, shown
below in Figure 14. Negligence however can only be improved by better education.
Figure 14- World
Contraceptive Use
- Impact of Lack of Awareness: Countries in Africa have low use of contraceptive and
even lower rates of knowledge about contraceptive methods, this leads to women
having more than 6 children in rural areas.

21. 20 | P a g e
4
Figure 15: Use of Contraceptive methods in Africa and the different methods used
- This gives clear insight that even though the availability of birth control pills or IUD’s
are important they will not be effective alone, education will indeed play an important
role but not on its own.
4
http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2008/westafricafamilyplanning.aspx

22. 21 | P a g e
Evaluation
Limitations Impact Improvements
Quantifying data Difficult to quantify data such as level
of education, because finding
numbers to represent education can
be interpreted by people in different
ways.
Structure questionnaire
in a format that restricts
the collection of
quantitative data by
having pre-set options.
Data restricted to one
area
Factors influence data, For example:
the village mainly used agriculture as
a source of income which requires
more help, if a village had residents
occupied with other jobs it might have
better planning. This makes it
difficult to generalize the findings.
A sampling population
can be generated through
random sampling so that
population can be
representative of the
target population.
Individuals personal
preferences not taken
into consideration
Before conducting the survey,
personal choice was not considered
such as if a family had 4 kids because
they wanted to or 1 kid because they
didn’t want more.
Gather prior information
about individual which
will help to sample out
which individuals would
have non-biased
answers.
Quality of Education As data had to be quantified, the
quality of education was not taken
into consideration. This includes
knowledge of overpopulation and sex
education. This can directly make a
difference to the family planning.
Create a parameter that
measures quality of
education such as by
ranking. Ensure person
being interviewed is
completely honest.

23. 22 | P a g e
Conclusion
The Earth is our home and on it we are limited by its finite resources. In that context
overpopulation is an extremely important environmental problem. Day by day our resources
are getting depleted whilst population numbers are crossing 7 billion individuals. It is our duty
to ensure that we do everything in our capacity to spread awareness and bring change.
Technology can only do so much before even that won’t sustain the needs of the global
population.
The task shows significant data that displays the lack of understanding of the severe
environmental problem of overpopulation. My initial hypothesis stated that the level of
education will have a direct relationship with factors that influence family planning. However,
findings show that education is not enough to directly affect family planning, which
contradicts and does not support my hypothesis.
Published Sources: Axinn and Barber’s assessment studied the distance to places of family
planning services routes in Nepal, and concluded that increase of awareness and education
campaigns about contraceptive methods in rural areas are not always effective. And further
shared that family planning programs are not beneficial if they are not well planned. Sex
education classes are needed to make a significant impact as they can considerably impact
fertility rates.
Another study conducted at the University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine showed that 33.3% of
the women that obtain primary education do not use any method of protection from unwanted
pregnancy. 5
Modifications and alternative methods of research: No concrete method has been found to
show an exact association of education with family planning, only theories have been
developed based on surveys and research. A valuable tool developed by the Nigeria’s federal
office of Statistics evaluates family planning through a questionnaire. This can be used when
conducting a survey on different family planning services to monitor performance and collect
information for improvement.
In conclusion, conscious changes have to be made in the society to create solutions to
overpopulation so that we can comfortably sustain our lifestyle. The best way to accomplish
this is by developing a proper family planning initiative coupled with increased girls education
and women’s rights. This will ensure that we have a sustainable approach towards the usage of
the resources we have.
5
http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/mab/mab200601/mab200601-12n.pdf

24. 23 | P a g e
Application A number of Strategies and techniques can be used which can act as solutions
to the global problem of overpopulation. These solutions can be:
Possible
Solution
Why it should be
accomplished
How it can be
accomplished
Strength Weakness
Adapting
effective
family
planning
policies
Provides women with
the resources to learn
about services and
information in order
to make healthy
childbearing
decisions.
Using incentives
such as money or
free education can
be a strict way to
abide by a child
policy. Example:
China’s 1-child
policy.
Incentives will
attract people as
in rural areas
people have
more kids to
increase income.
Difficult for a
country like
India to provide
services such as
free healthcare
as it is
expensive.
Better
Medical
Conditions
Poor hospital
facilities lead to high
infant mortality rates
in rural areas.
Improve fertility
treatment in rural
hospitals and have
awareness sessions
for pregnant
women.
People will
know that more
children are not
needed to
increase chance
of survival.
Expensive
project that will
solely be a
government
initiative and is
time consuming.
Provide
employment
opportunities
to women
even with
basic
education.
This forgoes the risk
of young age
pregnancy as women
are occupied with
work.
Polices can be
constructed to
increase wages or
job opportunities.
Will increase
income reducing
need for
children to help
with work and
will reduce early
marriage.
Women must be
made aware of
such
possibilities.

25. 24 | P a g e
Appendix
Appendix 1- Questionnaire
1. At what age did you get married?
2. What was your age when you first gave birth?
3. How far have you studied till?
4. How many children do you have? How many
boys or girls?
5. Have you ever used contraceptive methods? If
yes then how often do you use them? Are they
easily available?
6. Did you give birth in a hospital or did you have
a home delivery?
7. Is your family joint? (If no then consider
nuclear)

26. 25 | P a g e
Bibliography
a. Books:
- Butler, Tom. Overdevelopment, overpopulation, overshoot. Goff, 2015.
- Uniyal, Shivani & Paliwal, Rashmi & Saun, Bhumija & K. Sharma, R. (2017). Human
Overpopulation.
- Kitaoka, Juitsu. Over-Population and family planning in Japan. Science Council of
Japan. Division of Economics and Commerce, 1957.
b. Newspaper Articles:
- Kristof, Nicholas D. “The Birth Control Solution.” The New York Times, The New
York Times, 2 Nov. 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/opinion/kristof-the-birth-
control-solution.html?mcubz=0. Accessed 22 May. 2017.
- Tal, Alon. “Overpopulation Is Still the Problem.” The Huffington Post,
TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Sept. 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/alon-
tal/overpopulation-is-still-t_b_3990646.html.
- Bhatia, Gautam. “India is stretched to the limit by overpopulation.” Daily Mail
Online, Associated Newspapers, 3 Dec. 2013,
www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2517637/India-stretched-limit-
overpopulation.html.
c. Websites:
- McLaughlin, Julie. “Family planning in South Asia: Improving equity of
access.” Investing in Health, 25 July 2012, blogs.worldbank.org/health/family-
planning-in-south-asia-improving-equity-of-access. Accessed 20 May. 2017.
- “Overpopulation.” Everythingconnects.org, 20 Nov. 2013,
www.everythingconnects.org/overpopulation-effects.html. Accessed 13 May 2017.
- Gribble, James. Family Planning in West Africa,
www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2008/westafricafamilyplanning.aspx.
d. Researches:
- Hindawi. “Women’s Education, Family Planning, or Both? Application of Multistate
Demographic Projections in India.” International Journal of Population Research,
Hindawi, 9 Jan. 2014, www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpr/2014/940509/. Accessed 15
May. 2017.
- Health Benefits of Family Planning, Family planning and Population division of
Family Health; World Health Organization, 1995
- Moazzam Ali et al. Publication: Bulletin of the World Health Organization; Type:
Research Article.