This document discusses the biochemical functions and clinical significance of manganese, copper, and zinc. It provides information on: - The roles of copper, zinc, and manganese as cofactors for enzymes involved in important metabolic processes. - Recommended dietary allowances for copper, zinc, and manganese. - Sources of copper, zinc, and manganese in foods. - Clinical signs of deficiencies in copper, zinc, and manganese including impaired growth, bone abnormalities, and neurological symptoms. - Potential toxicity issues from excess manganese intake through inhalation exposure.

1. Sources, RDA, Biochemical Functions
& Clinical Significance of
MANGANESE, COPPER AND
ZINC
Dr. Muhammad Afzal Alvi
MBBS, M.Phil (Biochemistry)
PhD Scholar
Assistant Professor

2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS LECTURE

3. Conti….
• Iron
• Types of iron in the body
• Significance of iron
• RDA of iron
• Sources of iron
• Storage forms of iron
• Clinical significance if iron
• Iodine
• Importance of iodide
• RDA and sources of iodine
• Clinical significance of iodine

5. Conti….
• Copper
• Biological importance of copper
• Sources of copper
• RDA of cooper
• Clinical significance of copper
• Zinc, biological importance
• Clinical significance
• Manganese , its importance, sources and clinical
significance

6. COPPER (Cu)

7. • Total body copper is about 100 mg.
• It is present in all tissues.
• The highest concentrations are found in liver, kidney,
• Significant amount in cardiac and skeletal muscle & in
bone.

8. Copper Roles in the Body
• Serves as a constituent of several enzymes.
• Involve reactions that consume oxygen or oxygen
radicals
• Copper-containing enzymes catalyze the oxidation
of ferrous iron to ferric iron, which allows iron to
bind to transferrin

9. • Copper- and zinc-containing enzymes participate
in the body’s natural defense against the oxidative
damage of free radicals.
• Copper enzymes help to manufacture collagen,
inactivate histamine, and degrade serotonin.

10. Significant Sources
• Seafood, nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes

11. Copper RDA
• RDA for adults: 900 g/day

12. Metabolism
• Absorbed from upper small intestine.
• Absorbed copper is transported to the liver bound
to albumin & exported to peripheral tissues.

13. • Metallothionein is a family of cysteine-rich
transport protein that facilitates copper absorption.

14. DEFICIENCY
Copper deficiency is caused by malnutrition,
malabsorption & nephrotic syndrome (increased loss)
Clinical features:
• Neutropaenia (decreased number of neutrophils)
• Hypochromic anemia in the early stages.

15. • Osteoporosis & various bone & joint abnormalities,
due to impairment in copper-dependent cross-
linking of bone collagen and connective tissue.
• Decreased pigmentation of skin due to depressed
copper dependent tyrosine kinase activity.

17. ZINC (Zn)

18. • Zinc is a versatile trace element
• Required as a cofactor by more than 100 enzymes.
• Virtually all cells contain zinc,
• But the highest concentrations are found in muscle
and bone

19. Zinc Roles in the Body
• Zinc supports the work of numerous proteins in the
body, such as the metalloenzymes.
• Stabilizes cell membranes, helping to strengthen
their defense against free-radical attacks

20. • Participates in the synthesis, storage, and release of
the hormone insulin in the pancreas.
• Zinc interacts with platelets in blood clotting.

21. • Needed to produce the active form of vitamin A
(retinal) in visual pigments and the retinol-binding
protein that transports vitamin A
• It is essential to normal taste perception, wound
healing, sperm production, and fetal development

22. Zinc sources

23. RDA (Zn)
• Men: 11 mg/day
• Women: 8 mg/day

24. Enteropancreatic Circulation of Zinc
• Some zinc from food is absorbed by the small
intestine and sent to the pancreas to be
incorporated into digestive enzymes that return to
the small intestine.

25. Zinc Metabolism
Enteropancreatic circulation

26. ZINC DEFICIENCY

27. DWARFISM
• Growth retardation,
• Is rightly ascribed to zinc deficiency because it is
partially reversible when zinc is restored to the diet.

28. The Stunted Growth of
Dwarfism

29. • Zinc deficiency hinders digestion and absorption,
causing diarrhea
• It also impairs the immune response, making
infections likely—among them, GI tract infections

30. • Chronic zinc deficiency damages the central
nervous system
• May lead to poor motor development and cognitive
performance.
• Zinc deficiency directly impairs vitamin a
metabolism, vitamin a–deficiency symptoms often
appear.

31. Toxicity symptoms
• High doses (more than 50 milligrams) of zinc may
cause
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• Headaches
• exhaustion

33. MANGANESE

34. Manganese
• The human body contains a tiny 20 milligrams of
manganese.
• Found in the bones and metabolically active organs
such as the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.

35. Manganese Roles in the Body
• Cofactor for many enzymes
• Facilitate the metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, and
amino acids.
• Manganese-containing metalloenzymes assist in bone
formation
• The conversion of pyruvate to a TCA cycle compound

36. Significant Sources
• Nuts
• whole grains
• leafy vegetables
• tea

38. RDA of manganses
• Men: 2.3 mg/day
• Women: 1.8 mg/day

39. Manganese Deficiency
• Manganese requirements are low,
• Many plant foods contain significant amounts of
this trace mineral, so deficiencies are rare.

40. Manganese Toxicity
• Toxicity is more likely to occur from an environment
contaminated with manganese than from dietary
intake

41. • Inhalation poisoning produces psychotic symptoms
and Parkinsonism like symptoms