Exploring Gender Differences in the Benefits of Undergraduate Research Experi...ADVANCE-Purdue
This presentation examines the effect of gender on student benefits from Undergraduate Research Experiences (UREs) in STEM disciplines. Much research has documented the benefits of UREs to students. For example, UREs have been shown to enhance students’ research skills, research self-self-efficacy, and understanding of scientific processes, aspirations for graduate education and interests in research oriented STEM careers. While the research is convincing that participation in UREs is related to positive educational outcomes for students in general, little is known about the effect of gender in relationship to URE benefits on students. The few studies that have examined the influence of gender on student benefits from UREs have generated conflicting results. Some studies (e.g., Lopatto, 2004) have reported no significant gender differences in the benefits of URE, while other studies (e.g., Kardash, 2000) documented that male students reported higher gains in their abilities to generate research hypotheses than their female counterparts. Although URE experiences have been shown as effective tools in enlarging the STEM pipeline, harnessing its efficacy to enhance the persistence of female students in STEM disciplines requires that more studies be conducted to clarify gender differences in accrued gains from UREs. This presentation addresses the identified gaps in the literature by investigating gender differences in students’ self-reported pre and post participation levels of research skills, understanding of the scientific process, research self-efficacy and aspirations for graduate education.
Data for the study come from 52 students (Female=32; Male=19) that participated in Purdue University’s Discovery Park’s Undergraduate Research Internship (DURI) program in the summer or fall semesters of 2009 academic session. Interns completed a multi-section pre-post survey instrument requesting them to indicate the extent to which they agreed/disagreed with four Likert-items regarding their research skills (e.g., “I have the ability to have a successful career as a researcher”); six items regarding their understanding of scientific processes (e.g., “understanding of how to formulate a research question”) and eleven items regarding their research skills (e.g., “documenting a research procedure.”) We employed independent sample t-tests to examine gender differences in students’ pre- and post DURI aspirations for graduate schools, research self-efficacy, research skills and understanding of scientific processes. The results revealed no statistically significant differences in any of the variables considered. Further, we calculated accrued gains/benefits from URE by subtracting the pre-participation from the post-participation values of the variables of interest. We observed no statistically significant gender differences in the variables considered. The results suggest that male and female students received similar levels of benefits from the experience.
Our presentation will discuss the importance, implications and applications of the findings to the issues of gender disparity in STEM disciplines. For example, earlier studies have attributed the attrition of women in STEM disciplines to the “abstract” nature of scientific knowledge and concepts. Given that UREs provide students the opportunities to have “hands-on” learning experiences and to understand the societal relevance of their research; we submit that UREs may be effective tools for enhancing the persistence of female students in STEM disciplines.
Exploring Gender Differences in the Benefits of Undergraduate Research Experi...ADVANCE-Purdue
This presentation examines the effect of gender on student benefits from Undergraduate Research Experiences (UREs) in STEM disciplines. Much research has documented the benefits of UREs to students. For example, UREs have been shown to enhance students’ research skills, research self-self-efficacy, and understanding of scientific processes, aspirations for graduate education and interests in research oriented STEM careers. While the research is convincing that participation in UREs is related to positive educational outcomes for students in general, little is known about the effect of gender in relationship to URE benefits on students. The few studies that have examined the influence of gender on student benefits from UREs have generated conflicting results. Some studies (e.g., Lopatto, 2004) have reported no significant gender differences in the benefits of URE, while other studies (e.g., Kardash, 2000) documented that male students reported higher gains in their abilities to generate research hypotheses than their female counterparts. Although URE experiences have been shown as effective tools in enlarging the STEM pipeline, harnessing its efficacy to enhance the persistence of female students in STEM disciplines requires that more studies be conducted to clarify gender differences in accrued gains from UREs. This presentation addresses the identified gaps in the literature by investigating gender differences in students’ self-reported pre and post participation levels of research skills, understanding of the scientific process, research self-efficacy and aspirations for graduate education.
Data for the study come from 52 students (Female=32; Male=19) that participated in Purdue University’s Discovery Park’s Undergraduate Research Internship (DURI) program in the summer or fall semesters of 2009 academic session. Interns completed a multi-section pre-post survey instrument requesting them to indicate the extent to which they agreed/disagreed with four Likert-items regarding their research skills (e.g., “I have the ability to have a successful career as a researcher”); six items regarding their understanding of scientific processes (e.g., “understanding of how to formulate a research question”) and eleven items regarding their research skills (e.g., “documenting a research procedure.”) We employed independent sample t-tests to examine gender differences in students’ pre- and post DURI aspirations for graduate schools, research self-efficacy, research skills and understanding of scientific processes. The results revealed no statistically significant differences in any of the variables considered. Further, we calculated accrued gains/benefits from URE by subtracting the pre-participation from the post-participation values of the variables of interest. We observed no statistically significant gender differences in the variables considered. The results suggest that male and female students received similar levels of benefits from the experience.
Our presentation will discuss the importance, implications and applications of the findings to the issues of gender disparity in STEM disciplines. For example, earlier studies have attributed the attrition of women in STEM disciplines to the “abstract” nature of scientific knowledge and concepts. Given that UREs provide students the opportunities to have “hands-on” learning experiences and to understand the societal relevance of their research; we submit that UREs may be effective tools for enhancing the persistence of female students in STEM disciplines.
1.1 research question formulation - PubMed search strategy - references manag...Simple Research
Lecture 1.1 - Medical Research and Medical Biostatistics using R Course
By Dr. Mohamed Ayoub, MD and simple research - www.simpleresearch.net
How to formulate your research question using PICO or PICOTS format
How to conduct effective advanced PubMed Strategy using MESH terms combined with manual search
How to do proper reference management and citation using mendley software
This slide show was created by the group ENHT 07 of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka (Generation 08 students) and some of the contents were taken through internet and the ENHT 07 group kindly give their permission to anyone to reproduce this in any media.
dha.dissanayake@gmail.com (for inquiries)
Cette exemple de feuille de réponse correspond au quatrième webinaire de la série club de lecture en ligne, « Devrait-on faire un dépistage de la dépression au sein de l'ensemble de la population? »
Le Centre de collaboration nationale des méthodes et outils est financé par l’Agence de la santé publique du Canada et affilié à l’Université McMaster. Les vues exprimées ici ne reflètent pas nécessairement la position officielle de l’Agence de la santé publique du Canada.
Le CCNMO est l’un des six centres de collaboration nationale en santé publique au Canada. Les Centres encouragent et améliorent l’utilisation des connaissances provenant de la recherche scientifique et des autres savoirs afin de renforcer la pratique et les politiques de santé publique au Canada.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the second webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “What are effective strategies to improve immunization in adolescents?”
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the second webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “Do activity monitors increase activity in overweight adults? Should we be promoting their use?”
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the fourth webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “Should we screen the general population for depression?”
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
1.1 research question formulation - PubMed search strategy - references manag...Simple Research
Lecture 1.1 - Medical Research and Medical Biostatistics using R Course
By Dr. Mohamed Ayoub, MD and simple research - www.simpleresearch.net
How to formulate your research question using PICO or PICOTS format
How to conduct effective advanced PubMed Strategy using MESH terms combined with manual search
How to do proper reference management and citation using mendley software
This slide show was created by the group ENHT 07 of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka (Generation 08 students) and some of the contents were taken through internet and the ENHT 07 group kindly give their permission to anyone to reproduce this in any media.
dha.dissanayake@gmail.com (for inquiries)
Cette exemple de feuille de réponse correspond au quatrième webinaire de la série club de lecture en ligne, « Devrait-on faire un dépistage de la dépression au sein de l'ensemble de la population? »
Le Centre de collaboration nationale des méthodes et outils est financé par l’Agence de la santé publique du Canada et affilié à l’Université McMaster. Les vues exprimées ici ne reflètent pas nécessairement la position officielle de l’Agence de la santé publique du Canada.
Le CCNMO est l’un des six centres de collaboration nationale en santé publique au Canada. Les Centres encouragent et améliorent l’utilisation des connaissances provenant de la recherche scientifique et des autres savoirs afin de renforcer la pratique et les politiques de santé publique au Canada.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the second webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “What are effective strategies to improve immunization in adolescents?”
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the second webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “Do activity monitors increase activity in overweight adults? Should we be promoting their use?”
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the fourth webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “Should we screen the general population for depression?”
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
Concept,Meaning and nature, functions and factor of supervision in the aspect of educational administration and management with the help oh smart art in diagrammatic format.
concept , meaning, merits and demerits as well as methods along with their meaning,characteristics and its merits and demerits of sampling. difference between probability sampling and non-probability sampling i tabular form along with diagrammatic chart
topic related to special education training program/course help to get the deep information about physically and cognitively challenged people, as well their instruction process techniques used in imparting the education to them.
Methods of educational psychology and research.AasthaBhatia18
methods related to research as well as in studying the behavior of human,most relatable content related to educational psychology and diagnosing the the human behavior
showing the definition, characteristics, identification, of mental retardation. As well as differentiate between mental retardation and mental defficiency. Along with I.Q Grade Scale showing the retardation.
Elaborate the meaning ,need ,advantages etc on the topic online tutoring.showing the relationship the need of tutor in our daily life in the present era of D- Learning.
In this I give detailed explanation on topic children having suffering from learning disability, as well as their identification, problems and some educational Programme.
In educational research, Research errors may be grouped under some headings:
1. Sampling errors
2. Measurement errors
3. Statistical errors
4. Interpretation errors
along with suggestions to reduce them
In this presentation, Danny Leibrandt explains the impact of AI on SEO and what Google has been doing about it. Learn how to take your SEO game to the next level and win over Google with his new strategy anyone can use. Get actionable steps to rank your name, your business, and your clients on Google - the right way.
Key Takeaways:
1. Real content is king
2. Find ways to show EEAT
3. Repurpose across all platforms
Everyone knows the power of stories, but when asked to come up with them, we struggle. Either we second guess ourselves as to the story's relevance, or we just come up blank and can't think of any. Unlocking Everyday Narratives: The Power of Storytelling in Marketing will teach you how to recognize stories in the moment and to recall forgotten moments that your audience needs to hear.
Key Takeaways:
Understand Why Personal Stories Connect Better
How To Remember Forgotten Stories
How To Use Customer Experiences As Stories For Your Brand
Most small businesses struggle to see marketing results. In this session, we will eliminate any confusion about what to do next, solving your marketing problems so your business can thrive. You’ll learn how to create a foundational marketing OS (operating system) based on neuroscience and backed by real-world results. You’ll be taught how to develop deep customer connections, and how to have your CRM dynamically segment and sell at any stage in the customer’s journey. By the end of the session, you’ll remove confusion and chaos and replace it with clarity and confidence for long-term marketing success.
Key Takeaways:
• Uncover the power of a foundational marketing system that dynamically communicates with prospects and customers on autopilot.
• Harness neuroscience and Tribal Alignment to transform your communication strategies, turning potential clients into fans and those fans into loyal customers.
• Discover the art of automated segmentation, pinpointing your most lucrative customers and identifying the optimal moments for successful conversions.
• Streamline your business with a content production plan that eliminates guesswork, wasted time, and money.
Is AI-Generated Content the Future of Content Creation?Cut-the-SaaS
Discover the transformative power of AI in content creation with our presentation, "Is AI-Generated Content the Future of Content Creation?" by Puran Parsani, CEO & Editor of Cut-The-SaaS. Learn how AI-generated content is revolutionizing marketing, publishing, education, healthcare, and finance by offering unprecedented efficiency, creativity, and scalability.
Understanding
AI-Generated Content:
AI-generated content includes text, images, videos, and audio produced by AI without direct human involvement. This technology leverages large datasets to create contextually relevant and coherent material, streamlining content production.
Key Benefits:
Content Creation: Rapidly generate high-quality content for blogs, articles, and social media.
Brainstorming: AI simulates conversations to inspire creative ideas.
Research Assistance: Efficiently summarize and research information.
Market Insights:
The content marketing industry is projected to grow to $17.6 billion by 2032, with AI-generated content expected to dominate over 55% of the market.
Case Study: CNET’s AI Content Controversy:
CNET’s use of AI for news articles led to public scrutiny due to factual inaccuracies, highlighting the need for transparency and human oversight.
Benefits Across Industries:
Marketing: Personalize content at scale and optimize engagement with predictive analytics.
Publishing: Automate content creation for faster publication cycles.
Education: Efficiently generate educational materials.
Healthcare: Create accurate content for patients and professionals.
Finance: Produce timely financial content for decision-making.
Challenges and Ethical Considerations:
Transparency: Disclose AI use to maintain trust.
Bias: Address potential AI biases with diverse datasets.
SEO: Ensure AI content meets SEO standards.
Quality: Maintain high standards to prevent misinformation.
Conclusion:
AI-generated content offers significant benefits in efficiency, personalization, and scalability. However, ethical considerations and quality assurance are crucial for responsible use. Explore the future of content creation with us and see how AI is transforming various industries.
Connect with Us:
Follow Cut-The-SaaS on LinkedIn, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, and Medium. Visit cut-the-saas.com for more insights and resources.
As the call for for skilled experts continues to develop, investing in quality education and education from a reputable https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/best-digital-marketing-institute-in-noida Digital advertising institute in Noida can lead to a a success career on this eve
Mastering Local SEO for Service Businesses in the AI Era is tailored specifically for local service providers like plumbers, dentists, and others seeking to dominate their local search landscape. This session delves into leveraging AI advancements to enhance your online visibility and search rankings through the Content Factory model, designed for creating high-impact, SEO-driven content. Discover the Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy, a cost-effective approach to boost your local SEO efforts and attract more customers with minimal investment. Gain practical insights on optimizing your online presence to meet the specific needs of local service seekers, ensuring your business not only appears but stands out in local searches. This concise, action-oriented workshop is your roadmap to navigating the complexities of digital marketing in the AI age, driving more leads, conversions, and ultimately, success for your local service business.
Key Takeaways:
Embrace AI for Local SEO: Learn to harness the power of AI technologies to optimize your website and content for local search. Understand the pivotal role AI plays in analyzing search trends and consumer behavior, enabling you to tailor your SEO strategies to meet the specific demands of your target local audience. Leverage the Content Factory Model: Discover the step-by-step process of creating SEO-optimized content at scale. This approach ensures a steady stream of high-quality content that engages local customers and boosts your search rankings. Get an action guide on implementing this model, complete with templates and scheduling strategies to maintain a consistent online presence. Maximize ROI with Dollar-a-Day Advertising: Dive into the cost-effective Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy that amplifies your visibility in local searches without breaking the bank. Learn how to strategically allocate your budget across platforms to target potential local customers effectively. The session includes an action guide on setting up, monitoring, and optimizing your ad campaigns to ensure maximum impact with minimal investment.
[Google March 2024 Update] How To Thrive: Content, Link Building & SEOSearch Engine Journal
March 2024 disrupted the SEO industry. Websites were deindexed, and manual penalties were delivered—all to produce more helpful, more trustworthy search results.
How did your website fare?
Watch us as we delve into the seismic shifts brought about by Google's March 2024 updates and explore strategies to not just survive, but thrive in this dynamic digital landscape.
You’ll learn:
- How to create content that is valuable to users (not just search engines) using E-E-A-T.
- How to build links that can boost rankings and withstand algorithm updates.
- Best practices for content creation and link building so you can thrive during algorithm updates.
With Vince Ramos, we'll examine the implications of the latest algorithm changes on content creation, link building, and SEO practices, and offer actionable insights from businesses like yours that have remained steadfast amidst the volatility.
Using real-life case studies, we’ll also show you the effectiveness of manual link building techniques and person-first content strategies.
Whether you're a seasoned SEO professional, a budding content creator, or anyone in between, this webinar will help you weather the changes in Google's algorithms and capitalize on them for sustained success.
Check out this webinar and unlock the secrets to thriving in the new Google era.
Videos are more engaging, more memorable, and more popular than any other type of content out there. That’s why it’s estimated that 82% of consumer traffic will come from videos by 2025.
And with videos evolving from landscape to portrait and experts promoting shorter clips, one thing remains constant – our brains LOVE videos.
So is there science behind what makes people absolutely irresistible on camera?
The answer: definitely yes.
In this jam-packed session with Stephanie Garcia, you’ll get your hands on a steal-worthy guide that uncovers the art and science to being irresistible on camera. From body language to words that convert, she’ll show you how to captivate on command so that viewers are excited and ready to take action.
Mastering Local SEO for Service Businesses in the AI Era is tailored specifically for local service providers like plumbers, dentists, and others seeking to dominate their local search landscape. This session delves into leveraging AI advancements to enhance your online visibility and search rankings through the Content Factory model, designed for creating high-impact, SEO-driven content. Discover the Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy, a cost-effective approach to boost your local SEO efforts and attract more customers with minimal investment. Gain practical insights on optimizing your online presence to meet the specific needs of local service seekers, ensuring your business not only appears but stands out in local searches. This concise, action-oriented workshop is your roadmap to navigating the complexities of digital marketing in the AI age, driving more leads, conversions, and ultimately, success for your local service business.
Key Takeaways:
Embrace AI for Local SEO: Learn to harness the power of AI technologies to optimize your website and content for local search. Understand the pivotal role AI plays in analyzing search trends and consumer behavior, enabling you to tailor your SEO strategies to meet the specific demands of your target local audience. Leverage the Content Factory Model: Discover the step-by-step process of creating SEO-optimized content at scale. This approach ensures a steady stream of high-quality content that engages local customers and boosts your search rankings. Get an action guide on implementing this model, complete with templates and scheduling strategies to maintain a consistent online presence. Maximize ROI with Dollar-a-Day Advertising: Dive into the cost-effective Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy that amplifies your visibility in local searches without breaking the bank. Learn how to strategically allocate your budget across platforms to target potential local customers effectively. The session includes an action guide on setting up, monitoring, and optimizing your ad campaigns to ensure maximum impact with minimal investment.
10 Video Ideas Any Business Can Make RIGHT NOW!
You'll never draw a blank again on what kind of video to make for your business. Go beyond the basic categories and truly reimagine a brand new advanced way to brainstorm video content creation. During this masterclass you'll be challenged to think creatively and outside of the box and view your videos through lenses you may have never thought of previously. It's guaranteed that you'll leave with more than 10 video ideas, but I like to under-promise and over-deliver. Don't miss this session.
Key Takeaways:
How to use the Video Matrix
How to use additional "Lenses"
Where to source original video ideas
5 big bets to drive growth in 2024 without one additional marketing dollar AND how to adapt to the biggest shifting eCommerce trend- AI.
1) Romance Your Customers - Retention
2) ‘Alternative’ Lead Gen - Advocacy
3) The Beautiful Basics - Conversion Rate Optimization
4) Land that Bottom Line - Profitability
5) Roll the Dice - New Business Models
SEO as the Backbone of Digital MarketingFelipe Bazon
In this talk Felipe Bazon will share how him and his team at Hedgehog Digital share our journey of making C-Levels alike, specially CMOS realize that SEO is the backbone of digital marketing by showing how SEO can contribute to brand awareness, reputation and authority and above all how to use SEO to create more robust global marketing strategies.
Monthly Social Media News Update May 2024Andy Lambert
TL;DR. These are the three themes that stood out to us over the course of last month.
1️⃣ Social media is becoming increasingly significant for brand discovery. Marketers are now understanding the impact of social and budgets are shifting accordingly.
2️⃣ Instagram’s new algorithm and latest guidance will help us maintain organic growth. Instagram continues to evolve, but Reels remains the most crucial tool for growth.
3️⃣ Collaboration will help us unlock growth. Who we work with will define how fast we grow. Meta continues to evolve their Creator Marketplace and now TikTok are beginning to push ‘collabs’ more too.
Unleash the power of UK SEO with Brand Highlighters! Our guide delves into the unique search landscape of Britain, equipping you with targeted strategies to dominate UK search engine results. Discover local SEO tactics, keyword magic for UK audiences, and mobile optimization secrets. Get your website seen by the right people and propel your brand to the top of UK searches.
To learn more: https://brandhighlighters.co.uk/blog/top-seo-agencies-uk/
How to Use AI to Write a High-Quality Article that Ranksminatamang0021
In the world of content creation, many AI bloggers have drifted away from their original vision, resulting in low-quality articles that search engines overlook. Don't let that happen to you! Join us to discover how to leverage AI tools effectively to craft high-quality content that not only captures your audience's attention but also ranks well on search engines.
Disclaimer: Some of the prompts mentioned here are the examples of Matt Diggity. Please use it as reference and make your own custom prompts.
A.I. (artificial intelligence) platforms are popping up all the time, and many of them can and should be used to help grow your brand, increase your sales and decrease your marketing costs.In this presentation:We will review some of the best AI platforms that are available for you to use.We will interact with some of the platforms in real-time, so attendees can see how they work.We will also look at some current brands that are using AI to help them create marketing messages, saving them time and money in the process. Lastly, we will discuss the pros and cons of using AI in marketing & branding and have a lively conversation that includes comments from the audience.
Key Takeaways:
Attendees will learn about LLM platforms, like ChatGPT, and how they work, with preset examples and real time interactions with the platform. Attendees will learn about other AI platforms that are creating graphic design elements at the push of a button...pre-set examples and real-time interactions.Attendees will discuss the pros & cons of AI in marketing + branding and share their perspectives with one another. Attendees will learn about the cost savings and the time savings associated with using AI, should they choose to.
When most people in the industry talk about online or digital reputation management, what they're really saying is Google search and PPC. And it's usually reactive, left dealing with the aftermath of negative information published somewhere online. That's outdated. It leaves executives, organizations and other high-profile individuals at a high risk of a digital reputation attack that spans channels and tactics. But the tools needed to safeguard against an attack are more cybersecurity-oriented than most marketing and communications professionals can manage. Business leaders Leaders grasp the importance; 83% of executives place reputation in their top five areas of risk, yet only 23% are confident in their ability to address it. To succeed in 2024 and beyond, you need to turn online reputation on its axis and think like an attacker.\
Key Takeaways:
- New framework for examining and safeguarding an online reputation
- Tools and techniques to keep you a step ahead
- Practical examples that demonstrate when to act, how to act and how to recover
2. THEORITICAL ERRORS
These errors occur at different stages:-
Such as choice of area of an
investigation
Assumptions about constants and
variables
Defining variables
3. CHOICE OF AREA OF STUDY
Interdisciplinary knowledge
Field of specialization
Field of full understanding
Review of earlier studies
4. ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT A STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
Knowledge of variables
Operational Defination
Understanding the nature of variables
Demarcation of the role of variables
7. METHODOLOGICAL ERRORS
These are occur at different methods
in research:-
Descriptive research
Historical research
Experimental study
8. SUGGESTIONS TO AVOID ERRORS
Use appropriate method
Check the internal &external validity.
How to reduce these errors
Controlling the validity
Ex-post-facto study/casual comparative research
Method according to the objectives
Follow-up