Equity theory proposes that individuals are motivated when they perceive fair and equitable treatment compared to others. The theory was developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963 and suggests that people evaluate the fairness of their job inputs (like effort, skills) and outcomes (like pay, benefits) compared to referent others. If they perceive an imbalance or inequity between their inputs/outcomes ratio and that of others, they will feel distressed and be demotivated. The theory is used to understand employee motivation and satisfaction in organizational behavior.
The presentation on Equity theory of Motivation starting with history, the theory, inputs and outputs followed by consequences of inequity gives you the detailed view of Equity theory.
Best for students, trainers, employees, etc.
Concept that people derive job satisfaction and motivation by comparing their efforts (inputs) and income (outcomes) with those of the other people in the same or other firms.
The presentation on Equity theory of Motivation starting with history, the theory, inputs and outputs followed by consequences of inequity gives you the detailed view of Equity theory.
Best for students, trainers, employees, etc.
Concept that people derive job satisfaction and motivation by comparing their efforts (inputs) and income (outcomes) with those of the other people in the same or other firms.
Motivation Equity Theory in Management given by Adams , Landy, Bheer.
It is given to Motivate employees so that they work in very effective and efficient manner to attain the organisational goal.
Behavioral theories assert that people can learn how to become leaders through teaching and observation. As a reaction to the trait theories, the behavioral theories looks not at the traits and abilities of leaders, but their behavior.
Motivation Equity Theory in Management given by Adams , Landy, Bheer.
It is given to Motivate employees so that they work in very effective and efficient manner to attain the organisational goal.
Behavioral theories assert that people can learn how to become leaders through teaching and observation. As a reaction to the trait theories, the behavioral theories looks not at the traits and abilities of leaders, but their behavior.
Part of my Motivation Series, this presentation explains what Expectancy Theory is and how you can effectively apply it in your own life or in the lives of those you manage. It helps take a potentially "soft" topic and turn it into actionable steps.
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. EQUITY THEORY
JOHN STACEY ADAMS
Prepared by: AC 220 8D
SITI KHADIJAH BINTI ZAILAN(2012248034)
NURFARAH AMALINA BINTI ABDUL AZIZ(2012494562)
ANIS SYAFIQAH BINTI ROSLAN(2012459002)
NUR ATHIRAH BINTI TUAN YAACOB(2012203764)
2.
3. HISTORY
1963 – John
Stacey
Adams
Idea that
fairness and
equity are
key
components
of a
motivated
individual
The higher
an
individual's
perception of
equity, the
more
motivated
they will be
If someone
perceives an
unfair
environment,
they will be
demotivated
4. DEFINITION
Concept that people derive job satisfaction and motivation by
comparing their efforts (inputs) and income (outputs) with those
of the other people in the same or other firms.
Outputs
What the worker gets from a job
Salary, bonus, recognition,
reputation, job security, etc.
Inputs
What a worker contributes to a job
Effort, loyalty, hard work, skill,
ability, determination, etc.
5. PROPOSITIONS
Individuals develop their perception of fairness by
calculating a ratio of their inputs and outcomes and then
comparing this to the ratio of others.
• An individual may not perceive he is being treated
fairly when he works 40 hours per week and receives
RM500 in pay, while his co-worker works 30 hours
per week and receives RM650 in pay.
If the comparative ratios are perceived by the individual to
be unequal, then inequity exists.
• Inequity exists when there is a perceived difference
in the ratios of inputs and outcomes.
• Underpayment inequity and overpayment inequity
6. As the difference in inequity increases, the tension and
distress felt by an individual will increase.
• Smaller differences of inequity are more tolerable
than significant differences of inequity.
The greater tension an individual feels due to perceived
inequity, the harder they will work to decrease their tension
and increase perceived levels of equity
• Examples include decreasing productivity at
work, finding a new job, asking for a wage
increase, or attempting to justify changes in their
perceptions of inputs or outcomes
8. APPLICATION OF ET
Employees will compare their input and output with
their coworkers input and output to measure their
performance and will compromise if it is different.
Equity theory can be measured by:
Individual’s outcomes
Individual’s own inputs
Rational partner’s
outcomes
Rational partner’s inputs
9. APPLICATION OF ET
Condition Person Referent Example
Equity Outcomes =
Outcomes
Inputs Input
Employee input and
output equal with the
referent.
Underpayment Equity Outcomes <
Outcomes
Inputs Input
Employee input is
more than the referent
but get same output as
referent.
Overpayment Equity Outcomes >
Outcomes
Inputs Input
Employee input is
same as referent but
get more outcome than
the referent.
10. RESEARCH ON EQUITY
A study published in
1967, Effects of
Inequity Produced by
Underpayment on
Work Output, Work
Quality, and Attitudes
Towards the Work
Lawler & O'Gara
found that equity
theory was indeed
supported in that those
who received less pay
than their peers doing
the same job found
ways to "increase their
outcomes while
decreasing their
inputs”.
11. APPLICATION OF ET IN WORKPLACE
Distributive justice
Involves ensuring
that outcomes are
fairly distributed in
the organization.
Two levels :
o Low level
o Increase level
Procedural justice
Deals with whether or
not the process used
to allocate the
rewards is fair.
Examples:
o Giving employees a voice
in the decision-making
process
o Making unbiased
decisions
12. GLOBAL APPLICATION OF ET
Equity
Individual outcomes or
rewards will be in
proportion to individual
inputs and efforts.
Equality
Rewards are equally
given out to all
participants despite
individual inputs.
13. GLOBAL APPLICATION OF ET
Inputs Outcomes Choice of a
referent
Individualism
(Western)
Effort,
education,
intelligence,
experience
Pay, autonomy,
job
status, fringe
benefits
Range of
individuals
due to loosely
tied in-groups
Collectivism
(Eastern)
Group
membership,
loyalty, support,
respect
Harmony,
acceptance,
social
status,
solidarity,
cohesion
May choose out-groups
as a group
referent, not an
individual
17. MANAGER
Different employees
ascribe personal
values to inputs and
outcomes
People measure the
totals of their inputs
and outcomes
Employees are able
to adjust for
purchasing power
and local market
conditions
Staff perceptions of
inputs and outcomes
may be incorrect
Employee who
believes he is
overcompensated
may increase his
effort
19. HOW TO REDUCE INEQUITY
• Changing individual
inputs/outcomes
• Persuading others to change
inputs
• Withdrawal
Behavioral
option
• Distort perceptions of
inputs/outcomes
• Distort the inputs/outcomes of
others
• Change the other comparison
Cognitive
option
21. EQUITY SENSITIVITY- CATEGORIES
• Employees as givers and more tolerant of
under reward inequality
Benevolent
• Experience tension with inequality and will
seek to restore a balance of equity in their
relationships
Equity
Sensitive
• Individual who frequently have an attitude
that they are great and thus are entitled to
great outcomes
Entitled
22. CRITICISM TO
EQUITY THEORY
Directed towards both the assumptions and
practical application of equity theory
23. EQUITY THEORY
Criticisms A number of demographic and psychological
variables affect people’s perception of fairness
and interactions with others
People might perceive equity/ inequity not
only in terms of the specific inputs and
outcomes of a relationship, but also in terms
of the system that determines those inputs
and outputs
Not everyone will perceive the compensation
system as unfair even they are in the same
situation
24. CONCLUSION
People are
motivated to
reduce perceived
inequalities
To provide the
proper support for
employees that
may feel inequality