This chapter discusses theories of motivation and how to motivate employees. It covers several motivation theories including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, McGregor's Theory X and Y, Herzberg's two-factor theory, expectancy theories, goal setting theories, and equity theories. It also discusses the role of reinforcement, rewards, and punishment. Overall, the chapter suggests that understanding motivation requires considering individual and situational factors, and that managers should focus on setting clear goals, ensuring fair treatment of employees, and allowing employee participation and autonomy.
The present ppt explains the concept of motivation, Features and significance of motivation, Process of motivation and theories of motivation such as Maslow's need hierarchy theory, Herzberg hygiene theory, McCellend Theory, ERG Theory, Vroom Expectany theory, Carrot and Stick Theory, Theory X and Theory Y, Theory Z
The present ppt explains the concept of motivation, Features and significance of motivation, Process of motivation and theories of motivation such as Maslow's need hierarchy theory, Herzberg hygiene theory, McCellend Theory, ERG Theory, Vroom Expectany theory, Carrot and Stick Theory, Theory X and Theory Y, Theory Z
In this PPT we cover
1. What is motivation?
2. 3 components of motivation
3. Motivation Process
4. Motivation and need satisfaction
5. Characteristics of motivation
6.Types of motivations
7.Types of motivators
8. Motivation theories
-Maslow's hierarchy of needs
-Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
-McGregors X & Y Theory
- Vrooms Expectancy Theory
- Alderfer's ERG Theory
- McClleland's Learned Needs Theory
9. Motivating and Engaging Employees
Definition of motivation and its elements
Early theories of motivation
Contemporary theories of motivation
Implication of job engagement
How contemporary theories of motivation complete each other
Nature and functions of motivation
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
All about motivation in a nutshell.
Key topics covered:
• What is motivation?
• Why motivation?
• Type of motivation
• Motivating factors
• Theories of motivation
• Rules of motivation
• Creating a motivational climate
• Some tips for motivation
Maslow’s-Hierarchy of Needs Theory Alderfer's ERG Theory McClelland’s Theor...Shilpi Arora
Maslow’s-Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Alderfer's ERG Theory
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
Carrot and Stick Theory
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Equity Theory
In this PPT we cover
1. What is motivation?
2. 3 components of motivation
3. Motivation Process
4. Motivation and need satisfaction
5. Characteristics of motivation
6.Types of motivations
7.Types of motivators
8. Motivation theories
-Maslow's hierarchy of needs
-Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
-McGregors X & Y Theory
- Vrooms Expectancy Theory
- Alderfer's ERG Theory
- McClleland's Learned Needs Theory
9. Motivating and Engaging Employees
Definition of motivation and its elements
Early theories of motivation
Contemporary theories of motivation
Implication of job engagement
How contemporary theories of motivation complete each other
Nature and functions of motivation
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
All about motivation in a nutshell.
Key topics covered:
• What is motivation?
• Why motivation?
• Type of motivation
• Motivating factors
• Theories of motivation
• Rules of motivation
• Creating a motivational climate
• Some tips for motivation
Maslow’s-Hierarchy of Needs Theory Alderfer's ERG Theory McClelland’s Theor...Shilpi Arora
Maslow’s-Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Alderfer's ERG Theory
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
Carrot and Stick Theory
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Equity Theory
182
Chapter 6
Work Motivation
need for achievement
The need to perform well against a standard of excellence.
needs. Understanding this is important for managers because it may provide them with the reasons for a person’s behavior.
ERG theory has more research support than Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. For example, some research has found evidence for the meaningfulness of the three categories of needs.11 Support has also been found for several of Alderfer’s basic propositions, such as the concept that a satisfied need may remain a motivator.12 Indeed, relatedness and growth needs have been found to increase as they are satisfied. In other words, the more they are satisfied, the more they are desired. However, more research on ERG theory is necessary to test its useful- ness under different conditions. In general, ERG theory may be viewed as a refinement of the needs hierarchy theory.13
Theory of Achievement, Affiliation, and Power
A third theory, largely developed by David McClelland, also uses need classifications and focuses on the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power. Some have referred to these as learned needs because they are influenced by cultural background and can be acquired over time.14 The three needs are also viewed as independent, meaning a person can be high or low on any one or all three needs. Although all three needs are important, the need for achievement has received the most attention from researchers because of its prominent organizational effects.15
Need for Achievement
Need for achievement, first discussed in Chapter 5, was originally defined by McClelland and his colleagues as a “desire to perform well against a standard of excellence.”16 People with a high need for achievement feel good about themselves when surpassing a standard that is meaning- ful to them. Furthermore, people with a high need for achievement prefer to set their own goals rather than to have no goals or to accept the goals set for them by others. Specifically:
• They tend to set goals of moderately strong difficulty that are achievable. • They like to solve problems rather than leave the results to chance. They are more
interested in achieving the goal than in the formal rewards they may receive, although
they recognize the value of their inputs and tend to earn good incomes. • They prefer situations in which they receive regular, concrete feedback on their
performance.17 • They are positive thinkers who find workable solutions to life’s hurdles and challenges.18 • They assume strong personal responsibility for their work.
Some consider the achievement motive to be a component of self-actualization.19 Con- sistent with this belief, people high on need for achievement tend to do well in challenging jobs but do less well in boring or routine jobs. In a study of sales and sales support person- nel, individuals with high achievement needs had positive outcomes only when occupying more demanding, technically oriented roles.20 Related to this fi ...
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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2. Motivation
Motivation is defined simply as what causes
people to behave as they do.
all organizations need motivated employees
and motivation is also critical to our own
personal success
motivation is particularly important and
governmental organizations--the public sector is
aimed at the achievement of public purposes
in a very real sense, the quality of our
neighborhoods, communities, and world
depends upon motivation
3. Motivation in the
Public Sector
there is a persistent and widespread belief that
people who work in the public sector are
fundamentally lazy and unmotivated--there are
three main reasons for this:
rewards and incentives available for use by public
sector managers, particularly in terms of pay a
promotion, might be limited
many people who pursue public sector careers are
less achievement oriented and primarily attracted to
public service for job security
motivation is said to be more complex in public
organizations because the goals are often more
ambiguous than those in the private sector, where
clear-cut motive is profit
4. Where do we begin?
To enhance our experience at work it is import
understand what motivates us
When we are highly motivated we can influence
others in a constructive way
understanding what motivates us can help us
make prudent career choices that allow us to
work in organizational settings that keep us
excited and interested in our work
5. Projection and Motivation
Looking inward can help us resist the
temptation to think what motivates us is what
motivates others-- --this process is called
projection
projection is a mental process in which we attribute
or assign our own feelings, motives, or qualities to
other people
we generally project feelings that we are not
conscious of or are not comfortable with
projection is a mental shortcut that makes it seem as
though understanding other people's behavior is
much simpler than it actually is
6. What Motivates You Now
and in the Future?
You have been invited to interview for
your dream job.
At the time the interview was scheduled, you
were asked to be ready discuss what factors
would be most important motivating you in
this position.
What are those factors?
Is there a difference between what motivates
you in your current job and your dream job?
7. Motivation in Organizations
Motivation is defined simply as what causes
people to behave as they do
There is a lack of a single commonly accepted
meaning of motivation and organizational
development-- --however there are some
areas of consensus
motivated behavior is goal-directed behavior
motivation is limited and directed by situations and
environments in which people find themselves
8. Motivation in Organizations
motivation is not:
directly observable
the same as satisfaction
always conscious
directly controllable
11. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A basic assumption of this model is that
humans are perpetually wanting
the level does not need to be fully
satisfied only that it must be partially or
adequately satisfied
12. McGregor (1957) Theory X
and Theory Y
Theory X assumptions:
people are naturally lazy and work as little as
possible
workers lack ambition, avoid responsibility,
and preferred to be led
employees are interested only in their own
needs and not the needs of the organization
people are resistant to change
workers are basically gullible and not very
bright
13. McGregor (1957) Theory X
and Theory Y
Theory Y Assumptions:
people are not passive by nature and are
capable of self-control and self-direction
work is natural and pleasurable
workers are not resistant to change and will
work towards organizational goals
people seek and accept responsibility
delegation, job enlargement, and participative
management are consistent with Theory Y
assumptions
14. HERZBERG (1968) TWO-FACTOR
OR MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY
Factors that produced job satisfaction or
motivation are different than factors that
lead to dissatisfaction
motivating or intrinsic factors are those
associated with the nature of the work
itself
achievement, recognition, challenging work,
responsibility and growth
15. HERZBERG (1968) TWO-FACTOR
OR MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY
low-level needs, called hygiene or
extrinsic factors, do not lead to motivation
they only lead to dissatisfaction
hygiene factors such as pay or working
conditions, supervision, interpersonal
relations, status, and security can cause
dissatisfaction
satisfying these needs however will not lead
to motivation
16. HERZBERG (1968) TWO-FACTOR
OR MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY
We are most preoccupied with a unmet needs --
-- what do you need to be motivated?
Skill variety -- -- the job requires wearing skills,
activities, tasks, and talents
task identity -- -- the job allows completion of a whole
and identifiable piece of work or work product
task significance -- -- the work is important and has a
positive impact or others in and outside of the
organization
autonomy -- -- the workers have a degree of
discretion and control over their work
feedback -- -- the work provides directing clear
information on the effectiveness of performance
17. HERZBERG (1968) TWO-FACTOR
OR MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY
Take the Survey
maintenance factors -- -- 1,2,6,7,8,9, 10,
12, 13, 14, 15, 17, and 18
motivating factors -- -- 3,4,5,11, 16, and
19
Issues with Reliability and Validity?
18. EXPECTANCY THEORIES
instead of focusing on individual needs,
expectancy theories suggest that people
will be motivated when they expect their
efforts will result in desirable outcomes
19. EXPECTANCY THEORIES
valence, expectancy, and force
valence refers to the strength of a person's
desire for a particular outcome
expectancy is the association between
actions and outcomes
force is the combination of valance and
expectancy which results in the force to
perform or act
20. EXPECTANCY THEORIES
the stronger the valence or value of the
reward and the strength of the
expectancy that a person's efforts will be
successful and result in the reward, the
stronger the motivational force to engage
in the behavior
21. EXPECTANCY THEORIES
expectancy theories are more complex than
needs-based theories of motivation on several
factors
they introduce a cognitive aspect of motivation--
people think about expected payoffs for their efforts
they suggest motivation involves not just the
individual but also opportunities, rewards, and
incentives and the work environment
to have different skills and abilities and that
people tend to exert more effort in the areas
that they believe they are more likely to perform
well
22. EXPECTANCY THEORIES
motivations can be impacted in three ways
choose rewards that are of value to particular
workers
managers can work to change the
expectancy of existing outcomes so that the
link between hard work and rewards is
strengthened
managers can attempt to change the valance
of existing outcomes – or shared goals for
the individual and organization
23. GOAL SETTING THEORIES
goal setting is recognized explicitly or implicitly
by virtually every major theory of work
motivation
the existence of goals in and of themselves can
motivate behavior
people assigned difficult goals tend to perform better
than those with moderately difficult to easy goals
the idea behind goal setting theory is that goals
motivate people to compare current performance to
performance needed to meet goals
it is better to state a specific goal than to simply urge
people to do their best
goal setting has been found to enhance performance
about 90 percent of the time
24. GOAL SETTING THEORIES
for goal setting to be effective, people
must be committed to the goal
goal setting is particularly effective when
feedback is provided that allows people to
monitor their progress towards goal
attainment
25. GOAL SETTING THEORIES
Goal setting can raise expectations and
trigger productive self-fulfilling prophecies
worker motivation will be enhanced
expectancy or judgment that their
efforts will payoff is increased and
people will exert more effort in goal
attainment
26. Equity Theories
equity theories are based on social exchange
people make choices based on their
assessments of particular situations before
exerting effort to achieve goals
people of evaluate the situation on the basis of
what they perceive to be fair or advantageous
compared to what others receive and/or the
effort required
27. Equity Theories
People's expectations about what is fair or
equitable are learned through the process of
socialization -- and also comparison of their
experiences with those of others
the “equity norm” suggest that those who
contribute more to an organization should
receive more rewards
28. Equity Theories
motivation according to this model is a
consequence of perceived inequity
perceived inequity creates tension in proportion
to the magnitude of the inequity
people can either feel guilty because they think
they are paid too much (overpayment inequity)
or be angry because they are paid too little
(underpayment inequity)
individuals are motivated to reduce this tension
by either changing what they do or changing
what they think
29. Equity Theories
the research evidence on equity theories is
generally strong
although it might be a mistake to reduce our
understanding of all interpersonal interactions at
work to a type of social exchange bargaining
equity theories may provide important insights into
understanding how people believe they are treated
work
research on equity theories provides important
information on the influence of pay on
motivation and on how people look to others to
evaluate whether they think they are treated
fairly
30. Reinforcement, Rewards,
and Punishment
this is a model of human behavior suggesting
that behavior is learned and that motivations
and behavior can be changed by manipulating
rewards and punishments
Skinner (1971) is perhaps the person most
closely identified with this idea
his work focused on “operant behavior” or
behavior that is controlled by the individual
31. Reinforcement, Rewards,
and Punishment
How can operant behavior can be
conditioned so the desired outcomes can
occur? Skinner suggested four
approaches:
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
extinction
32. Participation As a Motivator
a participative approach is positively related to
employee motivation and performance
this can be seen as a continuum from
authoritarian to Democratic
Democratic systems management has complete
confidence in trust and workers
workers are motivated by participating in goal
setting,development of reward, improving
methods, and evaluating goal attainment
33. Participation As a Motivator
participation influences motivation
because it increases the amount of
information that people have on the
expected outcomes of performance
it helps ensure rewards of high valence
for workers and helps people to see the
relationship between performance and
outcomes
34. Motivation and Life Stages
Ericsson argued that there are identifiable
stages of adult psychological development
in Ericsson's view each of the stages present a
crisis or choice that must be dealt with before
progressing to the next stage
if a crisis is not resolved than the individual
might regress to an earlier stage
35. Motivation and Life Stages
many issues facing employees during early
adulthood are the establishment of careers and
finding personal intimacy
during mid-life employees encounter
opportunities for growth and change and
experiences shift from concentration on external
concerns to concentration on internal or self-oriented
concerns
during later life employees search for meaning
and integrity
36. Motivation and Life Stages
the life-stage of employees will have an
affect on satisfaction and morale
the entry phase in the life-stage is
particularly important and that
organization should offer support in the
form of mentors to help employees during
these transitions
37. Critiques of Life-Cycle
Theories
Life-cycle theories have been criticized
for being based on false assumptions
regarding lifetime tenure in organizations
beginning at 20 years of age and for
justifying ageism and sexism
critics note that there are many different
lifestyles and many do not conform to a
lock step deterministic model of adult
psychological functioning
38. Critiques of Life-Cycle
Theories
When using life cycle theories to
understand employee behavior, the
emphasis must be placed on providing
information to create a positive climate for
employee-organization relationships
regardless of life stage
39. Public Service Motivation
some individual seek public service as a means
of satisfying their own needs -- these needs
might be based on:
personal identification with the program
the desire to advocate for a people or interests
desire to serve the public in the public’s interest
motives related to factors such as:
Loyalty
Duty
Citizenship
Values such as social equity
40. Anti-motivation Theories
some argue that motivation theories are a way
of thinking that essentially amounts to
manipulation
according to this viewpoint motivation theory
and practice is fundamentally flawed for the
following reasons:
it seeks to cause or stimulate action, assuming that
there was none prior to the initiative
as a consequence, it is incidental, not continuous--
therefore it, must be reinstated as often as action is
desired
41. Anti-motivation Theories
according to this viewpoint motivation theory
and practice is fundamentally flawed for the
following reasons:
it is found on a paternalistic assumption -- -- the
protagonists of greater status, experience, intellect,
or responsibility is seeking to motivate a second
party, presumably a lower status. The relationship
between the two parties is unequal
It relies too heavily on rewards to achieve objectives
42. Anti-motivation Theories
the idea that rewards actually might destroy
people's natural interest in work
people know that if they have to be rewarded to do
something, they are not doing work for its own sake
carrot and stick motivation or approaches produce
poor work habits
the idea is that people who are allowed a
degree of self-determination will become
voluntarily engaged in work that is interesting
and enjoyable to them
people choose work that they are good and
enjoy
43. Anti-motivation Theories
We should think about partnerships rather
than subordinates
Negotiate projects rather than give
assignments
Develop new competencies rather than
merely track past performance
44. Ways of Acting
Be self-reflective and proactive about your own
motivation
Be aware of what motivates you, not
necessarily what motivates others
Have realistic expectations about the extent in
which we can influence the motivation of others
Participate in setting clear and challenging
goals
Think about the salience of various rewards
45. Ways of Acting
Be honest with people about what rewards are
possible what rewards are not
Although people might be different in terms of
personality, wants, goals, and needs -- -- they
all want to be treated fairly
Motivation is not about the characteristics of
people, it is about the work that you can ask
them to do
It can be helpful think about the life-stages and
what it means for employees – and offer
appropriate support