Motivation refers to the drives and forces that activate and direct behavior. There are many theories that attempt to explain what motivates individuals and how motivation can be used effectively in organizations. Some key motivation theories discussed in the document include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, ERG theory, expectancy theory, goal setting theory, and reinforcement theory. The document also discusses various motivation strategies used in organizations such as management by objectives.

1. Motivation

4. Motivation Process Motive Action Releasing Tension Satisfaction Need/desire Reward Making effort Identifying tensions Attaining goals Setting goals Creates tension Feedback Process is continuous

6. Need Hierarchy Theory (Maslow) Physiological Needs Security Needs Social Needs Esteem Needs Self Actualisation Higher order needs Lower order needs Achieve self fulfillment Internal esteem factors Belongingness Security & protection Basic needs

12. Comparative Analysis of Need Theories Maslow Herzberg Alderfer McClelland Self Actualisation Motivators Growth Achievement Esteem Power Social Hygiene factors Relatedness Affiliation Safety Physiological Existence

27. Reinforcement Strategies Punishment Positive Reinforcement Extinction Negative Reinforcement Application Withdrawl Negative Positive

31. MBO Process Enterprise objectives Planning Premises Key Result Areas Responsibilities Superiors’ Objectives Subordinates’ Objectives Performance Periodic Review Final Performance Final Review and Appraisal Corrective Measures Superordinate goals Feedback and monitoring