Epigenetics involves heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to DNA sequence. The main epigenetic mechanisms are chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, and histone modification. Environmental factors like smoking, diet, and toxins can influence the epigenome. Errors in epigenetic programming have been linked to diseases. The epigenome responds dynamically to the environment and directs gene expression patterns during development and differentiation.
This presentation on Epigenetics is most advanced and evidence based one. Its Very helpful for Genetics students and research fellows, Reproductive Medicine specialist, Reproductive Biologist, Infertility practitioners
This presentation on Epigenetics is most advanced and evidence based one. Its Very helpful for Genetics students and research fellows, Reproductive Medicine specialist, Reproductive Biologist, Infertility practitioners
Overview of epigenetics and its role in diseaseGarry D. Lasaga
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence — a change in phenotype without a change in genotype — which in turn affects how cells read the genes.
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
"Epigenetics refers to genetic factors that change an organism’s appearance or biological functions without changing the actual DNA sequence. In other words, gene expression changes but the genes themselves don’t. Epigenetics adds an additional level of complexity to the genetic code." - Public Health Cafe
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence — a change in phenotype without a change in genotype — which in turn affects how cells read the genes. - [https://www.whatisepigenetics.com/fundamentals/]
Author of this presentation: The University of Western Australia
The epigenetic regulation of DNA-templated processes has been intensely studied over the last 15
years. DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome remodeling, and RNA-mediated targeting regulate many biological processes that are fundamental to the genesis of cancer. Here, we
present the basic principles behind these epigenetic pathways and highlight the evidence suggesting that their misregulation can culminate in cancer. This information, along with the promising clinical and preclinical results seen with epigenetic drugs against chromatin regulators, signifies that it
is time to embrace the central role of epigenetics in cancer.
Dna methylation ppt
definition of Dna methylation ppt
discovery of Dna methylation ppt
types of Dna methylation ppt
history of Dna methylation ppt
process of Dna methylation ppt
mechanism of Dna methylation ppt
methylation in cancer
cytosine methylation
genomic imprinting
Overview of epigenetics and its role in diseaseGarry D. Lasaga
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence — a change in phenotype without a change in genotype — which in turn affects how cells read the genes.
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
"Epigenetics refers to genetic factors that change an organism’s appearance or biological functions without changing the actual DNA sequence. In other words, gene expression changes but the genes themselves don’t. Epigenetics adds an additional level of complexity to the genetic code." - Public Health Cafe
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence — a change in phenotype without a change in genotype — which in turn affects how cells read the genes. - [https://www.whatisepigenetics.com/fundamentals/]
Author of this presentation: The University of Western Australia
The epigenetic regulation of DNA-templated processes has been intensely studied over the last 15
years. DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome remodeling, and RNA-mediated targeting regulate many biological processes that are fundamental to the genesis of cancer. Here, we
present the basic principles behind these epigenetic pathways and highlight the evidence suggesting that their misregulation can culminate in cancer. This information, along with the promising clinical and preclinical results seen with epigenetic drugs against chromatin regulators, signifies that it
is time to embrace the central role of epigenetics in cancer.
Dna methylation ppt
definition of Dna methylation ppt
discovery of Dna methylation ppt
types of Dna methylation ppt
history of Dna methylation ppt
process of Dna methylation ppt
mechanism of Dna methylation ppt
methylation in cancer
cytosine methylation
genomic imprinting
Define epigenetics.
Describe important epigenetic mechanism and explain the implication of epigenetics in normal functions, disease and disease presentation.
Outline the heritability or epigenetic effects.
Explain the role of epigenetic in the development of cancer.
Outline the potentials of epigenetic intervention in battling cancer.
Speaker,
Dr. Md. Mohiuddin Masum
MS Anatomy, Phase-A, Year-1, Block-1
Guided by,
Prof. K M Shamim
Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Applying The Principles Of Epigenetics For a R(Evolution) in School Librarian...Buffy Hamilton
Presentation to the Fulton County School District School Librarians, March 24, 2010. Please see the resource page at http://theunquietlibrarian.wikispaces.com/Applying+The+Principles+Of+Epigenetics+For+a+R(Evolution)+In+School+Librarianship .
Primer on Epigenetics given at the IRSF family conference 2011Christopher Wynder
My presentation for the families of Rett syndrome patients.
This serves as a basic primer on what epigenetics is without deep details on the science.
Appropriate for all levels of education.
For more information contact the author: crwynder@gmail.com
Role of Inflammation, Genetics, Epigenetics, and Stem Cells in Tumorigenesispianocidal
This is a 2.5 hour presentation on the basic mechanisms of tumorigenesis. It has been used to introduce students to the importance of inflammation, basic concepts/terminology in genetics and epigenetics, and thoughts pertaining to stem cells in tumorigenesis.
There are very many composing styles, subjects and topics that can be found; thus, it may possibly be a complicated task seeking to assess a college essay. Click here and more information about it: http://www.craftycollege.org
Email Marketing: 10 Tips to Success in 2012George Inglis
Email ain't sexy. There's no up-coming email IPO for the press to write about. No genius, enigmatic CEO of email. Yet consider that over 90% of email users have opt-in relationships with a consumer brand, as opposed to 15% on Facebook. Email marketing works - and In fact is even better when combined with social media list building which is one of the topics we'll cover in this workshop. I'll also show you tips for avoiding spam filters, how to maximize your email for mobile, how to create viral emails, and how to test email subject lines.
Dr Trevor Cole's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: From family history to epigenetics of osteoporosis.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Correct and desired place for your humanities homework help. My Help Assignment team takes you to journey of all subjects very interestingly by clearing your all doubts and confusion on the subjects.
Epigenetics definition, history of epigenetics, molecular basis of epigenetics, epigenetic modification, tools to study epigenetics, disease linked with epigenetics, DNA methylation demethylation and enzymes regulating DNA methylation
Epigenetics and it's relevance in crop improvementShamlyGupta
Epigenetics means ‘above’ or ‘on top of genetics’
A study of the changes in gene expression that are mitotically and/or meiotically heritable and do not involve a change in the DNA sequence
Gene-regulatory information that is not expressed in DNA sequences but transmitted from one generation (of cells or organisms) to the next
Coined by embryologist C. H. Waddington in 1942.
Epigenetics can be used to explain the phenomena that cannot be explained by genetics/genomics, such as the differences between monozygotic twins, which are considered to be genetically identical.
Epigenetics studies stably heritable traits that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence.
Covalent modifications in chromatin
DNA- DNA methylation (CpG); hydroxymethylation
Histone - lysine acetylation, lysine and arginine methylation, serine and threonine phosphorylation, and lysine ubiquitination and sumoylation
Epigenetic mechanisms:
Modified histones as post translational modification
DNA methylation – 5mC the 5th base, methyl transferases; genetic imprinting.
Epigenomics: complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell.
Specific epigenetic regulation
RNA interference
X inactivation (Lyonization)
Genomic imprinting
Epigenetics in development and diseases.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. Spacial Topics in Human Genetics
Subject: Epigenetics
by:
Mohammad Hossein Bakhshi Aliabad
Peyman Ghoraishizadeh
2. Definition of Epigenetics
• Changes in gene expression or phenotype that don’t involve changes to the DNA
sequence(1)
• Its defined as heritable changes in gene activity and expression that occur
without alteration in DNA sequence (2)
3. Mechanism of Epigenetics
• Mechanisms
Chromatin Remodelling & Histone Modification
DNA Methylation
Non-coding RNA mediated pathway
Prion
Epigenetic code:
Consist of Both DNA methylation and histone modifications
Defining code in every eukaryotic cells
Genetic code in each cell is the same
Epigenetic code is tissue and cell specific (3)
6. Nucleosome
• nucleosome contains
147 bp of genomic DNA
wrapped around an
octamer of histone
Proteins approximately
1.75 times
7. Chromatin remodeling
• Chromatin remodeling is accomplished through two main
mechanisms:
• Post trans translational modification of the amino acids that
make up histone protein
• Addition of methyl group to DNA
9. Histone Acetylation&Deacetylation
• Histone acetylation
• – Histone acetyl transferases (HATs)
• Adds acetyl groups to histone tails
• Reduces positive charge and weakens interaction of histones with DNA
• Facilitates transcription by making DNA more accessible to RNA
polymerase II
• Histone deacetylation
• – Histone deacetylases (HDACs)
• Removes acetyl groups from histone tails
• Increases interaction of DNA and histones
• Represses transcription (usually)
11. Histone Methylation
• Histone methylation
• Histone methyl transferases (HMTs)
– Histone lysine methyl transferases(HKMTs)
.Methylate lys (k) residues
. Protein argenin methyl transferase (PRMTs)
.Methylate arge(R) residues
Methylation can result in activation or repression
Of expression
trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) is an active mark for transcription
dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9), a signal for transcriptional silencing (4)
13. DNA Methylation
• Involves the addition of a methyl group to DNA
• Usually to the number 5 carbon of the cytosine
• pyrimidine ring
• Effect: reducing gene expression
• Catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)
• Predominantly found found in CpG sites of mammalian genome
Silencing:
• Methylation of CpG sites within the promoters of genes can lead to their
silencing, a feature found in a number of human cancers (eg. silencing of tumor
• suppressor genes)
Activation:
• In contrast, the hypomethylation of CpG
sites has been associated with the over-expression of oncogenes within cancer cells.
15. Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the genome
of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic
alterations are as important as genetic mutations in a cell’s transformation to
cancer.
Mechanisms of epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes and activation
of oncogenes include: alteration in CpG island methylation
patterns, histone modifications.
Epigenetic modifications in Neurodevelopmental disorders
Genetic mutations in epigenetic genes cause dysfunctions that lead to certain
neurodevelopmental disorders, The majority of the evidence centers on DNA
methylation and histone modification.
Epigenetic modifications in autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the breakdown of immune
tolerance to specific self-antigens.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. • So if you do something during your life that gives
you a specific Epigenome will it be passed down?
Yes ? No ?
21. Sometimes yes and some times no …
An experiment was done with genetically identical mice. Most were fat but some
were skinny. Both these mice have a one gene called agouti but in the yellow
mouse it stays on all of the time, and this causes obesity.
So why is the thin mouse is thin, if they are genetically identical?
•Well, in the brown (thin) mouse there is a tiny chemical “tag” that has
attached itself to the agouti gene shutting it down.
•In order to get thin brown mice instead of fat yellow mice, you can feed the
pregnant mothers a diet rich in methyl groups to form tags and ultimately turn
the gene off. This dramatically shifted the coat color from yellow to brown and
produced many more brown mice.
•This is important because the coat color is a tracer, or an indicator that the
gene is in fact turned off. This shift of the phenotype is called an epigenetic
fix, and it was also inherited by the next generation of mice, regardless of
what their mothers ate.
22. Enviromental and Dietary factors have an important role in abnormal
epygnetics pathway.
For example:
Smoking : causes Demethylation of metastatic genes in lung cancer cells.
Cadmium: is a heavy metal that causes deformity in DNA methylation.
Pesticide: changes the DNA methylation.
folate and methionine : they supply methyl group for DNA methylation.
23. DRUGS
1. Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases, Azacitidine for breast cancer
2. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases, Trichostatin for breast cancer
3. Histone acetyltransferases.
4. Histone methyltransferases.
5. Histone demethylases.
24. The epigenome shows far greater plasticity than the genome and contributes
significantly to development and differentiation by responding to environmental
stimuli. Errors in epigenetic programming caused by genetic defects and/or
environmental factors have been directly implicated with human disease.
25. The Epigenome never actually does the work. The
genome does the work that the Epigenome tells it
to do.
26. Conclusion
• the epigenetic mechanisms are a window to
understanding the possible mechanisms involved
in the pathogenesis of complex diseases.
• For example: Unmethylated CpG sites can be
detected by Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR 9) on
plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells in humans
and it can be used to detect intracellular viral,
fungal, and bacterial pathogen DNA.
27. References
• 1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics
• 2.Bird A.Nature ,447 ,396-98[2007]
• 3. Turner B (2007). "Defining an epigenetic code". Nat Cell Biol 9 (1): 2–6.
• 4.Gupta, Swati; Se Y. Kim, Sonja Artis, David L. Molfese, Armin Schumacher, J. David Sweatt, Richard E. Paylor, and Farah D. Lubin (10 March 2010). "Histone Methylation Regulates Memory Formation". The
Journal of Neuroscience 30 (10): 3589–3599