Hospital-acquired infections are one of the top 10 causes of death. Approximately 1.7 million patients acquire infections in hospitals each year, with almost 6% dying as a result. One in 20 patients develops a hospital-acquired infection, and nationwide around 2 million people develop one each year. The document discusses the types of germs that cause hospital-acquired infections and provides information on acceptable microbial levels for different areas of hospitals.
This is prepared for my project and im sharing this for useful to others.This slides contain the processing of urine specimens in microbiology.im prepared on basis of our medical college method.sometimes the methods will vary with other hospitals
The lecture is a simple one describing the various methods that could be applied in small microbiology laboratories where the automated systems are lacking.
This is prepared for my project and im sharing this for useful to others.This slides contain the processing of urine specimens in microbiology.im prepared on basis of our medical college method.sometimes the methods will vary with other hospitals
The lecture is a simple one describing the various methods that could be applied in small microbiology laboratories where the automated systems are lacking.
Principle of diagnostic methods collection storage and transport of specimensPrasad Gunjal
Specimen collection, storage, and transport methods are described in detail as helpful for the students of medicine, laboratory medicine, and microbiology. The presentation is specifically focusing only on microbiology points of view while collecting specimens for laboratory investigations and diagnostic purposes.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
Principle of diagnostic methods collection storage and transport of specimensPrasad Gunjal
Specimen collection, storage, and transport methods are described in detail as helpful for the students of medicine, laboratory medicine, and microbiology. The presentation is specifically focusing only on microbiology points of view while collecting specimens for laboratory investigations and diagnostic purposes.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
Bacterial Examination of Water of different sources.pptDr. Thippeswamy S.
Bacterial Examination of water is useful for:
(1) Detection of faecal pollution in potential water supply (very sensitive test).
(2) Assessment of water treatment plant performance.
(3) Confirmation of hygienic safety of final water entering supply.
(4) Surveillance of water quality throughout distribution.
(5) Indicator bacteria: give Quantitative results therefore used as basis for these standards:
(1) Raw Water Quality
(2) Treated Water Quality
(3) Distribution System Water Quality
(4) Bathing Water Quality
(5) Quality of Water for shellfish growing
(6) Quality of water for re-use in irrigation.
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND MONITORING OF ASEPTIC PROCESSING ENVIRONMENTS & P...Alok Yadav
“MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND MONITORING OF ASEPTIC PROCESSING ENVIRONMENTS & PRODUCT”
Microbiologically controlled environments are used for a variety of purposes within the healthcare industry. This general information chapter provides information and recommendations for environments where the risk of microbial contamination is controlled through aseptic processing. Products manufactured in such environments include pharmaceutical sterile products, bulk sterile drug substances, sterile intermediates, excipients and in certain cases, medical devices. Aseptic processing environments are far more critical in terms of patient risk than controlled environments used for other manufacturing operations-for example, equipment and component preparation, limited bio-burden control of non-sterile products, and processing of terminally sterilized products. The type of aseptic processing is differentiated by the presence or absence of human operators. An advanced aseptic process is one in which direct intervention with open product containers or exposed product contact surfaces by operators wearing conventional clean-room garments is not required and never permitted.
Clean rooms have a very special place and purpose in aseptic areas such as sterility lab. The establishment, maintenance, and control of the microbiological quality of the clean room and the controlled environments require engineering and science based approach. Aseptic area maintained by when microorganisms entry are prevented by providing high quality of air in the room, using HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filters that provide Laminar Air Flow.
Surface monitoring of Walls and floor and equipments lying in class 10000 or Grade C shall be done by this method.
Area of 100cm2 shall be selected for taking swabs.
Swabs shall either be pre- sterilized or non sterile swabs can be sterilized at about 121 oC for 20 min or as per validation cycle.
Sterilized swabs shall be placed in 10mL of sterile 0.9% saline solution.
Rub the swab gently over the surface which is to be monitored.
Keep them back in the tubes containing 0.9% saline solution. Each tube shall be marked with the location and date of sampling.
Take 1mL of saline suspension containing swab sample in, pre sterilized Petri dish.
Pour molten Soyabean casein digest agar (SCDA) media, in duplicate. Mark the plates indicating location and date of sampling.
Let the plates solidify. Incubate them first at 30 oC to 35 oC temperature for 48 hours and then at 20 oC to 25 oC temperature for next 72 hours.
Observations shall be recorded first after 48hrs and then after 120hrs.
Multiply the count observed in each plate with 10, so as to get the actual count of that area.
All the environmental parameters shall be verified and established at the time of installation and thereafter monitored at periodic intervals. The recommended frequencies of periodic monitoring shall be as follows:
-Particulate Monitoring in Air – cont..
Super Aqua HOCl technology & Product RangeJaneSuperAqua
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Sterility Testing is defined as a testing which confirms that products are free from the presence of viable microorganisms. Sterility testing is very important for medical devices, pharmaceuticals, preparations, tissue materials and other materials that claim to be sterile or free from viable microorganisms.
Should we be testing endoscopes? One life - Central Sterilising Club (csc) ...OneLife SA
The use of contaminated endoscopes can lead to patient-to-patient transmission of pathogens and infections. Studies evaluated cleanliness of patient-ready scopes after reprocessing and revealed between 10% and 30% of residual contamination.
Should therefore surveillance be standardized?
5.1.3. Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (EP 5.0)Guide_Consulting
Salah Satu Referensi Yang Digunakan Dalam One Day Seminar "Preservative Effectiveness Validation" 04 Desember 2014.
Detail : info@traininglaboratorium.com
Similar to Enviromental sampling, guideline for enviromental infection control in health care facilities (20)
7 Alasan Untuk Menghadiri Exhibition, Workshop and International Conference On Global Disease, Prevention, Diagnostic and Treatment ( Medical Laboratory Technologist Exhibition 2015 )
Seminar Room Qualification and Room Monitoring For Sterile and Non Sterile Facility. Phamaceutical Industry, Food and Bevereages Industry and Health Care facility
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. Hospital Acquired Infection
Top 10 Most fatalCouse of Death
1.7 million Patient Acquire
InfectionFrom hospitals each years
As a result, Almost 6% Die
3. In Hospitals 1 out of 20
Patients develops an
HAI
Nationwide, 2 million
people develop an HAI
each ear
21. Hazard /
Hygiene
Indicator
Timing /
Frequency of
Testing
Result Interpretation Action References
Conventionally ventilated theatres built/ refurbished before 2007:
Aerobic Colony
Post-maintenance
Count
/commissionin
g; in empty
theatre after
ventilation
system has
achieved
steady state
35 cfu/m3
0 - < 35 cfu/m3
UNSATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
Take theatre out
of use, clean
thoroughly and
re-test
N/A
NHS Estates,
1994
During a
surgical
operation
> 180 cfu/m3
(averaged over
five-minute
period)
UNSATISFACTORY Investigate and
re-test
0 - < 180
cfu/m3
SATISFACTORY N/A
Table 3: Testing requirements and interpretation of results for operating theatre air
quality (as determined by active air sampling)
22. Hazard /
Hygiene
Indicator
Timing /
Frequency of
Testing
Result Interpretation Action References
Conventionally ventilated theatres built/ refurbished after 2007:
Aerobic Colony
Post-maintenance
Count
/commissionin
g; in empty
theatre after
ventilation
system has
achieved
steady state
10 cfu/m3
0 - < 10 cfu/m3
UNSATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY*
Take theatre out of
use, clean thoroughly
and re-test
*Note broad
category of
organisms present;
there should not be a
preponderance of
fungi.
Departmen
t of Health,
2007
During a
surgical
operation
> 180 cfu/m3
(averaged over
five-minute
period)
UNSATISFACTORY Investigate and re-test
0 - < 180
cfu/m3
SATISFACTORY N/A
Ultra-clean theatres:
Microbiological testing of empty theatre not recommended on commissioning or post maintenance
(but may be necessary if work may have affected air supply or distribution)
28. Table 5: Testing requirements and interpretation of results for endoscopy final rinse
water
Hazard / Hygiene
Indicator
Timing /
Frequency of
Testing
Result Interpretation Action References
Aerobic Colony
Count
Weekly >100 in 100 ml
20 – 100 in 100 ml
0 - <20 in 100 ml
0 in 100 ml
UNACCEPTABLE
UNSATISFACTORY
ACCEPTABLE*
SATISFACTORY
Take washer /disinfector
out of use
Investigate cause and put
corrective action in place
*Acceptable provided
that Pseudomonas
aeruginosa is not detected
N/A
NHS Estates, 1995
Willis (2006)
Environmental
mycobacteria
Annually (or more
frequently,
depending on risk
assessment)
> 0 in 100 ml
0 in 100 ml
UNSATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
Investigate immediately
and take repeat sample
N/A
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Optional – to be
determined in
discussion with
local
microbiologist
> 0 in 100 ml
0 in 100 ml
UNSATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
Investigate immediately
and take repeat sample
N/A
29. Hazard / Hygiene
Indicator
Timing /
Frequency of
Testing
Result Interpretation Action References
Dialysis fluid and post reverse osmosis fluid:
Aerobic Colony
Count
Monthly (or
more frequently
if necessary)
>100 / ml
>50 - <100 / ml
0 - <50 / ml
UNSATISFACTORY
BORDERLINE
SATISFACTORY
Take out of use until
corrective action
implemented
Investigate cause and
put corrective action
in place
N/A
UK Renal
Association,
2009
Endotoxin /ml >0.25 EU/ml
>0.125 - <0.25
EU / ml
<0.25 EU/ml
UNSATISFACTORY
BORDERLINE
SATISFACTORY
Take out of use until
corrective action
implemented
Investigate cause and
put corrective action
in place
N/A
Table 6: Testing requirements and interpretation of results for renal dialysis fluid
30. Hazard /
Hygiene
Indicator
Timing /
Frequency of
Testing
Result Interpretation Action References
Ultrapure fluid:
Aerobic
Colony Count
Monthly (or
more
frequently if
necessary)
>10 in 100 ml
0 - <10 in 100
ml
UNSATISFACTO
RY
SATISFACTORY
Investigate cause
and put corrective
action in place
N/A
Endotoxin /
ml
>0.03 IU/ml
<0.03 IU/ml
UNSATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
Investigate cause and
put corrective action
in place
N/A
Table 6: Testing requirements and interpretation of results for renal dialysis fluid
31. Test Required Sample Bottles
Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Aerobic Colony Counts,
environmental mycobacteria
1 x sterile 500 ml plastic bottle containing
an appropriate neutraliser to neutralise
any residual disinfectant in the water.
(The most commonly used neutraliser,
which is appropriate for chlorinated or
brominated water systems and those
using ozone or hydrogen peroxide, is
sodium thiosulphate. For mains water and
hydrotherapy pools, 18 mg/L sodium
thiosulphate should be added. However,
for cooling towers, 180 mg/L (i.e.
sufficient to neutralise 50 mg chlorine per
litre) must be used. If alternative
disinfection methods are used, the
laboratory should be contacted to obtain
the appropriate neutraliser, if one is
available.)
Legionella (and other pathogenic bacteria
such as Salmonella, Campylobacter and E.
coli O157, where required)
1 x sterile 1 litre bottle
Or 2 x sterile 500 ml plastic bottles (as
above) (See note above regarding
neutralisers)
32. Test Required Sample Bottles
Endotoxin Designated “Pyrogen-free” containers
Chemical parameters Specific bottles should be requested from
laboratory depending on tests required
Table 1: Sample bottles required for the collection of water for different
microbiological and chemical analyses
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