environmental engineering , its application,history of environmental engineering , Environmental engineering today , solid waste management, noise pollution ,air pollution ,notable environmental engineers

1. ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
AND ITS APPLICATION
SUBMITTED BY,
TESSA RAJU
M.Sc.Environmental science
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2. • Environmental Engineering is the application of science
and engineering principles to improve the natural
environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide
healthy water, air, and land for human habitation (house or
home) and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted
sites.
• It involves waste water management and air pollution
control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection,
industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and public
health issues as well as a knowledge of environmental
engineering law. It also includes studies on the
environmental impact of proposed construction projects.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
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3. THE HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
• Environmental engineering is a new name for us but
that has been done since early civilizations, as people
learned to modify the environment to meet needs.
• As people recognized that their health was related to the
quality of their environment, they built systems to
improve it.
• The ancient Indus Valley Civilization (3300 B.C.E. to
1300 B.C.E.) had advanced control over their water
resources.
• The public work structures found at various sites in the
area include wells, public baths, storage tanks, a drinking
water system, and a city-wide sewage collection system.
• They also had an early canal irrigation system enabling
large-scale agriculture.
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4. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TODAY
 Environmental engineering takes from broad scientific topics like
chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology,
microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect the
health of organisms and improve the quality of the environment.
 Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering
Environmental engineering is the application of scientific &
engineering principles to improve and maintain the environment to:
– protect human health,
– protect nature's beneficial ecosystems
--improve environmental-related enhancement of the quality of human
life.
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5. • Environmental engineers devise solutions for waste water
management, water and air pollution control, recycling, waste
disposal, and public health. They design municipal water supply
and industrial wastewater treatment systems, and design plans to
prevent waterborne diseases and improve sanitation in urban, rural
and recreational areas.
•They evaluate hazardous-waste management systems to evaluate
the severity of hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and
develop regulations to prevent mishaps. They implement
environmental engineering law, as in assessing the environmental
impact of proposed construction projects.
• Environmental engineers study the effect of technological
advances on the environment, addressing local and worldwide
environmental issues such as acid rain, global warming, ozone
depletion, water pollution air pollution from automobile exhausts
and industrial sources.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TODAY
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7. NOTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERS
• Ellen Henrietta Swallow
Richards was an industrial and
safety engineer, environmental
chemist, and university faculty
member in the United States during
the 19th century. She is known as
first female environmental engineer
• Her pioneering work in sanitary
engineering, and experimental
research in domestic science, laid a
foundation for the new science of
home economics.
• She was the founder of the home
economics movement characterized
by the application of science to the
home, and the first to apply
chemistry to the study of nutrition.
• G.D. Agrawal was an Indian
environmental engineer, religious
leader, environmental activist,
professor.
• He is notable for a number of
fasts undertaken to stop many
projects on the River Ganga. His
fast in 2009 led to the damming
of the Bhagirathi River being
stopped.
• Agrawal died on in October
2018, after fasting since June
2018, demanding the government
act on its promises to clean and
save the Ganga.
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8. G.D AGARWAL ELLEN HENERIETTA SWALLOW RICHARD
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APPLICATIONS

10. APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
1. Contaminated land management and site
remediation
2. Risk assessment
3. Environmental policy and regulation development
4. Solid waste management
5. Hazardous waste management
6. Environmental health and safety
7. Natural resource management
8. Noise pollution
9. Geographic information system (GIS)
10. Air pollution
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11. 1.CONTAMINATED LAND
MANAGEMENT AND SITE
REMEDIATION
• Defined as the introduction of a substance into the land so
that its quality and function are adversely affected.
• Health Effects
• Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals,
petroleum, solvents, and many pesticide and herbicide
formulations can be carcinogenic.
• Chronic exposure to benzene at sufficient concentrations is
known to be associated with higher incidence of leukemia.
• Organophosphates and carbomates can induce a chain of
responses leading to neuromuscular blockage. • Mercury
linked to higher incidences of kidney damage
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Risk Assessment
• The purpose of preliminary risk assessment is to develop an initial conceptual
model of the site and establish whether or not there are potentially unacceptable
risks.
• Information collection may include: i. Desk study
ii. Site reconnaissance
iii. Additional desk study and exploratory site
I investigation
Options Appraisal
• A feasible remediation option is one that is likely to meet defined, site-specific
objectives relating to both the pollutant linkage and the wider management context
for the site as a whole.
• The purpose of this stage of options appraisal is to develop a remediation
strategy capable of practical implementation on the site and to describe in broad
terms the characteristics of that strategy.
Verification Plan
• It is a document that gives requirements for gathering data to demonstrate that
remediation meets the remediation objectives and remediation criteria
. • It includes sampling and testing criteria
Implementation Of The Remediation Strategy
• Deals with all aspects of the design, preparation, implementation, verification,
and long-term monitoring and maintenance of remediation. • Elements of design
are passed onto the specialist sub consultants or contractors, the design needs to
also be subject to proper checking and quality assurance procedures.

14. • Remediation Technologies
• Remediation technologies are many and varied but can be
categorized into ex-situ and in-situ methods.
• The more traditional remediation approach consists primarily
of soil excavation (disposal to landfill “dig and dump”) and
groundwater(pump and treat)
OTHER METHODS
1. SEAR surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation • Also known
as Solubilization and recovery
2. Solidification and Stabilization
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15. Excavation or dregrading
• Excavation processes can be as simple as
hauling the contaminated soil to a regulated
landfill.
• Pump and Treat
• Pump and treat involves pumping out contaminated
groundwater with the use of a submersible or
vacuum pump and then treating it
• For petroleum-contaminated sites this material is
usually activated carbon in granular form.
• It is expensive and a very slow process.
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16. 2.RISK ASSESSMENT
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• Environmental Risk Assessment is a process for estimating
the likelihood or probability of an adverse outcome or event
due to pressures or changes in environmental conditions
resulting from human activities.
• PRINCIPLES OF RISK ASSESSMENT
• Step 1: Identify hazards, i.e. anything that may cause harm.
• Step 2: Decide who may be harmed, and how.
• Step 3: Assess the risks and take action.
• Step 4: Make a record of the findings.
• Step 5: Review the risk assessed.
•

17. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND
REGULATION DEVELOPMENT
• Environmental policy
can include laws and policies addressing water and air
pollution, chemical and oil spills, smog, drinking water
quality, land conservation and management, and wildlife
protection, such as the protection of endangered species.
• Environmental policy and regulation research is
needed by both government and business. Be competitive and
sustainable in a globalised world, a clear future-resilient
strategy is needed to prepare for both environmental risks and
opportunities.
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18. Environment policies of the
Government of India
• Environment policies of the Government of India includes
legislations related to environment.
• In the Directive Principles of State Policy, Article 48 says "the state
shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to
safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country"; Article 51-A
states that "it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect
and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers
and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures."
• India is one of the parties of the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD) treaty. Prior to the CBD, India had different laws to
govern the environment. The Indian Wildlife Protection Act
1972 protected the biodiversity. It was amended later multiple times.
The 1988 National Forest Policy had conservation as its
fundamental principle. In addition to these acts, the government
passed the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and Foreign Trade
(Development and Regulation) Act 1992 for control of biodiversity
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19. 4.SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded
because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid
waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the
environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and
insects.”
• CATEGORIES
• Organic waste: Kitchen waste, waste from food preparation, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits,
and market places.
• Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief items etc. that are highly organic
and having low moisture content.
• Non-combustibles: Metal, Tins, Cans, bottles, stones, etc.
• Toxic waste: Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide
containers, batteries, shoe polish.
• Recyclables: Paper, glass, metals, plastics.
• Ashes or Dust: Residue from fires that are used for cooking.
• Construction waste: Rubble, roofing, broken concrete etc.
• Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste, industrial waste, hospital waste.
• Dead animals: Carcasses of dead livestock or other animals.
• Bulky waste: Tree branches, tires etc.
• Soiled waste: Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.
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20. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS
• 1. Solid Waste Open Burning
Solid waste open burning is not the perfect method in the present scenario.
• 2. Sea Dumping Process
This sea dumping process can be carried out only in coastal cities. This is very costly procedure and not environment friendly.
• 3. Solid wastes sanitary landfills
Solid wastes sanitary landfills process is simple, clean and effective. In this procedure, layers are compressed with some mechanical
equipment and covered with earth, leveled, and compacted. A deep trench of 3 to 5 m is excavated and micro-organisms act on the
organic matter and degrade them.
• In this procedure, refuse depth is generally limited to 2m. Facultative bacteria hydrolyze complex organic matter into simpler water
soluble organics
• 4. Incineration method
Incineration method is suitable for combustible refuse. High operation costs and construction are involved in this procedure. This
method would be suited in crowded cities where sites for land filling are not available.
• It can be used to reduce the volume of solid wastes for land filling.
• 5. Composting process
Composting process is similar to sanitary land-filling and it is popular in developing countries. Decomposable organic matter is
separated and composted in this procedure. Yields are stable end products and good soil conditioners. They can be used as a base for
fertilizers.
• Two methods have been used in this process:
a)Open Window Composting
b) Mechanical Composting
• 6. Disposal by Ploughing into the fields
Disposal by ploughing into the fields are not commonly used. These disposals are not environment friendly in general.
• 7. Disposal by hog feeding
Disposal by hog feeding is not general procedure in India. Garbage disposal into sewers including BOD and TSS increases by 20-30%.
Refuse is ground well in grinders and then fed into sewers.
• 8. Salvaging procedure
Materials such as metal, paper, glass, rags, certain types of plastic and so on can be salvaged, recycled, and reused.
• 9. Fermentation/biological digestion
Biodegradable wastes are converted to compost and recycling can be done whenever possible. Hazardous wastes can be disposed using
suitable methods.
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21. 5.HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Hazardous waste management involves reducing the amount
of hazardous substances produced, treating hazardous
wastes to reduce their toxicity, and applying sound
engineering controls to reduce or eliminate exposures to
these wastes.
• METHODS USED TO TREAT HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Deepwell or underground injection
• aqueous organic treatment
• incineration, and landfill
• surface impoundments are the common hazardous waste
management techniques being used.
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22. 6.ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
• Environment, Health, and Safety, or EHS is a system that includes laws
about professionals, programs, and workplace behaviors that protect
the health and safety of people in the workplace
• E is for Environment. This refers to things like spills, chemical release,
and other environmental problems that can increase health risks for
people and animal inhabitants of the area. Oil spills, radioactive waste,
trash, sewage, and other messes can also be categorized here.
• H is for Health. Maintaining your good health means that you have to
practice personal protection from airborne particles, biological
pathogens, radiation, and other environmental toxins including
pollution and even noise that can harm you. Staying healthy has specific
challenges at every age so, for some people, additional protective
measures may be necessary to maintain good health.
• S is for Safety. Ensuring that accidents, injuries, and incidences do not
occur is all part of safety. Getting caught up in equipment, tripping, and
falling, or falling prey to chemical spills happens. However, workplace
safety is always a priority for a company that operates with active EHS
systems in place.
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23. 7.NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
• Is the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil,
plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management
affects the quality of life for both present and future generations.
• The four natural resources are renewable, living, non renewable,
and fossil fuels. They are very important to our life and existence.
• Resources are important for us as we utilize them to satisfy our
wants. Many minerals like iron, copper, mica etc. are used in
industries for manufacturing various goods. Minerals like coal and
petroleum are used for the generation of electricity
• Natural resource management ties in with applied concepts such as
maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and optimum utilization. Every
natural resource has its optimum utilization, or acceptable levels of
use, which are established scientifically and according to which
management authorities regulate its exploitation .
• The management of renewable natural resources seeks to balance
the demands of exploitation with a respect for regenerative
capacities.
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24. 8 . NOISE POLLUTION
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Noise pollution is generally defined as regular exposure to elevated sound levels
that may lead to adverse effects in humans or other living organisms. According
to the World Health Organization, sound levels less than 70 dB are not damaging
to living organisms, regardless of how long or consistent the exposure is.
Exposure for more than 8 hours to constant noise beyond 85 dB may be
hazardous. If you work for 8 hours daily in close proximity to a busy road or
highway, you are very likely exposed to traffic noise pollution around 85dB.
a) street traffic sounds from cars, buses, pedestrians, ambulances etc.
b) construction sounds like drilling or other heavy machinery in operation
c) airports, with constant elevated sounds from air traffic, i.e. planes taking off
or landing
d) workplace sounds, often common in open-space offices
e) constant loud music in or near commercial venues
f) industrial sounds like fans, generators, compressor, mills
g) train stations traffic
h) household sounds, from the television set to music playing on the stereo or
computer, vacuum cleaners, fans and coolers, washing machines,
dishwashers, lawnmowers etc.
i) events involving fireworks, firecrackers, loudspeakers etc .

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9. GIS - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATIVE
SYSTEM
A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for
gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of
geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial
location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using
maps and 3D scenes.
Principle
1 .Data Capture
Data sources are mainly obtained from manual digitization and scanning
of aerial photographs, paper maps, and existing digital data sets.
2 .Database Management and Update
data security, data integrity, and data storage and retrieval, and data
maintenance abilities
3. Geographic Analysis
The collected information is analyzed and interpreted qualitatively and
quantitatively. 4 4 . Preparing Result
One of the most exciting aspects of GIS technology is the variety of
different ways in which the information can be presented.

26. GIS- ADVANTAGES AND DIS ADVANTAGES
• Advantages of GIS
• GIS allows us to view, understand, and visualize data in many
ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form
of maps, globes, reports, and charts.
• A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by
looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and
easily shared.
• GIS give the accurate Data.
• Better Predictions and Analysis
• Disadvantages of GIS
• Excessive damage in case of internal fault.
• Long outage periods as Repair of damaged part at site may be
difficult.
• Expensive software. Integration with traditional map is
difficult.
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10.AIR POLLUTION
• Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particles or biological
material that cause harm or discomfort to humans or are unhealthy for
humans or other living organisms plants and animals, or damage the
natural environment into the atmosphere.
• Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air that is not part
of the original, normal composition of air
MANAGEMENT
1. The best way to protect air quality is to reduce the emission of
pollutants by changing to cleaner fuels and processes. Pollutants not
eliminated in this way must be collected or trapped by appropriate
air-cleaning devices as they are generated and before they can
escape into the atmosphere.
2. Common types of equipment for collecting fine particulates include
cyclones, scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and bag filters
3. Gaseous criteriapollutants,aswellasvolatileorganic
compounds (VOCs) and other gaseous air toxics, are controlled by
means of three basic techniques: absorption, adsorption, and
incineration

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29. • https://drive.google.com/file/d/1seapm9UGF
4LVpkMaC3vGD9klzNS_OAE9/view?usp=drive
sdk
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30. • https://drive.google.com/file/d/1D2h0g8II5QY
avSXqv8oMOeRERGA9wBOK/view?usp=drives
dk
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31. • https://drive.google.com/file/d/10_j7_GB_cC
ma4F2E7w93QnOv_PH2rIUn/view?usp=drives
dk
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