Fungicides have been
used to reduce mycotoxin contamination in wheat affected by Fusarium head blight, but most
fungicides developed so far have not been sufficiently effective to be useful for managing
mycotoxins associated with other diseases has been found that the use of cymoxanil is effective in
combatting or preventing fungal diseases. Cymoxanil is a foliar fungicide with protective and
curative action. It has Contact and local systemic activity, and it also inhibits sporulation. It can be
used for controlling Peronosporales, especially Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara and
Fusarium spp. Chlorothalonil is a chloronitrile non-systemic foliar fungicide with protective
action.
This document discusses disease forecasting models that use weather data to predict outbreaks. It provides examples of models for rice blast, potato late blight, wheat yellow rust, and more. The potato late blight model for India, JHULSACAST, is specifically discussed. Disease forecasting is useful for giving advance warning to apply protective chemicals before infection starts and help control economically important crop diseases. Both empirical and fundamental forecasting systems are covered, along with their components and requirements for developing useful forecasting.
Variability arises in plant pathogens through various genetic mechanisms such as mutation, hybridization, and recombination. This variability allows pathogens to evolve new races or strains that can infect resistant host varieties and overcome plant resistance. The document discusses several mechanisms that generate variability in fungi, bacteria, and viruses, including mutation, transformation, transduction, conjugation, heterokaryosis, parasexualism, and recombination, which allow pathogens to adapt to new environments and hosts. Understanding pathogen variability is important for breeding disease-resistant crop varieties.
(1) Principles of plant disease management include avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, disease resistance, and therapy.
(2) Avoidance involves selecting fields, sowing times, resistant varieties, and cultural practices to avoid contact between plants and pathogens.
(3) Exclusion prevents inoculum from entering uninfected areas through seed treatment, inspection, eliminating insect vectors, and quarantine.
This document provides an outline and overview of the causes of plant diseases. It discusses both abiotic factors such as nutrient deficiencies or toxicities, pesticide exposure, environmental pollutants, and extreme weather conditions. It also examines biotic factors including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and phytoplasmas. Specific examples are given for each type of pathogen and the symptoms they cause in plants.
This document discusses the dispersal of plant pathogens. It defines dispersal as the transport of spores or infectious bodies from one host to another, resulting in the spread of disease. Dispersal can be direct through soil, seed, and planting material, or indirect through external agents like wind, water, insects, animals and humans. It then describes various modes of indirect dispersal, including wind which can disperse spores over short or long distances, water which can disperse propagules via rain splash or flowing water, and biological vectors like insects that transmit pathogens mechanically or through feeding. Other modes covered are dispersal by animals, humans, seed trade and farming activities. The document provides examples to illustrate different types of dispers
Epidemiology, etiology and management of fusarium wilt of muskmelonNageshb11
This document summarizes research on Fusarium wilt of muskmelon caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. It provides background on the epidemiology, etiology, and management of the disease. It also presents 4 case studies that examined the influence of environmental factors on disease development, evaluated biological control agents for managing the disease, and assessed integrated management approaches. The case studies found that temperature, soil moisture, and texture influence disease incidence and that the bacteria Streptomyces olivaceus and fungi Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger show potential for biological control of the pathogen.
1. The document discusses three main diseases that affect coriander: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.corianderii, stem gall caused by Protomyces macrosporus, and powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni.
2. These diseases can cause significant yield reductions in coriander under favorable weather conditions for disease development like high soil moisture.
3. Management of these diseases involves practices like crop rotation, removal of plant debris, use of resistant varieties, and fungicide applications.
This document discusses disease forecasting models that use weather data to predict outbreaks. It provides examples of models for rice blast, potato late blight, wheat yellow rust, and more. The potato late blight model for India, JHULSACAST, is specifically discussed. Disease forecasting is useful for giving advance warning to apply protective chemicals before infection starts and help control economically important crop diseases. Both empirical and fundamental forecasting systems are covered, along with their components and requirements for developing useful forecasting.
Variability arises in plant pathogens through various genetic mechanisms such as mutation, hybridization, and recombination. This variability allows pathogens to evolve new races or strains that can infect resistant host varieties and overcome plant resistance. The document discusses several mechanisms that generate variability in fungi, bacteria, and viruses, including mutation, transformation, transduction, conjugation, heterokaryosis, parasexualism, and recombination, which allow pathogens to adapt to new environments and hosts. Understanding pathogen variability is important for breeding disease-resistant crop varieties.
(1) Principles of plant disease management include avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, disease resistance, and therapy.
(2) Avoidance involves selecting fields, sowing times, resistant varieties, and cultural practices to avoid contact between plants and pathogens.
(3) Exclusion prevents inoculum from entering uninfected areas through seed treatment, inspection, eliminating insect vectors, and quarantine.
This document provides an outline and overview of the causes of plant diseases. It discusses both abiotic factors such as nutrient deficiencies or toxicities, pesticide exposure, environmental pollutants, and extreme weather conditions. It also examines biotic factors including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and phytoplasmas. Specific examples are given for each type of pathogen and the symptoms they cause in plants.
This document discusses the dispersal of plant pathogens. It defines dispersal as the transport of spores or infectious bodies from one host to another, resulting in the spread of disease. Dispersal can be direct through soil, seed, and planting material, or indirect through external agents like wind, water, insects, animals and humans. It then describes various modes of indirect dispersal, including wind which can disperse spores over short or long distances, water which can disperse propagules via rain splash or flowing water, and biological vectors like insects that transmit pathogens mechanically or through feeding. Other modes covered are dispersal by animals, humans, seed trade and farming activities. The document provides examples to illustrate different types of dispers
Epidemiology, etiology and management of fusarium wilt of muskmelonNageshb11
This document summarizes research on Fusarium wilt of muskmelon caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. It provides background on the epidemiology, etiology, and management of the disease. It also presents 4 case studies that examined the influence of environmental factors on disease development, evaluated biological control agents for managing the disease, and assessed integrated management approaches. The case studies found that temperature, soil moisture, and texture influence disease incidence and that the bacteria Streptomyces olivaceus and fungi Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger show potential for biological control of the pathogen.
1. The document discusses three main diseases that affect coriander: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.corianderii, stem gall caused by Protomyces macrosporus, and powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni.
2. These diseases can cause significant yield reductions in coriander under favorable weather conditions for disease development like high soil moisture.
3. Management of these diseases involves practices like crop rotation, removal of plant debris, use of resistant varieties, and fungicide applications.
The document discusses breeding for disease resistance in pearl millet. It covers four main fungal diseases that impact pearl millet production: downy mildew, ergot, smut, and rust. For downy mildew, it describes screening techniques, major resistance sources identified, and genetics of resistance, noting that resistance is governed by major genes following a gene-for-gene relationship between host and pathogen.
This document discusses toxins produced by plant pathogens. It begins by classifying toxins into three categories: pathotoxins, phytotoxins, and vivotoxins. It then discusses specific toxins in more detail, distinguishing between host-specific toxins and non-host specific toxins. Examples of both types of toxins are provided, along with descriptions of their modes of action and effects on host tissues. Overall, the document reviews the role of toxins in plant disease development and pathogenesis.
This document discusses types of plant disease epidemics. It defines an epidemic as a disease occurring year after year at a moderate to severe level or an increase in disease within a population. Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations. The main types of epidemics discussed are monocyclic, polycyclic, and polyetic. Monocyclic diseases have one infection cycle per season, while polycyclic diseases can have multiple cycles from secondary infections. Polyetic diseases take multiple years to produce inoculum and may not cause new infections every year. Examples of each type are provided.
In this slide you will get all the important information of epidemiology.
For more information you can see my youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUsmJMc2xvL3O3UkDh8knrA
Parasitic plants are those that produce flowers and seeds but parasitize other plants for nutrients and water. Phanerogamic parasitic plants include stem and root parasites that can be either fully dependent holoparasites or partially dependent semi-parasites. Some examples of parasitic plants discussed in the document are dodder, mistletoes, broomrape, and witchweed. These parasites damage host plants through specialized structures called haustoria that penetrate the host and absorb nutrients and water. They can cause symptoms like stunting, chlorosis, reduced flowering and fruiting, and even death of the host.
This document discusses induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. It provides historical context on studies of induced resistance dating back to the late 1800s. ISR is defined as a phenomenon where treatment with certain chemicals or pathogens activates a plant's defenses throughout the plant. Key findings include:
- ISR is activated by rhizobacteria and involves jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling rather than salicylic acid signaling as in systemic acquired resistance.
- Several bacteria, fungi, chemicals, and elicitors are reported to induce ISR through different signaling pathways and defense responses.
- Further research is needed to fully understand ISR signaling and apply it effectively in fields to control plant diseases.
This document summarizes information about the stem rust of wheat caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis. It discusses the significance of wheat as a crop and losses caused by stem rust. It describes the disease symptoms, life cycle involving both wheat and barberry hosts, epidemiology and factors influencing disease spread. It also outlines management strategies for stem rust including growing resistant varieties and chemical control methods.
In a computer simulation of an epidemic, the computer is given data describing the various sub components of the epidemic and control practices at specific points in time (such as at weekly intervals).Computer simulation of epidemics is extremely useful as an educational exercise for students of plant pathology and also for farmers so that they can better understand and appreciate the effect of each epidemic sub component on the final size of their crop loss.Simulators serve as tools that can evaluate the importance of the size of each epidemic sub component at a particular point in time of the epidemic by projecting its effect on the final crop loss.Computer simulation are expert systems,that try to equal and suppress the logic and ability of an expert professional in solving problems.Systems are used in plant pathology frequently for diagnosis of plant diseases.Systems can advice growers in making decisions on disease management in respect of kind, amount and time of application of pesticides etc.Simulators can decompose disease progress so they are used now to develop forecaster.
1. What is pathogen variability?
2. Significance of pathogen Variability
3. Stages of variation
4. Mechanism of Variability in fungi
5. Characterization of variability among plant pathogens
The document discusses plant disease forecasting. It provides information on:
1. The principles of disease forecasting are based on the nature of the pathogen, environmental effects on pathogen development, host response to infection, and grower activities.
2. Models for disease prediction include empirical, simulation, and general circulation models, but these models have limitations due to uncertainty and non-linear relationships.
3. Disease forecasts are used for strategic decision making like crop selection and tactical decisions around disease management measures. Successful forecasting requires reliability, simplicity, importance of the disease, and usefulness.
M.Sc. (Master's) Seminar on topic "Role of chemicals in plant disease managem...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
The importance and role of chemicals/ fungicides in plant disease management is the major objective of plant pathology. The need based, effective, ecofriendly application of chemical fungicides can leads sustainable agriculture and food production.
Control of plant diseases can be achieved through various methods:
1. Breeding resistant plant varieties, using chemicals and altering the environment for protection, and implementing quarantine and regulatory measures to control the spread of diseases.
2. The amount of disease is determined by the interaction between the host, pathogen, and environment, known as the disease triangle. Control strategies aim to reduce one or more components of this interaction.
3. Common control methods include using resistant plant varieties, biological controls like antagonistic microorganisms, cultural practices that manipulate the environment, legislative controls on movement of plants/materials, and application of pesticides and fungicides.
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. It deals with the causes and mechanisms of disease development, plant-pathogen interactions, and disease management methods. Some key events in the history of plant pathology include the first use of microscopy to observe fungi and bacteria in the 16th-17th centuries, the 19th century discoveries of the fungal causes of late blight and anthrax, and the early 20th century discoveries of viral and other non-fungal pathogens. Modern plant pathology incorporates genetics, microbiology, and other fields to understand and address important diseases.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
In this PPT you will come to know about the different types of mosaic virus which is caused in BHENDU crop, its life cycle, epidemiology, and its management.
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms without nuclei. About 1600 bacterial species are known, some of which cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. Bacterial diseases affect various crops and plants. Symptoms vary depending on the causal organism but often include lesions, spots, rotting, wilting and other tissue damage. Common methods of transmission include contaminated soil, water and plant materials.
Sugarcane Grassy shoot and Ratoon stunting diseasesvasanthkumar650
This document provides information on two diseases that affect sugarcane: grassy shoot disease and ratoon stunting disease. Grassy shoot disease causes stunted growth, narrow leaves, and a bunchy appearance. It is caused by phytoplasma and spread by leafhoppers and aphids. Ratoon stunting disease causes stunting and reduced yields. Its symptoms are subtle. It is caused by the bacterium Leifsonia xyli and spread through infected cuttings and contaminated equipment. Management of both diseases involves use of healthy planting material, crop rotation, rogueing of infected plants, and disinfection of equipment.
Role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesisansarishahid786
This document discusses the role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesis. It defines toxins as metabolites excreted or released by pathogens that damage host cells. Toxins are classified based on their source and specificity. Host-specific toxins only affect a pathogen's host, while non-host specific toxins can damage unrelated plants. Toxins disrupt cell permeability, metabolic processes, and growth regulation, injuring and killing host cells. They play an important role in disease development and symptom expression.
This document provides an introduction to plant pathology, including definitions, objectives, and the historical development of the field. It discusses key figures in plant pathology such as Theophrastus, Leeuwenhock, de Bary, and others. Major events in plant pathology history include the Irish potato famine and coffee rust epidemics. The document also covers the classification and importance of plant diseases, as well as the causes, pathogens, disease cycle, and Koch's postulates of plant pathology.
The document discusses chemical antimicrobial agents used to kill or inhibit microbes. It defines terms like sterilant, disinfectant, germicide, and sanitizer. An ideal antimicrobial agent is described as having broad-spectrum activity, solubility, stability, lack of toxicity, and other properties. Factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents include population size, composition, concentration/intensity of the agent, exposure time, and temperature. Common classes of chemical disinfectants are also outlined, including alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, oxidizing agents, phenolics, and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Food toxicology presentation 26 march 2019 [autosaved]Abubakar Cadaroosh
This document discusses pesticide residues in the food supply. It defines pesticides and pesticide residues, and explains how pesticides are used in food production. It then describes various methods that can be used to remove pesticide residues from foods, such as washing, peeling, cooking, freezing, drying, and chemical treatments. These processing methods can significantly reduce pesticide levels in foods. The document emphasizes the importance of reducing human exposure to pesticide residues in order to protect health.
The document discusses breeding for disease resistance in pearl millet. It covers four main fungal diseases that impact pearl millet production: downy mildew, ergot, smut, and rust. For downy mildew, it describes screening techniques, major resistance sources identified, and genetics of resistance, noting that resistance is governed by major genes following a gene-for-gene relationship between host and pathogen.
This document discusses toxins produced by plant pathogens. It begins by classifying toxins into three categories: pathotoxins, phytotoxins, and vivotoxins. It then discusses specific toxins in more detail, distinguishing between host-specific toxins and non-host specific toxins. Examples of both types of toxins are provided, along with descriptions of their modes of action and effects on host tissues. Overall, the document reviews the role of toxins in plant disease development and pathogenesis.
This document discusses types of plant disease epidemics. It defines an epidemic as a disease occurring year after year at a moderate to severe level or an increase in disease within a population. Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations. The main types of epidemics discussed are monocyclic, polycyclic, and polyetic. Monocyclic diseases have one infection cycle per season, while polycyclic diseases can have multiple cycles from secondary infections. Polyetic diseases take multiple years to produce inoculum and may not cause new infections every year. Examples of each type are provided.
In this slide you will get all the important information of epidemiology.
For more information you can see my youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUsmJMc2xvL3O3UkDh8knrA
Parasitic plants are those that produce flowers and seeds but parasitize other plants for nutrients and water. Phanerogamic parasitic plants include stem and root parasites that can be either fully dependent holoparasites or partially dependent semi-parasites. Some examples of parasitic plants discussed in the document are dodder, mistletoes, broomrape, and witchweed. These parasites damage host plants through specialized structures called haustoria that penetrate the host and absorb nutrients and water. They can cause symptoms like stunting, chlorosis, reduced flowering and fruiting, and even death of the host.
This document discusses induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. It provides historical context on studies of induced resistance dating back to the late 1800s. ISR is defined as a phenomenon where treatment with certain chemicals or pathogens activates a plant's defenses throughout the plant. Key findings include:
- ISR is activated by rhizobacteria and involves jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling rather than salicylic acid signaling as in systemic acquired resistance.
- Several bacteria, fungi, chemicals, and elicitors are reported to induce ISR through different signaling pathways and defense responses.
- Further research is needed to fully understand ISR signaling and apply it effectively in fields to control plant diseases.
This document summarizes information about the stem rust of wheat caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis. It discusses the significance of wheat as a crop and losses caused by stem rust. It describes the disease symptoms, life cycle involving both wheat and barberry hosts, epidemiology and factors influencing disease spread. It also outlines management strategies for stem rust including growing resistant varieties and chemical control methods.
In a computer simulation of an epidemic, the computer is given data describing the various sub components of the epidemic and control practices at specific points in time (such as at weekly intervals).Computer simulation of epidemics is extremely useful as an educational exercise for students of plant pathology and also for farmers so that they can better understand and appreciate the effect of each epidemic sub component on the final size of their crop loss.Simulators serve as tools that can evaluate the importance of the size of each epidemic sub component at a particular point in time of the epidemic by projecting its effect on the final crop loss.Computer simulation are expert systems,that try to equal and suppress the logic and ability of an expert professional in solving problems.Systems are used in plant pathology frequently for diagnosis of plant diseases.Systems can advice growers in making decisions on disease management in respect of kind, amount and time of application of pesticides etc.Simulators can decompose disease progress so they are used now to develop forecaster.
1. What is pathogen variability?
2. Significance of pathogen Variability
3. Stages of variation
4. Mechanism of Variability in fungi
5. Characterization of variability among plant pathogens
The document discusses plant disease forecasting. It provides information on:
1. The principles of disease forecasting are based on the nature of the pathogen, environmental effects on pathogen development, host response to infection, and grower activities.
2. Models for disease prediction include empirical, simulation, and general circulation models, but these models have limitations due to uncertainty and non-linear relationships.
3. Disease forecasts are used for strategic decision making like crop selection and tactical decisions around disease management measures. Successful forecasting requires reliability, simplicity, importance of the disease, and usefulness.
M.Sc. (Master's) Seminar on topic "Role of chemicals in plant disease managem...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
The importance and role of chemicals/ fungicides in plant disease management is the major objective of plant pathology. The need based, effective, ecofriendly application of chemical fungicides can leads sustainable agriculture and food production.
Control of plant diseases can be achieved through various methods:
1. Breeding resistant plant varieties, using chemicals and altering the environment for protection, and implementing quarantine and regulatory measures to control the spread of diseases.
2. The amount of disease is determined by the interaction between the host, pathogen, and environment, known as the disease triangle. Control strategies aim to reduce one or more components of this interaction.
3. Common control methods include using resistant plant varieties, biological controls like antagonistic microorganisms, cultural practices that manipulate the environment, legislative controls on movement of plants/materials, and application of pesticides and fungicides.
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. It deals with the causes and mechanisms of disease development, plant-pathogen interactions, and disease management methods. Some key events in the history of plant pathology include the first use of microscopy to observe fungi and bacteria in the 16th-17th centuries, the 19th century discoveries of the fungal causes of late blight and anthrax, and the early 20th century discoveries of viral and other non-fungal pathogens. Modern plant pathology incorporates genetics, microbiology, and other fields to understand and address important diseases.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
In this PPT you will come to know about the different types of mosaic virus which is caused in BHENDU crop, its life cycle, epidemiology, and its management.
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms without nuclei. About 1600 bacterial species are known, some of which cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. Bacterial diseases affect various crops and plants. Symptoms vary depending on the causal organism but often include lesions, spots, rotting, wilting and other tissue damage. Common methods of transmission include contaminated soil, water and plant materials.
Sugarcane Grassy shoot and Ratoon stunting diseasesvasanthkumar650
This document provides information on two diseases that affect sugarcane: grassy shoot disease and ratoon stunting disease. Grassy shoot disease causes stunted growth, narrow leaves, and a bunchy appearance. It is caused by phytoplasma and spread by leafhoppers and aphids. Ratoon stunting disease causes stunting and reduced yields. Its symptoms are subtle. It is caused by the bacterium Leifsonia xyli and spread through infected cuttings and contaminated equipment. Management of both diseases involves use of healthy planting material, crop rotation, rogueing of infected plants, and disinfection of equipment.
Role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesisansarishahid786
This document discusses the role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesis. It defines toxins as metabolites excreted or released by pathogens that damage host cells. Toxins are classified based on their source and specificity. Host-specific toxins only affect a pathogen's host, while non-host specific toxins can damage unrelated plants. Toxins disrupt cell permeability, metabolic processes, and growth regulation, injuring and killing host cells. They play an important role in disease development and symptom expression.
This document provides an introduction to plant pathology, including definitions, objectives, and the historical development of the field. It discusses key figures in plant pathology such as Theophrastus, Leeuwenhock, de Bary, and others. Major events in plant pathology history include the Irish potato famine and coffee rust epidemics. The document also covers the classification and importance of plant diseases, as well as the causes, pathogens, disease cycle, and Koch's postulates of plant pathology.
The document discusses chemical antimicrobial agents used to kill or inhibit microbes. It defines terms like sterilant, disinfectant, germicide, and sanitizer. An ideal antimicrobial agent is described as having broad-spectrum activity, solubility, stability, lack of toxicity, and other properties. Factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents include population size, composition, concentration/intensity of the agent, exposure time, and temperature. Common classes of chemical disinfectants are also outlined, including alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, oxidizing agents, phenolics, and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Food toxicology presentation 26 march 2019 [autosaved]Abubakar Cadaroosh
This document discusses pesticide residues in the food supply. It defines pesticides and pesticide residues, and explains how pesticides are used in food production. It then describes various methods that can be used to remove pesticide residues from foods, such as washing, peeling, cooking, freezing, drying, and chemical treatments. These processing methods can significantly reduce pesticide levels in foods. The document emphasizes the importance of reducing human exposure to pesticide residues in order to protect health.
This document defines various types of contaminants that may be present in milk, including biological, chemical, physical and radiological substances not intentionally added. It discusses agricultural chemicals, environmental contaminants, pesticides including their classifications and properties. It also covers antibiotics used in animal husbandry and definitions for key terms like residues, tolerance levels, withdrawal time and acceptable daily intake.
This document describes a study that aimed to identify a fungal strain that can degrade the pesticide chlorpyrifos and optimize the concentration for degradation. The fungal strain was identified as Fusarium sp. based on morphological analysis under a microscope. The strain was grown in media containing different concentrations of chlorpyrifos and it was found to grow best at a 1.2% concentration, demonstrating this is the optimum level for degradation. The study concludes Fusarium sp. has potential for bioremediation of chlorpyrifos contamination.
This document provides definitions and information about pesticides. It begins with defining pesticides as substances intended to prevent, destroy or mitigate pests. It then discusses the history of pesticide use dating back to ancient civilizations, and provides examples of early pest control methods. The document categorizes common types of pesticides and discusses their classification, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. It also covers toxicity measures such as LD50, LC50 and MLD values.
This document discusses antiseptics and disinfectants used to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. It defines germicides, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Antiseptics are applied to living surfaces while disinfectants are used on inanimate objects. Ideal disinfectants are chemically stable, inexpensive, effective against all pathogens including spores, and are non-irritating. They work via oxidation, denaturing proteins, or interfering with microbial membranes. Common types discussed include phenol derivatives, oxidizing agents, halogens, biguanides, soaps, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, dyes, and nitrofur
Catalogue of community medicine spottersRizwan S A
This document provides a catalogue of items from the Department of Community Medicine at Velammal Medical College Hospital & Research Institute. It includes descriptions of various disinfectants, pesticides, vaccines, nutrition items, and public health equipment. Disinfectants described include savlon, bleaching powder, malathion, and abate. Items for measuring nutrition include an analytical balance, lactometer, and fat extraction apparatus. Vaccines mentioned include MMR, polio, and typhoid vaccines. The document provides information on the uses, properties, and application of these various public health and medical items.
1. The document introduces commonly used fungicides in Bangladesh, outlining their active ingredients, mode of action, crops treated, and diseases controlled.
2. Several fungicides are described in detail, including their chemical composition and effects on fungal growth and development.
3. Potential risks of fungicide use are also mentioned.
Chemical Method Sterilization Disinfection Powerpoint Presentation PPT.pdfVohnArchieEdjan
This ppt contributes to literature by investigating effective methods of sterilization and disinfection using chemical agents, focusing on alcohols, aldehydes, and halogens. Through detailed explanations of the mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages of each chemical, it provides valuable insights for healthcare professionals and researchers in the field of infection prevention and control. Additionally, by referencing authoritative sources, the paper ensures credibility and relevance in the discussion of chemical disinfectants.
Chemical sterilization methods
Disinfection techniques
Sterilization solutions
Chemical disinfectants
Sterilization processes
Chemical agents for sterilization
Disinfection technology
Sterilization best practices
Chemical decontamination
Sterilization efficacy
Disinfection standards
Chemical sanitation methods
Sterilization PowerPoint presentation
Disinfection training materials
Chemical sterilization guidelines
Disinfection protocols PPT
Sterilization procedures
seminar
This document discusses therapeutants and pesticides used in aquaculture. It outlines various compounds used as drugs, disinfectants, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, anesthetics, and more. Specific compounds are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms of action, recommended dosages, and effects on fish and aquatic life. A wide range of chemicals are presented, along with factors to consider for safe and effective use in aquaculture operations.
Pesticides classification and maximum residue limits in foodsherif Taha
This presentation describes main pesticide classification and illustrate how to obtain MRL for pesticide residue in EU, Codex alimentarius, USA, and Japan
Insecticides are chemical pest control agents that have been used since the 1950s. They include both synthetic and botanical formulations. While insecticides are effective against pests, their overuse and misuse can harm human health and the environment. Proper application and integrated pest management techniques that combine chemical and non-chemical controls can help reduce these risks. Botanical insecticides extracted from plants offer alternatives to synthetic chemicals but also have toxicity issues if misused.
The document discusses disinfectants, their properties, classification, and factors affecting their action. It defines disinfection as reducing microorganisms to a level that is not harmful to health. Ideal disinfectant properties include broad spectrum of activity, effectiveness in the presence of organic matter, stability, and low toxicity. Disinfectants are classified into 10 groups including acids, halogens, heavy metals, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, quaternary ammonium compounds, dyes, detergents, and oxidizing agents. The factors that can affect a disinfectant's antimicrobial action are its concentration, temperature, contact time, pH, formulation, and type of micro
The document discusses sterilization methods. It defines sterilization as killing all microorganisms including bacterial spores. It describes various sterilization methods like physical (filtration, radiation), chemical (alcohol, aldehydes, halogens, phenols), and gases (ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, beta propiolactone). Filtration works by trapping particles through pores or electrostatic attraction. Depth filters collect particles inside overlapping fiber mats. High Efficiency Particle Arrestor (HEPA) filters eliminate 99.97% of particles above 0.3 micrometers. Chemicals sterilize through protein coagulation, cell membrane disruption, or enzyme inhibition. Effectiveness is tested using radiation
This document provides information on the fungicide BALER 720sc, including:
- The manufacturer, approval holder, and emergency contact information.
- It can be used on winter and spring wheat and barley to control various fungal diseases at specified application rates and timings.
- Safety precautions are provided for user protection during handling and application to avoid exposure and protect the environment. Proper storage and disposal instructions are also included.
A pesticide can be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Pesticides like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances are used to control or inhibit plant diseases and insect pests.
The positive aspect of application of pesticides renders enhanced crop/food productivity and drastic reduction of vector-borne diseases.
However excessive use of these chemicals leads to the microbial imbalance, environmental pollution and health hazards.
Due to these problems, development of technologies that guarantee their elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is important.
Pesticides classification and maximum residue limits in food.Renamed_0001.pdfSherif Taha
This document discusses pesticides classification, maximum residue limits (MRLs), and pesticide control. It defines key terms related to pesticides like active ingredients, good agricultural practices, and acceptable daily intake. It outlines the major classes of pesticides like herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, giving examples for each. The document stresses the importance of controlling pesticides from production to application to prevent contamination of crops. It describes how authorities like the EPA and EFSA set MRLs and reviews reference doses to ensure food safety.
Systemic fungal infections can be life-threatening, especially in immunocompromised patients. Anti-fungal drugs target the fungal cell membrane and include polyenes like amphotericin B, azoles, and antimetabolites like flucytosine. Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum of activity but significant toxicity, while azoles like itraconazole are better tolerated and used for both superficial and systemic fungal infections. These drugs differ in their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, spectra of activity, and adverse effect profiles.
130304 PRESENTATION Carpovirusine January 2014.pptxarkoMilutinovi1
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Fungicides for plant disease management
1. Fungicide for Plant Disease Management
(Chlorothalonil & Cymoxanil)
Roksana Aftab
Department of Plant Pathology
Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University
2. Introduction
Diseases are a common occurrence on plants, often having a significant economic impact on yield
and quality, thus managing diseases is an essential component of production for most crops.
Diseases are a major source of crop and plant damage that can be caused by a number of plant
pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms. Fungi often spoil (render unusable) stored fruits,
vegetables, tubers, and seeds. A few which infect grains produce toxins (mycotoxins) capable of
causing severe illness or even death in humans and animals when consumed. Fungicides have been
used to reduce mycotoxin contamination in wheat affected by Fusarium head blight, but most
fungicides developed so far have not been sufficiently effective to be useful for managing
mycotoxins associated with other diseases has been found that the use of cymoxanil is effective in
combatting or preventing fungal diseases. Cymoxanil is a foliar fungicide with protective and
curative action. It has Contact and local systemic activity, and it also inhibits sporulation. It can be
used for controlling Peronosporales, especially Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara and
Fusarium spp. Chlorothalonil is a chloronitrile non-systemic foliar fungicide with protective
action.
Fungicides for Disease Management
Many fungicides are registered for use on commercially produced plants, but only a few are readily
available to home gardeners. Most fungicides are not restricted in use or categorized as highly
toxic.
Characteristics of Fungicide
1) High yield performance
2) Low phyto-toxicity
3) Stability in storage
4) Stability after dilution to spray strength
5) Low toxicity to human beings and cattle
3. Chlorothalonil
This is another good, general-purpose fungicide for many fungal diseases. It is best as a foliar
treatment as it breaks down rapidly in soil.
Common name: Chlorothalonil
Group Name: Chloronitrile (Group M5)
Trade names: Clortosip, Echo, Rover, Pugil, Mixanil, Fezan plus, Fezan gold, Netor
In Bangladesh: Agrobin 56EC
Registration no.: AP-4628
Name of Registration Holder: Agro Business Support Ltd.
Mode of Action: Chlorothalonil is a non-systemic fungicide with a protective action (fungistasis
and fungicidal action). Anti-resistance strategy.
Category of Fungicide: Wettable powder
Active Ingredient: 98.5% A.I. min.
Formulation of Fungicides:
1. Straight products
a. Chlorothalonil 500 g/L (SC)
b. Chlorothalonil 720 g/L (SC)
c. Chlorothalonil 75% (WG)
d. Chlorothalonil 90% (WG)
2. Ready mixtures
a. Chlorothalonil 375 g/L + Cymoxanil 50 g/L (SC)
b. Chlorothalonil 166 g/L + Tebuconazole 60 g/L (SC)
c. Chlorothalonil 450 g/L + Tebuconazole 50 g/L (SC)
d. Chlorothalonil 233 g/L + Azoxystrobin 68 g/L (SC)
Recommended Dose: 1 ml/L of water
Recommended Diseases: Powdery Mildew (Sweet Gourd, Cereals, Pome fruit, Peanuts, Sugar
beet, Oil seed, Beans)
4. Frequency of Application: Apply this product only through sprinkler irrigation systems including
center pivot, motorized lateral move, traveling gun, solid set or portable (wheel move, side roll,
end tow, or hand move) irrigation system.
Method of Application: Foliar spray.
Time of Application:
Begin applications during early bloom stage or when disease first threatens and repeat as
necessary (the minimum retreatment interval is 7 days) to maintain control in case of
asparagus.
Begin applications at first onset of disease, which may occur as early as 2 to 4 weeks before
flowering, and repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals in case of beans.
In case of corn begin applications when conditions favor disease development and repeat
at 7 day intervals.
Compatibility with other Agro-Chemical: Chlorothalonil, Zoxamide, Fluazinam
Storage and Handling
Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal.
PESTICIDE STORAGE: Store in original container and keep tightly closed. Store in a cool,
dry place. Protect from excessive heat.
PESTICIDE DISPOSAL: Pesticide wastes are toxic. Improper disposal of excess pesticide,
pesticide spray or rinsate is a violation of federal law. If these wastes cannot be disposed
of by use according to label instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental
Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office
for guidance.
CONTAINER DISPOSAL: Plastic Containers equal to or less than 5 gallons: No refillable
container. Do not reuse or refill this container. Triple rinse container (or equivalent)
promptly after emptying. Triple rinse as follows: Empty the remaining contents into
application equipment or a mix tank and drain for 10seconds after the flow begins to drip.
Fill the container ¼ full with water and recap. Shake for 10 seconds. Pour rinsate into
application equipment or a mix tank or store rinsate for later use or disposal. Drain for 10
seconds after the flow begins to drip.
5. Offer for recycling, if available, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or by
incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of
smoke.
Precautions in using:
Follow manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE
Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet.
Long-sleeved shirt and long pants and chemical resistant gloves made of any waterproof
material.
Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted-entry interval
(REI) of 12 hours.
Environmental impacts:
Chlorothalonil is slightly toxic to mammals, but it can cause severe eye and skin irritation
in certain formulations
Chlorothalonil and its metabolites are highly toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and marine
organisms.
Chlorothalonil is practically non-toxic to birds and bees
In aerobic soils, the half-life for chlorothalonil is from one to three months. Increased soil
moisture or temperature increases chlorothalonil degradation. It is not degraded by sunlight
on the soil surface
Chlorothalonil is a fairly persistent fungicide on plants, depending on the rate of
application.
6. Cymoxanil
Common Name: Cymoxanil
Group Name: Group 27
Trade Name: Curzate,Dimox 35SC
Registration no.: AP-3924
Name of Registration Holder: Shetu Pesticides Ltd
Mode of action: Cymoxanil is a penetrant fungicide with protectant and curative activity. Its post-
infection activity stops the development of the fungus during the incubation. Local systemic
action: it is able to penetrate the crop leaf and improves the effectiveness of companion fungicides,
especially during periods of intensive disease pressure. Alone, it has a very short period of activity:
two days at most. Therefore it is used in two or in three-way mixtures with protectants and/or
systemic fungicides.
Category of Fungicide: Cyanoacetamide ,Wettable powder
Formulation of Fungicide:
1. Straight products
a. Cymoxanil 45% (WG)
b. Cymoxanil 50% (WG)
2. Ready mixtures
a. Cymoxanil 4% + Mancozeb 40% (WP)
b. Cymoxanil 4,5% + Mancozeb 65% (WP)
c. Cymoxanil 6% + Mancozeb 70% (WP)
d. Cymoxanil 4,5% + Mancozeb 65% (WG)
e. Cymoxanil 2,85% + Copper oxychloride 16% + Phosethyl Al. 30% (WG)
f. Cymoxanil 50 g/L+ Chlorothalonil 375 g/L (SC)
g. Cymoxanil 33% + Zoxamide 33% (WG)
h. Cymoxanil 200 g/L+ Fluazinam 300 g/L (SC)
Active Ingredient: 97% A.I. min.
Recommended Dose: 2 g/L of water, 0.013 mg/kg/day.
7. Recommended Diseases: Early Blight (Tomoto, Potato,Vine.)
Frequency of Application: Fungicides are most effective when they are applied to foliage 1)
before infection occurs or 2) when the disease is in very early stages of development and cannot
be detected yet by the human eye. Later applications are helpful in reducing the rate in which the
disease spreads but are not nearly as effective as early applications. Late blight is very difficult to
manage once infections become established in sprinkler irrigated fields because the microclimate
within the canopy usually favors further disease spread whenever the field is irrigated.The
maximum application rate for foliar applications is 3 oz per acre using a minimum of 20 gals/acre
for conventional ground spray,10 gals/acre for air assisted ground spray, and 5 gals/acre for aerial
spray.
Method of Application: Foliar spray, sprinkler
Compatibility with other Agro-Chemical: Chlorothalonil, Zoxamide, Fluazinam
Precautions in using:
Follow manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE
Wash hands before eating, drinking.
Environmental impacts:
Cymoxanil is not acutely toxic to birds.
Cymoxanil is slightly toxic to fish and other estuarine and marine organisms on an acute
basis.
Breakdown of Chemical in Soil and Groundwater: Cymoxanil degrades rapidly in the
environment. In sterile, aquaeous environments it degrades rapidly at pH7 or above; at
lower pH it is stable. Soil metabolism studies indicate cymoxanil degrades very rapidly
under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions with half-lives of two days or less.
Breakdown of Chemical in Surface Water
Breakdown of Chemical in Vegetation: Cymoxanil degrades rapidly and extensively in
potatoes to natural products.
8. Combination of Chlorothalonil and Cymoxanil
A synergistic fungicidal composition includes cymoxanil and chlorothalonil for preventing and/or
treating fungal infestations in plants and plant parts.
The synergistic fungicidal composition according to the weight ratio of cymoxanil and
chlorothalonil in the composition is in the range of from 25: 1 to 1: 25, preferably the weight ratio
is 1: 7.5
The synergistic fungicidal composition according to wherein cymoxanil is present in an amount
of from 1% to 50% by weight of the composition, preferably from 1% to 25% by weight of the
composition more preferably from 3% to 10%by Weight of the composition, most preferably 5%
by weight of the composition.
The synergistic fungicidal composition according to claim 1, wherein chlorothalonil is present in
an amount of from 1% to 70% by weight of the composition, preferably from 20% by 50% by
weight of the composition, more preferably from 25% to 40% By weight of the composition, most
preferably 37.5% by weight of the composition.
The synergistic fungicidal composition,, wherein cymoxanil and chlorothalonil are present in an
amount of from 1% to 70% by weight of the composition, preferably from 30% to 70% by weight
of the composition, more preferably from 35%to 50% by weight of the composition, most
preferably 42.5% by weight of the composition.
The synergistic fungicidal composition according to any of the preceding claims, the composition
can be diluted with water having the concentration of 250 mL of the composition in 100 L of water.
The synergistic fungicidal composition according to any of the preceding claims, the composition
is in a form of emulsifiable concentrates (EC) , emulsions (EW) , suspension concentrates (SC) ,
oil-based suspension concentrates (OD) , water-dispersible granules ( WG) , water-dispersible
powders (WP) , fine granule (FG) , suspo-emulsions (SE) , microencapsulated suspensions (CS)
or more Suspension concentrates (SC) .
The synergistic fungicidal composition according to any of the preceding claims, the composition
being applied to plants, plant parts and/or surrounding.. The synergistic fungicidal composition
9. according to claim 8, the plants are selected from a group consisting of potatoes, sunflowers,
cucumbers, tomatoes and grape.
The synergistic fungicidal composition according to any of the preceding claims, the composition
is used for treating and/or preventing fungal diseases caused by Plasmopara spp, Phytophthora
spp, Pseudoperonospora spp, and Fusarium spp.
The synergistic fungicidal composition according to any of the preceding claims, the composition
is used for treating and/or preventing fungal diseases caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis in
cucumber, Plasmopara viticola in grape, Phytophthora infestans in potato, Phytophthora infestans
in tomatoes and Fusarium oxysporum in sunflower And their plant parts.
Chlorothalonil (30%) + 1 Bounty 36WP AP-3925 Shetu Pesticides Limited Tomato Early
blight 2 g/L of water
Cymoxanil (6%) 2 Green DT 30EC AP-3926 Complite Source Rice Sheath blight 500 ml
Selfi 36WP AP-4629 Mimpex Agrochemicals Limited Tea Red rust 1.00 kg
Cloral 36WP AP-4630 East West Chemicals Limited Tea Red rust 3.00 kg
Conclusion
A combination of cymoxanil and chlorothalonil, characterized by different modes of action
exhibits a potential synergistic effect. A synergistic fungicidal composition includes cymoxanil
and chlorothalonil is effective in preventing and/or treating fungal infestations, particularly
phytophthora spp, Pseudoperonospora spp, Plasmopara spp and Fusarium spp. Cymoxanil may
be present in the synergistic fungicidal composition of the present invention in any suitable
amount, and is generally present in an amount of from 1% to 50% by weight of the composition,
preferably from 1% to 25% by weight of the composition , more preferably from 3% to 10% by
weight of the composition, most preferably 5% by weight of the composition. Cymoxanil and
chlorothalonil may be present in the composition or applied in any amounts relative to each other,
to provide the enhanced or synergistic effect of the mixture. Cymoxanil and chlorothalonil may be
present in the synergistic fungicidal composition in any suitable amount, and is generally present
in an amount of from 1% to 70% by weight of the composition,
10. References
1) McGrath, M.T., 2004. What are fungicides. The plant health instructor, 10, pp.109-115.
2) Fungicide Families or Groups/pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/pesticide-
articles/fungicides-disease-management-home-landscape.
3) Registered Pesticides List ,Bangladesh Crop Protection Association (BCPA).
4) Fungicides, OXON ITALIA company.
5) A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University,
Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and University of California at Davis.
6) (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/chlorothalonil-
ext.html)
7) Lorsbach, B., Meitl, A., OWEN, W.J. and Yao, C., Dow AgroSciences LLC,
2011. Synergistic fungicidal composition containing 5-fluorocytosine for fungal control in
cereals. U.S. Patent Application 12/871,444.
8) Brix, H.D., Ebersold, D., Semar, M., Bruns, J. and Vonend, M., BASF SE, 2013. Ternary
fungicidal compositions comprising boscalid and chlorothalonil. U.S. Patent 8,349,877.
9) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Cymoxanil; Pesticide Tolerance Petition. Federal
Register Document.