Translation is an important process for communicating information from one language to another through written text. It allows the transfer of knowledge across countries and the exchange of scientific, political, entertainment and news information. While translation plays a beneficial role in improving education through disseminating information, it is a difficult task that requires skill. Translators must follow translation theories to accurately convey meanings and not arbitrarily translate text.
Cultural Decomposition: How To Distinguish Figurative From Non-Figurative.pdfFadilElmenfi1
If interpretation is so essential to the translator's work, some will argue, the entire process of translation will fall outside the realm of Semantics proper, which is the branch of linguistics most relevant to translation.
Museums play an important role in China’s communication with the world and demonstrate to some extent China’s soft power. As China further strengthens its international exchanges, more and more people hope to know China through its history and culture. However, due to the lingual and cultural distinctions, there are many unavoidable problems in translating Chinese relic texts (Source Text or ST) into English texts (Target Text or TT). As Eugene Nida said in his functional equivalence theory, the Target Reader’s (TR) comprehension and appreciation of the translation is significant. Therefore, in translating relic texts, attention should be paid to how the TR can understand and accept the content. This thesis aims at finding proper translation principles and methods by analyzing the translations of the relic texts in Hubei Provincial Museum from the perspective of the core concepts of functional equivalence theory. Through a study on the functional equivalence theory, the thesis finds three principles of translating relic texts: accuracy, readability and acceptability. An analysis of the relic texts of Hubei Provincial Museum has led to several translation methods including addition, omission, paraphrasing and rewriting, which help to achieve the functional equivalence of relic texts translation.
Conflicting Discourse of Foreignizing Informative Text: The Case of Kamal Abu...FadilElmenfi1
As the title of this paper indicates, this work is concerned with the translation of Said's controversial book, Orientalism. It is a analytical study of extracts of Orientalism, as translated into Arabic by Kamal Abu Deeb (1995/1980), in relation to the difficulties that the translator encountered while dealing with this book. The reason that this translation is selected for discussion is that this translation concerned with one of the most controversial books in the world, which can be classified as a cultural (informative) text.
The Ideology of Translation in Turtle and Dolphin Story into Indonesian and B...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research examines the ideology of translation applied in translating adjectives in an
English trilingual child story book entitled “Turtle and Dolphin” by Dunkle, et al (2012) which is written in
English, Indonesian, and Balinese. It has a message to keep the environment clean and green. This study is
aimed at finding out the translation ideology by describing the procedures and methods of translation. The data
were obtained by documentation method and note-taking technique. Three theories applied to analyze the
problems of study are translation procedures by Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti, 2000), translation methods by
Newmark‟s (1988), and translation ideology by Hatim & Mason (1997). The results showed that there are three
procedures applied including literal, transposition, and modulation. Meanwhile, the translation methods applied
were literal and communicative method. The amounts of source language emphasis is higher than the target
language emphasis, therefore it can be considered that the ideology of translation is the Foreignization ideology.
The use of this ideology is well adjusted especially for children as the main target readers. The translation result
is easier to comprehend as it is simpler and more neutral both in structure and meaning
Cultural Decomposition: How To Distinguish Figurative From Non-Figurative.pdfFadilElmenfi1
If interpretation is so essential to the translator's work, some will argue, the entire process of translation will fall outside the realm of Semantics proper, which is the branch of linguistics most relevant to translation.
Museums play an important role in China’s communication with the world and demonstrate to some extent China’s soft power. As China further strengthens its international exchanges, more and more people hope to know China through its history and culture. However, due to the lingual and cultural distinctions, there are many unavoidable problems in translating Chinese relic texts (Source Text or ST) into English texts (Target Text or TT). As Eugene Nida said in his functional equivalence theory, the Target Reader’s (TR) comprehension and appreciation of the translation is significant. Therefore, in translating relic texts, attention should be paid to how the TR can understand and accept the content. This thesis aims at finding proper translation principles and methods by analyzing the translations of the relic texts in Hubei Provincial Museum from the perspective of the core concepts of functional equivalence theory. Through a study on the functional equivalence theory, the thesis finds three principles of translating relic texts: accuracy, readability and acceptability. An analysis of the relic texts of Hubei Provincial Museum has led to several translation methods including addition, omission, paraphrasing and rewriting, which help to achieve the functional equivalence of relic texts translation.
Conflicting Discourse of Foreignizing Informative Text: The Case of Kamal Abu...FadilElmenfi1
As the title of this paper indicates, this work is concerned with the translation of Said's controversial book, Orientalism. It is a analytical study of extracts of Orientalism, as translated into Arabic by Kamal Abu Deeb (1995/1980), in relation to the difficulties that the translator encountered while dealing with this book. The reason that this translation is selected for discussion is that this translation concerned with one of the most controversial books in the world, which can be classified as a cultural (informative) text.
The Ideology of Translation in Turtle and Dolphin Story into Indonesian and B...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research examines the ideology of translation applied in translating adjectives in an
English trilingual child story book entitled “Turtle and Dolphin” by Dunkle, et al (2012) which is written in
English, Indonesian, and Balinese. It has a message to keep the environment clean and green. This study is
aimed at finding out the translation ideology by describing the procedures and methods of translation. The data
were obtained by documentation method and note-taking technique. Three theories applied to analyze the
problems of study are translation procedures by Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti, 2000), translation methods by
Newmark‟s (1988), and translation ideology by Hatim & Mason (1997). The results showed that there are three
procedures applied including literal, transposition, and modulation. Meanwhile, the translation methods applied
were literal and communicative method. The amounts of source language emphasis is higher than the target
language emphasis, therefore it can be considered that the ideology of translation is the Foreignization ideology.
The use of this ideology is well adjusted especially for children as the main target readers. The translation result
is easier to comprehend as it is simpler and more neutral both in structure and meaning
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It Project Management Essay examples
Strayer University
IT Project Management Assessment
CIS 517
1. Summarizes how the project manager or team exhibited exceptional and ethical project management practices.
Often, the project manager (PM) is faced with an issue that is not easily resolved by theory or the knowledge acquired from formal training. These types of problems are usually not of a technical nature and more often tend to be ethical or human resource issues (Stare, 2011). The satisfactory answer is often debatable and may suit one set of circumstances and yet not another. It is these difficult issues where the PM must draw from their practical experiences, moral and ethical obligations, and sometimes the rule of law. For example, international...show more content...For instance, it states with respect to bribery that it is a crime for a bribe to be made to a foreign official or political party for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or for directing business to another person even if this flows through an intermediary or consultant (Quade, Birkenkrahe, Habermann, 2012). However, not all payments are defined as bribes. Payments for routine government action are allowed under the FCPA including the dispensing of permits, licenses and police protection as noted in the example. Thus, it is important to distinguish between those that are acceptable and unacceptable by noting the various laws of both your own country and those in your host country. As organizations increasingly adopt the practice of project management to achieve their goals, project managers must be adept in the soft skills, political savvy, and conflict management skills that are vital to pro
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Comparing Urban And Suburban Lives
Urban and suburban lives, both are two sides of the coins. They represent different angles of human life. Each of them has its beauty and peculiarity, which distinguishes it from the other. It is observed that both living styles have their strengths and weakness at the same time. The things which we cannot find in rural life found in urban life. These are two different angles of life and represent certain traits of life in different colors. There are many aspects of these two colors of life which have distinguishing influenced in the life. The pattern of life of human being can totally alter his personal, social and economic life. It is important to choose between two paths of life, keeping their pros and cons in mind. The emerging...show more content...While the issues confronting Riyadh are as yet being overseen and handled by the city s regions, numerous adjustments in the foundation and utilization of area can change and mitigate the issues connected with the city s sprawl. On the other hand, the issues of zoning and isolation may make a few more eras before strides can be made to level and the country and make better situations for the greater part of its occupants to appreciate (Gallagher).
The observable phenomenon is that people tend to move to urban life from rural settings. There are many background variables which are responsible for this shift. These background variables vary from person to person. The noticeable fact is that economic factor is a chief element in this respect and is common for all. Another emerging point is this respect is that people move from urban to suburban areas (Gallagher). This phenomenon is denoting as urban s
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Questions On Fourth Amendment Jurisprudence
Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is primarily concentrated in four areas: 1) defining searches ; 2) the Warrant Requirement, in which warrantless searches are semantically precluded except in specific and tightly constricted situations; 3) the Probable Cause Requirement, whose exclusive provisions are closely associated with the Warrant Requirement s proscription of police inquiries into same; and, 4) the exclusionary rule, which presumptively excludes any information or evidence gathered in violation of the preceding two (Rickless, 2005).
The Court has continued to delineate areas, which fall outside the parameters of the restrictions placed upon government officials through the Fourth Amendment.
The Court has ruled that the areas carved out which include exceptions to the basic tenets of the Fourth Amendment, commonly known as warrantless searches, may be conducted if circumstances are such that the interests of society outweigh the invasiveness of the action.
The Court has have recognized special situations in which warrants were not required, including: border searches; consent searches; container searches; exigent circumstances; searches incident to a lawful arrest; plain view; special needs; stop and frisk; and inventory searches.
The Court has ruled that the areas carved out which include exceptions to the basic tenets of the Fourth Amendment, commonly known as warrantless searches, may be
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Oxford Tutorial Essay
You are an amino acid in the lumen of the small intestine of a newborn mammal. You are looking at intestinal epithelial cells that bring important maternal proteins (immunoglobulins) across their apical surfaces by receptor mediated endocytosis. Your ambition is to be part of a receptor that does that job.
A. beginning from the challenge of entering the cell, until you have been loaded onto an appropriate tRNA.
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Within the small intestine is the only site in the digestive tube for absorption of amino acids. Absorption takes place on the surface of small intestinal epithelial cells.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower...show more content...An anticodon is a set of three nucelotides that form base pairs with the mRNA codon.
There are at least 20 different tRNA s one for each amino acid. The anticodon is used to read the codons on the mRNA. The tRNA reads the mRNA codon by using its own anticodon. The actual reading is done by matching the base pairs through hydrogen bonding following the base pairing principle, where each base has a pair. That is, A is paired with T, or U, and C is paired with G.
In this way, each codon is read by various tRNA s until the appropriate match of the anticodon with the codon occurs. In this example, the tRNA anticodon, let s say, AAG, reads the codon UUC on the mRNA. tRNA will have this amino acid that this mRNA codes for on its 3`end. The anticodon of the tRNA that carries this amino acid will bind to the codon in the mRNA. These events occur within a ribosome, which are predominantly on the endoplasmic reticulum
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Marshall Plan Research Paper
Marshall Plan: The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a program in which the US gave over 13 billion dollars to individual European countries to fuel the recovery of Europe between 1948 and 191. The plan was named after George C. Marshall who first introduced the idea in 1947. Americans perceive this as being an altruistic approach to helping the world regain their footing after WW2, however the Soviets did not share this notion. The Soviet Union viewed this plan as a way to infiltrate with foreign countries internal Affairs and refused to participate. They also prevented Poland and Czechoslovakia from being included in the program even know they needed it greatly. The undertaking of this plan contributed...show more content...The US became involved in the war in 1954 as the biggest allie of South Vietnam. The war was fought in Vietnam which was an area of thick jungle and rough climate with long period of hard rain. When communist powers took control in the north, the fight for vietnam and to end communism in the country began. The US alone sent over 2.5 million troops to assist the South and the american public was outraged. US involvement lasted until 1973 when Nixon withdrew our troops and the communists took over Vietnam completely creating a socialist republic two years later. This was important to the cold war because it was a big win for communism and a bigger blow to the US. I chose this event because it represented a time when our country would do anything to fight
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Light In August Essay
William Faulkner s Light in August portrays the social alienation of African Americans in the South during the 20th century. The novel was based in the American South, during the 1930s, when racial tensions continued to surge. Faulkner exploited Joe Christmas, a biracial orphan, to represent the social prejudices African Americans faced. Christmas continuously struggled with his racial identity throughout the novel. Along with the internal conflict, Christmas also faced an external conflict with Jefferson s townspeople. Since he was a child, Christmas experienced racial slurs and discrimination, which illustrated the emotional abuse he faced. In William Faulkner s Light in August, the segregation and discrimination that was demonstrated throughout...show more content...The white community of Jefferson believes every Negro is worthless and the Presbyterians believe, every person who doesn t work hard and advance materially is destined for Hell. (Anderson 20). During this time period the K.K.K. was still prominent. Gail Hightower is a citizen of Jefferson that was often brutalized by the K.K.K. Hightower used to be the priest, but lost his church through a rumor of him having an affair with his African American cook. Hightower was one of Jefferson s citizens that accepted African Americans for who they were, but constantly suffered emotionally and physically because of it. In chapter twenty of Light in August, Hightower introduces how his family s past has haunted him. Hightower s life was shaped by the stories of his grandfather, a former slave owner, and his dad who had abolitionist views. Constantly searching for his father s approval, Hightower s father went
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Culture Schock Essay
Culture in ancient times was defined as the sum total of the equipment of the human individual, which enables him to be attuned to his immediate environment on the historical past on the other . It reflects in effect what humans have added to Nature. It comprises the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society and includes, in addition to the arts and letters, the value systems, traditions, modes of life and beliefs of the society. It also absorbs from other cultures and undergoes changes with time, sometimes beneficial, sometimes regressive. (Barlas, 15). Culture shock is a severe psychological reaction that results from adjusting to the realities of a society radically different from one s own. The actual...show more content...(Marx, 5). In his original article, Oberg lists six main aspects of culture shock: 1. Strain caused by the effort to adapt. 2. Sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in relation to friends, status, profession and possessions. 3. Feeling rejected by or rejecting members of the new culture. 4. Confusion in role, values and self identity. 5. Anxiety and even disgust/anger about foreign practices. 6. Feelings of helplessness, not being able to cope with the new environment. Culture shock in all its diverse form is completely normal and is part of a successful process of adaptation. Oberg also developed a model of adaptation that suggests that going abroad or working internationally put you through or cycle of distinct phases on the way to final adaptations. The first stage is the honeymoon phase, where all encounters in a new place are seen as exciting, positive and stimulating. The new life is viewed as providing
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Year Round Schooling Essay
Year Round Schooling The education system in the United States is an ever evolving institution. As a country we have progressed from one room schoolhouses, to segregated classrooms, to online learning environments. Congress is constantly passing legislation to better our public school systems and minimize costs to taxpayers. Individual states have also implemented various new systems to try and maximize their education potential. One such alternative is year round schooling. Year round schooling has become increasingly popular over the past few decades and is still a rapidly growing trend.
Year round schooling is defined as the reorganization of the traditional nine month calendar so that summer vacation is...show more content...While one group is on break, the rest of the groups are in school, and they continue to rotate so that as many students as possible can attend. In a four track school district, student capacity is increased by 33%. In an extended year system, the required number of days that children must attend school is increased from 180 to up to 240.
There is also another calendar alternative that can be implemented in school systems: school wide and school within a school calendars. In a school wide calendar, all of the students follow the same yearlong schedule. But in the school within a school calendar, half of the students are on a yearlong calendar and the other half are on the traditional nine month calendar. This type of system has been implemented in several school districts in North Carolina.
Some schools (such as Timber Lane school in Virginia) that follow yearlong calendars also offer classes dur
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Essay On Translation Studies
1.Introduction
Traditionally, approaches to translation studies have been focused upon the internal factors, i.e., the rules of linguistic conversion that guide the
translation process. Translation is regarded as a process of seeking for linguistic equivalence between ST and TT, as Nida(1964) put it, the target text
should be the closest natural equivalent to the original text.With the rise of "cultural turn" in translation studies, there emerges a new research trend that
views translation as a culture–bound phenomenon, and places translation studies under a large historical and socio–cultural context.Various cultural
theories begin to lend their forces to translation studies, resulting in a series of new approaches, such as cultural manipulative, feminism and
postcolonial approaches to translation studies.Thus, translation is no longer viewed as a process of seeking for linguistic equivalence, but an
interaction between two cultural systems.
Under the influence of "cultural turn"that greatly expands the width and breadth of translation studies, translators and scholars have gradually realized
that translation, literary translation in particular, is a sort of "creative treason": creative in the sense that the translator must make subjective efforts to
...show more content...
He argues that creativity and treason are intrinsically entwined in translation and the act of translation is always a sort of creative treason: "treason" in
the sense that the original text has to be placed into a completely unexpected referential frame (namely, utterly different linguistic environment);
"creative" in the sense that the original text is to be given a brand new look, and an opportunity to have a new literary exchange with a larger scope of
readers as
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2. Translations by Brian Friel
It is very fitting that this play is set in a hedge school in Baile Beag in 1833. Firstly, the educational system was going to be "revamped" in the eyes of
the English and in the hedge schools, languages such as Greek and Latin were thought to be useful as opposed to English which was virtually unknown.
Secondly, language is a fundamental aspect of development and language is fundamental to education – so the English must begin with where
education takes place so as to work its way into society. Those who end up running the country are usually those who are educated and those are the
ones people look to for guidance. England is clever in their approach because if those who are educated are forced to learn about English culture that
is all future generations will grow to know over time. This tactic is almost infallible because replaces the languages the Irish learned with the English
standard, and forces the Irish to communicate in new ways, thus beginning the process breaking down the Irish people and their culture – a powerful
strategy. Identity is pivotal to the story and holds its own innate power, but what is even more pivotal is that the Irish do not necessarily all share the
same views. The Irish find their history very important because it is the foundation of the language. Hugh says, "It is not the literal past, the 'facts' of
history, that shape us, but images of the past embodied in language" (88). It is evident then that Hugh finds the historical meanings of
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3. Technical Translation in Modern Times
Technical Translation in Modern Times
Translating manuals and procedures for operating a particular product or service is a job that requires utmost understanding and technical skills. It is to
enable users to fully understand what and how these products actually work. This specialized kind of translation requires an experienced translator–a
professional that ensures the quality of output your business expect. Such a translator is proficient with both the language the material is sourced from
and the language to which it going to be translated to. Translators are bilingual speakers. This is to ensure that the meaning of the words, in context, is
not taken away when they are translated to a target language.
When technical articles such as owner's manual, user guides and other relevant documents, texts and technical terminologies may seem not in
understandable in a country or region where they are distributed, content translation of this documents aids in making a product gain a localization
focus. Globalization in our times has gone digital, and the conduct of business does not only saturate in one specific market and location. Businesses
have taken their products and services out into the global market where innumerable opportunities and chance for growth await their entrepreneurial
ventures. However, to achiever this, documents and other technical contents have to translated first so that texts are comprehensible for their target
audience and also to comply with some legal
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5. Essay On Equivalence In Translation
2.1 Literary Review
Previous studies relevant and helpful to the present study on reduplication as the translation equivalence of English lexicons in Indonesian are reviewed
below.
An article entitled "Equivalence in Translation Theories: A Critical Evaluation" by Panou (2013) is helpful to this research for comparative materials
since it presents influential theories on equivalence in translation along with critical evaluation. It can be concluded from the article that many
translation theories are based on two opposing ways of translating. With regard to equivalence, Nida (1964) distinguishes between formal and dynamic
equivalence. Nida asserts that in formal equivalence the target language resembles very much the source language both form and content. Formal
equivalence is therefore much of a word–for–word view of translation. Whereas in dynamic equivalence an effort is made to convey the source
language message in the target language as naturally as possible. The idea of dynamic equivalence is to improve readability by rephrasing
constructions that could be confusing when...show more content...
Formal equivalence (Nida,1964) and semantic translation (Newmark, 1981) can be considered as linguistic–oriented approaches to translation as these
theories rely on word–for–word or literal translation. Dynamic equivalence (Nida, 1964) and communicative translation (Newmark, 1981) can be
considered as target–oriented approaches to translation as these theories view the readability and naturalness of the translation are crucial for the target
readers. Target–oriented approaches consider external factors surrounding the translation such as cultural context and communication situation. A
translator may use any equivalence concept that is useful and applicable to his/her translation
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6. Translation Aesthetics Of Translation
Translation Aesthetics was systemically introduced to China by Liu Miqing. By his Translation Aesthetics, he says that translation of a text between
Chinese and English could be judged by some items, such as culture, translation style and aesthetic psychology. This theory offers a great standard to
discusses the distinguish of different versions of a same text. In his book, Liu Miqing has mentioned that the aesthetics of translation should be founded
on many aspects. To understand aesthetics translation, people should firstly know something about aesthetics itself. First of all, language is the subject
of aesthetics of translation. As a activity which changes a kind of language message into an other language message, language changing is the most
...show more content...
One way to solve this problem is to find a new rhythm in local language. Secondly, it is necessary to know the object and subject in the activity of
translation aesthetics. The subject of translation aesthetic are translator and reader. At the first step, translator is required to have a special capability of
aesthetic. It is translator's knowledge, experience and level of language finally decides the quality of translation of a text. Thus, translator has to be
sensitive and professional. On the other hand, the object of translation aesthetics is the original text and translated text. The origin text should have
value to be translated and include the aspects of informative, inspirational, enlightening and descriptive. After knowing the object and subject of
translation aesthetic, the other important aspect people should know is that the aesthetic of translation has to suit the local culture. Different nation or
race has different culture conditions. A same symbol may represent different meaning in two background. It means that a great translation version
should pay attention to the culture background and the beauty of
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7. Reflection On Translation
Self Reflection in translation theory
In this reflective essay I would like to shed some light in various learning styles as well as find out how do I or rather my mind functions when
translating. Reading the book provided, I was surprised to find out many interesting and fascinating aspects of my learning process and about
translating in general that I was not even aware of about myself. To begin I will briefly talk about my background in English language, then reflect on
how do my current jobs come in to play with the discussed learning styles.
Ever since I was first introduced to English as a language in the 4th grade in elementary school all the way through high school it has been my
favourite subject. English was something that I was naturally good at for some reason, due to this fact I never felt discourage or failure in classes,
like for example so many of us feel in Math or Chemistry, so I always enjoyed learning new words and tenses. Fortunately in my jobs I get to use
English quite a lot for communication and also for translating purposes. Reading the book the first thing I noticed that in order to be not just a good
...show more content...
When I was reading about these I found that internally referenced typed is a very foreign concept for me especially what applies to translators. To be
somewhat harsh, I do not really care for the message or importance of the source text. I do translation because I love the language and the thrill that
comes from translating not to moralise on the subject. My goal as a translator is to make the source text available to people who need them, those
who rely on me to get the job done, that is what gives me excitement. This makes me an externally referenced learner and translator and as such a
subordinate to the source author itself and the target reader. As a translator I must leave behind my opinions and biases when doing a particular job and
that is completely fine with
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8. 2.2.1 Translation Ethics
Ethics is the moral dimension of human behavior, which could regularize people's actions, and lead individual make appropriate choices when coping
with others. Translation is a sophisticated practical activity, and a regulatory social behavior (Guo, 2014). Translation is involved with diverse factors,
including language and culture, author and translator, sponsor and reader. Leading the translation process, translators are supposed to manage
relationship between subject and object (Guo, 2014), which requires guidance and constraint by ethics. In 1980s, the French translation theorist
Antonie Berman propounded the theory of "translation ethics". He regarded the respect for source text, language and cultural differences in between
two languages as "appropriate ethical...show more content...
The translation ethics proposed by Berman places focus on converting "self" through communicating with others. With the purpose of pursuing cultural
diversity and protruding language and cultural differences within source text, American structuralism translation theorist, Lwerene Venuti, proposed an
assertion of promoting cultural renewal and transformation, which is called "ethics of difference" (1998). Anthony Pym addressed the issue of
inter–subject responsibility and power and provided the concept of "interculturality" (2001). Then, Andrew Chesterman put forward "five models" on
translation ethics from the perspective of interpersonal and intercultural communication, which includes ethics of representation, ethics of service,
ethics of communication, norm–based ethics, ethics of commitment (2001). Systematically and thoroughly summarized previous studies (Chen, 2012),
Chesterman's theory has brought translation research up to a new level (Guo, 2014), among which, ethics of communication, places extra emphasis on
communicative functions of languages and interpersonal communication (2001) with the aim to improve relationships between source
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9. Translation As A Method Of Communication
1.Introduction
1.1. Translation in General
Translation is considered a method of communication. It helps people to communicate all over the world without wasting time or efforts. This
communication is achieved by translating texts from different countries and languages. Translation studies are mainly divided into cultural and
linguistic information. First, cultural studies focus on cultures of countries where the texts are taken from. Moreover, each country has its own specific
culture and traditions that affect the source text. This may lead to difficulty in communication and spreading ideas easily to the target text of different
culture. As a result, translation deals mainly with these problems of culture by finding methods that help in conveying ideas and contents with minimal
loss of meaning. Second, linguistic studies focus on the structures and features of language itself of both source and target texts. Regarding translation
domains, there are many domains such as literature, economics and legal domains.
1.2. Translation Methods
Translation methods are methods that translation is based on to convey ideas especially when expressions from source language are unique and
strange to the target language and its culture. These methods try to make ideas closer to the other culture and to be understood easily. According to
Vinay and Darbelnet, there are some "stylistic effects" that can not be transferred from the source language to target language. This can be solved by
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10. Translation As An Easy Task Essay
Taduttore Traditore
Translation is often portrayed as being an easy task, a simple transfer of words and sentences from a language to another. Because some people are
bilingual or polyglots it doesn't mean they can be translators. Translation is a very hard and difficult task to accomplish. In this essay, the focus will be
on the maxim "Taduttore Traditore" (from the Italian"to translate is to betray"), trying to understand and analyse its meanings and implications. And
then, try to consider whether it is or not an accurate statement regarding translation work.
According to the Bible, before the Tower of Babel, everyone spoke onelanguage. Yet because mankind decided to build a tower that would reach the
Heavens, God punished his people by making them speak different languages and by splitting them into different parts of the world. That is when
translation begins.
At that time, there was no internet, no computers, no automatic translations nor even bilingual dictionaries. Nowadays, with the growth of the
technologies, access to nearly every kind of information is possible. The translator's task is facilitated thanks to the many tools that the new
technologies can provide such as MA Tools like Linguee, Reverso, Word Reference, Bab.la and many more. Although they are not one hundred
percent accurate, they are a great assistance for a translator, especially for a word by word translation. Yet translated expressions or sentences are still
very hard to deal with for a computer
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11. Translation is a process to translate word or text from one language to another. It transfers information to another person by written text which has
purpose to transfer the idea in communication. Translation form is focused on written text such as text book, journal, poem, story and other as a part of
communication and transfer of knowledge on the printing form. All of recent information such as scientific improvement, political issue, entertainment
and news transferred from source language to the target language. It exchanges information and knowledge from one country to another. The
improvement of country depends on the information. This is the effect of our incomplete and limited source book, text and journal which very
important to our daily need in education Eventhough, the translation is very important and gives beneficial to improvement of education.
However, translation is quite difficult to do because it needs skill; people are not allowed to translate something in arbitrary way. There are some
theories that should be concerned in order to get a good translation. It is one of the reasons why in this ages, a study of translation becomes an
academic subject which also known as translation course. By the time, many universities put translation as a course into their curricula like which is
"Universitas Negeri Padang". One of the purpose of the adding translation studies as a course in Universitas Negeri Padang is producing a good
translation. Moreover, translation has
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12. 6.CONCLUSION
All in all, even though machine translation is a new method of translation, and cannot compete with human translation when the quality is regarded, it
however is seen as very helpful. It is seen so, especially in the cases when one in need of a translator cannot obtain the services of a human translator.
Machine translation can give a overall idea of what the text is about and also provide with a first draft translation, even though not always accurate.
Machine translation has its advantages because it is quick, cost effective, can be quickly updated, it is available at any time as long as one has access
to a computer. However, its main disadvantage is that the translation is often not very accurate.
This research paper shows the main advantages and disadvantages of using both translators, human and machine translators. Even though machine
translation is widely used, it cannot give a fully understandable and correct translation on its own. Machine translation will never be fully independent
from human translators. But even human translators on its own cannot do that much. It still needs a lot of translation tools....show more content...
Because just a translation is done by human it does not automatically that it is of better quality. Quality comes with education and experience and even
than a person cannot know everything. Seeing that humans or machines cannot translate on its own, a combination of these two is necessary to get a
qualitative and professional translation. In this way, four different and distinctive methods of translation can be recognized: translation done only by
machines, translations done by machine translators which are later revised and edited by human translators, translations done by humans with the
assistance of a machine translator and translations done by humans without the involvement of machines
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13. Essay about Foreign Currency Translation
I.Introduction2
II.Definition3 A.Difference between translation and conversion3 B.Role of FASB No. 524 1.Determine the functional currency:4 2.Determine whether
the functional currency of the subsidiary is also its home currency.4 a)If the functional currency is the home currency,4 b)If the functional currency of
the subsidiary is not its home currency,5
III.Reasons for Translation5 A.Recording direct business transactions5 B.Reporting operations conducted through a foreign enterprise6 C.Measuring
the enterprise exposure to the effects of currency fluctuation7 D.Communicating with foreign audiences–of–interest7
IV.Financial statement effects of alternative translation rates7...show more content...
While companies' activities are international, the currencies in which business contracts are contracted and settled are still a national affair.
Hence, due to international activities, companies hold many items that are denominated in foreign currencies.
For financial reporting purposes, these items have to be translated to a single currency, for example, the currency of a company's home country.
Various translation methods have been created, but the main question when doing so is whichexchange rate shall be used for the translation process.
Items could be translated into another currency by using the exchange rate of the transaction date, by using the exchange rate of the reporting–day (e.g.
the balance sheet day), by using average exchange rates or any other kind of exchange rates.
When translating an item using different exchange rates, exchange differences arise. These exchange differences could be treated in different ways.
They could either be recognized in the income statement, although gains or losses arising from items denominated in foreign currencies might not be
realized yet, or exchange differences could initially be realized in equity and be transferred to profit or loss when they are realized. In addition, the
economical effects have to be regarded to make sure, that exchange differences are treated in a way, which insures fair presentation of financial
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14. J. C. Catford published a book 'A linguistic Theory of Translation' in 1965. It deals with the analysis and description of translation process. He follows
Firthian and Hallidayan linguistic model of translation. For him, the theory of translation is a branch of comparative Linguistics since it deals with
certain type of relation between languages. It is essentially a theory of Applied Linguistics.
Catford defines translation as, 'the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)' (p. 20).
According to him, "the central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL translation equivalents. A central task of translation theory, is that
of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence" (p. 21).
As far as translation is concerned, Catford distinguished between formal correspondence and textual equivalence.
A formal correspondent is 'any TL category (Unit, class, element of structure etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the 'same', place
in the 'economy' of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL' (Catford 1965 : 27).
A Textual equivalent is 'any TL text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasion ............. To be the equivalent of a given SL text or
portion of text'.
He defines some board categories of translation in terms of extent, levels and ranks of translation. Depending on the 'extent' of SL text which is
submitted to the translation
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15. Protein synthesis is defined as "The creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes." The synthesis of proteins takes two steps:
transcription and translation. Transcription takes the information that is coded in DNA and codes it into mRNA, which heads out of the cell's nucleus
and into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to synthesize proteins. When trying to understand the process
of protein synthesis, basic terms are necessary. DNA is the backbone of life as we know it. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and it is necessary to
life on earth. The basic unit of DNA is called a nucleotide which is also known as a base. DNA is a double stranded helix that is made of these
bases. DNA makes thousands of proteins using only four different basis. These bases are labeled as A, T, G, and C. These letters stand for adenine,
thymine, guanine, and cytosine. These bases make pairs. A Pairs with T and G pairs with C.The same goes forRNA except thymine is replaced with
uracil and RNA is single stranded. A continuous strand of DNA is called agene. Genes are used to make functioning strands of RNA or proteins. The
first step in protein synthesis is transcription which is when the cell makes an RNA copy of the information from DNA in the nucleus. The first step of
transcription is called initiation. This is when the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter which contains the transcription start point. The polymerase
binds
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16. Lost in translation Essay
Lost In Translation
"Lost In Translation" is one of those movies that seek to be something having something extra something that is more than a regular movie. Moreover,
it does so effectively without being pretentious, all through the movie it does not seem like it is trying too hard to be something other than what is
there. It is skillfully written, well directed and it boasts of a solid cast not very spectacular but full of good actors. Jointly, this eventually results in an
enjoyable and interesting movie. The important thing is that it has a message to it. Bill Murray and Scarlett Johansson play two individuals lost in the
new and unfamiliar surroundings, restlessly moving around a Tokyo hotel in the middle of the night, who fall into...show more content...
Johansson plays Charlotte; whose husband John is a photographer on assignment in Tokyo. She visits a shrine and then calls a friend in America to say,
"I didn't feel anything." Then she reveals: "I don't know who I married."
The movie could have degenerated into a love affair between two lost souls but "Lost in Translation" is too elegant and considerate to be
the kind of movie where they go to bed and the viewer is supposed to believe that as a reaction against the problems that they have. They share
something as private as their feelings rather than something as common as their bodies.
Murray is trapped, but reconciled to being stuck. Marriage is not uncomplicated for him, and his wife's voice over the phone seems to go on and on.
Nevertheless, he loves his children. He is very weary, he is doing the commercials for money and detests himself for it, he has a sense of humor and
can be funny but he is not up to it.
She on the other hand has been married only a couple of years, but it is clear that her husband thinks she is encroaching on his work and life. Full
with his own importance, thrilled that a starlet knows his name, he leaves her behind in the hotel room because he will be working, and according to
him she will not have a good time if she comes along with him.
Their way of communication is not long discussions and they do not talk in the long literate sentences, but in the tired
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17. Equivalence In Translation Essay
2.4 How equivalence is used in translation?
2.4.1 The concept of equivalence
For a long time in the 20th century, translation studies followed the linguistic tradition in assuming the notion of equivalence. Translation studies in the
linguistic tradition have relied on the notion equivalence. Nowadays equivalence between words in a source text and a target language is also
important but other requirements also need to be met. It is specifically apparent in translating scientific texts. One of the other criteria for translation is
incorporation of the main ideas and broader meaning of the whole texts. The source text needs to be recognised and understood as a whole, not as
sequence of sentences and paragraphs. It should concern the cultural...show more content...
Some linguists claim that dealing with the process of finding equivalence is the most significant issue existing among translation processes and that is
one of the mains principles of Western theory of translation. Translation is a mean of communication and in order for it to be effective it is crucial to
establish appropriate equivalence between source and target text. Nida defines translation as "reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source–language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style". (Nida, 1982, p. 12) It is conspicuous that
equivalence is one of basic concepts of translation which cannot be overlooked. This complex phenomenon often becomes a measure which helps to
define the process of translation. Number of researches stress on the important role of the equivalence for the translation process and it is hard to hard
to overestimate the role of equivalence in translation. Use of equivalence translation help people to understand each other and enables achieving
communication goals. Achieving maximum linguistic, grammar and structural equivalence is inevitably linked with certain restrictions and limitations
but the skilful use of equivalents can undoubtedly benefit the results of translation act. Despite different approaches, the equivalence is an important
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18. The Pros And Cons Of Translation Studies
Translation Studies requires to welcome ideas from other fields of study and other cultural traditions in order to generate new concepts, theories, and
models. As Tymoczko (2007) emphasized, adopting the ideas from other disciplines leads to new ways of thinking about the field of translation since it
would offer translation new validity and models for practice. Gile (2008) proposes the notion of "disciplinary immigrants" for professionals in
translation study that employ theories and principles from sociology, cultural studies, linguistics etc. For example, Seleskovitch and Lederer (1989),
following Jean Piaget's early work in cognitive psychology (1967), examined the specific translating and interpreting mental processes using a cognitive
...show more content...
This can explain for the vast spread of the undergraduate degree program on English and Persian translation in most universities and institutions of
higher education and the magnitude of the number of English translation students. The number of students admitted to study in English and Persian
translation at undergraduate level in 2003 was 495 in nine state universities and 3338 in thirty–seven private universities and institutions of higher
education under the supervision of the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Mollanazar, 2003, pp.
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19. Translating Research into Practice Essays
Introduction A financial burden such as the cost of medication can cause decreased compliance, increased complications and sometimes death . In
2005, a national study showed that 90 percent of the elderly take up to five prescription drug medications daily, thus, placing a tremendous financial
burden on the elderly causing the decrease in dose or the refusal to get the prescription filled (Safran et al, 2005). The cost of medication on the
elderly has been identified before, however, little has been done to assist the elderly in this endeavor. The purpose of this paper is to identify 3 best
practice interventions to assist the elderly with medication cost and enhance compliance. Identifying Problem In 2005, twenty–six percent of...show
more content...
Search Criteria The University of Alabama Biomedical Library was searched for relevant studies . This search included COCHRANE Database
of Systematic Reviews, OVID database and EBSCO database. Another search was done using Google search, National Guidelines Clearinghouse,
and Agency for Health Research. Reviewed articles references were used to obtain more studies. Keywords for all searches included: medication,
medication cost, drug, drug cost, elderly, aged, nonadherence, and noncompliance ( See Appendix A). All the studies were less than 5 years old,
expert opinions, practice guidelines were reviewed and those related to interventions to assist the elderly with medication cost were selected.
Levels of Evidence A preliminary search yielded 10 studies, and reviews (Appendix B). Two Level1 studies were systematic reviews. One of the
studies was a well controlled randomized study, which is a Level II. Six of the studies were nonrandomized, well controlled studies that were Level
III. No evidence found at this time was a Level IV, V, VI, or VII. Grade of Recommendations Each study was graded on the relativity to clinical
practice. A tool established by DiCenso, Guyatt, and Ciliska, and the Canadian Task Force on Preventative Health Services was modified for use in
this research (Appendix C). According to the graded research, a
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