UNIT 1 : THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 2 : ANIMALS AND HUMAN LANGUAGE
UNIT 3 : THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
UNIT 4 : THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 5 : THE SOUND PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 6 : WORDS and WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
UNIT 7 : MORPHOLOGY
UNIT 8 : PHRASES and SENTENCES : GRAMMAR
UNIT 9 : SYNTAX
This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
UNIT 1 : THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 2 : ANIMALS AND HUMAN LANGUAGE
UNIT 3 : THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
UNIT 4 : THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 5 : THE SOUND PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 6 : WORDS and WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
UNIT 7 : MORPHOLOGY
UNIT 8 : PHRASES and SENTENCES : GRAMMAR
UNIT 9 : SYNTAX
This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
FM 2019 Sociolinguistics A Language Study in Sociocultural Perspectives-7-20.pdfFatchulMuin
A language is not only studied from the internal
viewpoint but also from the external one. Internally, it is studied
based on its internal structures; whereas, externally, it is based
on the linguistic factors in relation to the factors beyond the
language.
A study of internal language structures (or, it is based on
the sub-systems of a language) will result sub-discipline of
linguistics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax
and semantics. It is conducted through theories and procedures
belonging to the discipline of linguistics; it is not related to the
problems beyond the language.
The presentation, in brief, presents details about the clinical case report and clinical case study. Answers the questions what is a case study? How to write a case study? and Components of a case study.
The presentation provides a short introduction to the study skills, its importance and improving study skills. It also describes how do people learn? and SQ3R.
The presentation provides an outline of effective communication.
It covers Effective communication, ten commandments, the process of communication, purpose and types of communication.
The PPT throws light on these aspects viz, Postmodernism as a theory and as a movement, thematic features, characteristics, issues and problems in a nutshell.
Sounds stress and intonation in the English languageMohan Raj Raj
This Powerpoint showcases a brief outline on these aspects of the English language which includes a crisp introduction to the sounds, stress and intonation.
Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter is written by the famous poet and New Critic John Crowe Ransom in an elegy form lamenting the death of a lively small girl of his neighbourhood. The PPT can provide a brief outline and analysis of the poem.
A Brief Intro to the LinkedIn PPT provides an outlook to the LinkedIn - A Social Network for Professionals. The ppt provide information like how to create a LinkedIn Profile, pitfalls and ways to avoid and signing up to Join LinkedIn.
Disgrace is a trailblazing novel by J.M. Coetzee sets in the background of the post-apartheid situation won Booker Prize and honours. The present ppt aimed to throw light on the power subversion in the novel Disgrace through the protagonist David Lurie
“Mirror” is a short, two-stanza poem written by Sylvia Plath in 1961. “Mirror” is an exploration of uncertain self and was probably influenced by the poem of James Merrill written under the same title.Sylvia Plath's poem has her hallmark stamp of powerful language, sharp imagery and dark undertones.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
1. 1
Origins of Language
& Linguistics
An Introduction
S. Mohan Raj
Ph.D Research Scholar
VIT, Vellore.
9751660760
rajmohan251@gmail.com
2. Origins of Language and
Development of Writing
Language is a system that associates sounds
(or gestures) with meanings in a way that
uses words and sentences.
The term ‘language’ can be used to refer to a variety of concepts/things, such as
“the particular form of words and speech used by the people of a country, area
or social group”, or “the method of human communication using spoken or
written words”.
2
- Susan Dostert
3. A further meaning of ‘language’ is “the
style or types of words used by a person
or group”, which is a topic generally
studied within sociolinguistics.
- Susan Dostert
Language is a purely human and non-
instinctive method of communicating ideas,
emotions and desires by means of voluntarily
produced symbols - (Sapir 1921).
3
4. thought (reference)
symbol referent/reality
(de Saussure triangle)
Communication vs. language
Communication = the passing on or exchange of
information – distinguishes what is living from what
is non-living in nature. (O'Grady et al. 1996)
Language as a form of human communication
1. Displacement
2. Arbitrariness
3. Productivity
4. Cultural transmission
5. Duality
Yule’s (2006) Characteristics of human language
4
5. Language and the brain
Language is a cognitive skill
whose roots are situated in the
*evolution of the brain.
**Language aphasia shows
that there are two major areas
of the brain specialised in
language processing,
production and comprehension:
***Broca’s and Wernicke’s
areas, situated in the left
hemisphere.
5
6. 6
Early Theories about the Origin of Language
1. The bow-wow theory - imitating sounds that things make.
2. The pooh-pooh theory - speech comes from the automatic vocal.
3. The ding-dong theory - speech reflects some mystical resonance in the world.
4. The yo-he-ho theory - speech started with the rhythmic chants.
5. The ta-ta theory - speech from tongue/mouth gestures to mimic manual gestures.
6. The la-la theory - speech emerged from the sounds Inspired.
7. 7
The emergence of writing systems is regarded as one of the most
significant milestones towards human civilisation (Han, 2012).
It is believed that the invention of writing was the result of an
improvement to an ancient system of tallies and labels, where
things were depicted pictographically to reduce ambiguity and
ease the process of recall (Fischer, 2007)
A writing system is a conventionalised method of
representing verbal communication visually, which is regarded
as a reliable form of information storage and transfer.
Origins and Evolution of Writing Systems
8. 8
Writing systems generally use both phonetic and semantic symbols in their characters,
there are three main ways of classifying writing systems around the world (Elbow, 2012):
Alphabetic, Syllabic and Logographic.
Cuneiform
Oracle Bone Inscription
Bronze Inscription
Seal Script Clerical ScriptSquare Script
Hieroglyphs
Writing Systems
10. 10
The study of writing systems, or grammatology, is concerned with the
means by which languages are represented by graphic symbols.
The scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of
grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics include
sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics,
comparative linguistics, and structural linguistics. (Oxford dictionary)
ம ொழியியல்
11. 11
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It tries,
to observe languages and to describe them accurately,
to find generalizations within what has been described, and
to draw conclusions about the general nature of human language.
13. 13
Linguistics seeks explicit knowledge about language, by submitting it to
systematic and objective study. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
A study that is systematic, objective, and
seeks explicit knowledge is scientific.
The product of linguistics is an objective, systematic, and explicit account
of (some aspect of) language, i.e. an explicit grammar.
A linguist is a person who is professionally
engaged in the scientific study of some
aspect of language.
The word "linguistics" is derived from the
Latin word for tongue. Linguistics is the
scientific study of human language.
15. 15
Applied linguistics attempts to make practical
use of the knowledge derived from
general linguistic research { in order, for
example, to:
improve the ways in which a student's native
language is taught
help people learn foreign language more
eciently
write better dictionaries
improve therapy for people with language
problems
search the Internet more eciently and
successfully
Linguistics overlaps and (ideally) cooperates
with: psychology, sociology, anthropology,
philosophy, logic, mathematics, computer
science, speech pathology, acoustics, music,
cryptanalysis, etc.
16. 16
The main branches of linguistics are:
Historical linguistics.
Geographical linguistics.
Descriptive linguistics.
Comparative and contrastive linguistics.
Psycholinguistics.
Sociolinguistics.
Ethno linguistics.
Syntactic/Grammar.
Noam Chomsky is known as the father of modern linguistics.
Back in 1957, Chomsky, with his revolutionary book “Syntactic
Structures,” laid the foundation of his theory of language.
Five major components of the
structure of language are
1. Phonemes,
2. Morphemes,
3. Lexemes,
4. Syntax, and
5. Context.
Around 6th century BC, linguistics began to be studied systematically by the Indian
scholar Pānini, who is generally regarded as the “father of linguistics.”
Formal linguistics later developed in Ancient Greece and around 4th century
BC, China also developed its own grammatical traditions.
17. 17
Applied linguistics attempts to make practical use of the knowledge derived
from general linguistic research in order, for example, to
Improve the ways in which a student’s native language is taught.
Help people learn a foreign language more efficiently.
Write better dictionaries.
Improve therapy for people with language problems.
Search the Internet more efficiently and successfully.
A glimpse into a few type of linguistics
Linguistics overlaps and (ideally) cooperates with:
psychology, sociology, anthropology,
philosophy, logic, mathematics, computer
science, speech pathology, acoustics, music,
cryptanalysis, etc.
18. 18
The diachronic
study of language
in general, historical
linguistics deals
with the history of
the English
language.
Historical linguistics
is mainly
comparative field of
study, looking at
related languages,
establishing
language families
by using the family
tree model.
*Our ancestors began to speak (estimates vary from 30,000 – 100,000 years ago) around 5,000 – 6,000 languages assumed to exist today.
**Inability to use spoken language.
***Named after the two physicians who first discovered them in the 19th century.
Originated from Mesopotamia – modern day Iraq and Kuwait c. 3500-3000 BCE.
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing systems used in Ancient Egypt
Originated from Mesopotamia – modern day Iraq and Kuwait c. 3500-3000 BCE.
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing systems used in Ancient Egypt
A hypothesis put forward by Professor Joseph Greenberg and his colleagues (Stanford University) holds that the original
mother language developed in Africa among early Homo sapiens.