Phonetics is the study of speech sounds in general, while phonology studies the speech sounds of a particular language. Phonology covers segmental phonemes like vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs, and consonants, as well as suprasegmental phonemes involving stress, length, tones, and intonation. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning, while a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language that can be free-standing or bound. Speech sounds are produced using various speech organs from the lungs through the vocal cords and mouth or nose.

1. Introducing of Phonetics
and Phonology.
The difference between phonology and phonetics :
Phonology is the study of speech sounds of a
Particular language.
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds of language in
general.
WHATDOES PHONOLOGYSTUDY?
Phonology studies :
1. Sound patterns : How sounds arepronounced.
2. Sound production : How sounds areproduced using
speech organs.
WHATDOES PHONOLOGYCOVER?
1. Segmental phonemes :
vowels :12
diphthongs : 8
triphthongs : 3
consonants : 24
2. Suprasegmentalphonemes (Prosodic
elements/Prosody):
stress
length or rhythm
tones

2. intonations
What is phoneme?
Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes the meaning of
words.
For example :
BAT - CAT
PUT – PAT
What is morpheme?
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
There are two kinds of morpheme:
1. Free morpheme : Ithas meaning when it stands alone.
For example : book, table, nape, etc.
2. Bound morpheme : Ithas meaning only when combined
with other morphemes or words. For example : -ment in
department, -ce in patience,etc.
The longest word in the world is :
PNEUMONOULTRAMICROSCOPICSILLICOVOLCANOCONIOSIS
SPEECH ORGANS
Upper lip
Lower lip
Upper teeth
Lower teeth
Alveolar ridge
Hard palate
Soft palate (velum)
Uvula

3. Pharynx
Trachea
Epiglottis
Larynx
Vocal cords
Apex (tongue tip)
Blades
Lungs
HOW ARE SOUNDS PRODUCED?
The air starts out in the lungs of the speaker, then travels
up through the trachea, through the larynx, pastthe
epiglottis and vocal cords, then the airstream goes into
the upper trachea before entering the pharynxand
finally the airstreamgoes into either the mouth (oral
sounds) or the nose(nasal sounds).
SEGMENTAL PHONEMES
• 12 VOWELS : Long (tense) vowels and short(lax)
vowels.
• 8 DIPHTHONGS: Vertical diphthongs, diagonal
diphthongs, centering diphthongs.
• 3 TRIPHTHONGS : /ai∂/,/ei∂/,/oi∂/
• 24 CONSONANTS : Based on points and manners of
articulation, consonants areclassified into
:bilabial, alveolar, velar, labio-dental, inter-dental,
lateral, retroflex, approximants, palato-alveolar
sounds.

4. altogether