This document discusses morphology, which deals with the structure of words and parts of words called morphemes. It describes two types of morphemes: free morphemes that can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes that must be attached to other morphemes. It also discusses two types of morphology - derivational morphology, where affixes are added to change a word's meaning or category, and inflectional morphology, which changes words within their category through suffixes for things like tense, number, and comparison. Several examples are provided of how affixes can be added to change words.
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The term phrasal verb is commonly applied to two or three distinct but related constructions in English: a verb and a particle and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation, but rather it can be taken as a whole. In other words,
The term phrasal verb is commonly applied to two or three distinct but related constructions in English: a verb and a particle and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation, but rather it can be taken as a whole. In other words,
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. MORPHOLOGY
• Morphology deals with the syntax of
complex words and parts of words, also
called morphemes, as well as with the
semantics of their lexical meanings.
Understanding how words are formed and
what semantic properties they convey
through their forms enables human beings
to easily recognize individual words and
their meanings in discourse.
3. Free and Bound Morpheme
• Analysis at a morphological level is
concerned with structural elements of
meaning called morphemes. Morphemes
are classified into two types:
• Free Morphemes: girl, boy, mother, etc.
These are words with a complete
meaning, so they can stand alone as an
independent word in a sentence.
4. Bound Morphemes: These are lexical items
incorporated into a word as a dependent
part. They cannot stand alone, but must
be connected to another morpheme.
Bound morphemes operates in the
connection processes by means of
derivation, inflection, and
compounding.
5. DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY
• Derivation is concerned with the way
morphemes are connected to existing lexical
forms as affixes.
• We distinguish affixes in two principal types:
• 1. Prefixes - attached at the beginning of a
lexical item or base-morpheme – ex: un-, pre-,
post-, dis, im-, etc.
• 2. Suffixes – attached at the end of a lexical
item ex: -age, -ing, -ful, -able, -ness, -hood, -ly,
etc.
6. EXAMPLES OF MORPHOLOGICAL
DERIVATION
• a. Lexical item (free morpheme): like (verb)=piacere
+ prefix (bound morpheme) dis-
= dislike (verb) = detestare;
• b. Lexical item: like (verbo)= piacere
+ suffix –able = likeable (agg)= simpatico
+ prefix un- =unlikeable (agg)= antipatico
+ suffix –ness = unlikeableness (sost)= antipatia
7. • 3. Lexical item: like (agg)= simile
+ prefix un- = unlike (agg)= dissimile
+ suffix –ness = unlikeness (sost) = dissimilarità;
• 4. Lexical item: like (agg)= simile
+ suffix –ly = likely (agg)= probabile e
(avv) probabilmente
+ suffix –hood =likelihood (sost)= probabilità
+ prefix un- =unlikelihood (sost)= improbabilità.
8. Derivational affixes can cause semantic change:
Prefix pre- means before; post- means after; un- means
not, re- means again.
Prefix = fixed before; Unhappy = not happy = sad; Retell =
tell again.
Prefix de- added to a verb conveys a sense of subtraction;
dis- and un- have a sense of negativity.
To decompose; to defame; to uncover; to discover.
9. INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
• Inflection is a morphological process that
adapts existing words so that they function
effectively in sentences without changing
the category of the base morpheme.
English has the following inflectional
suffixes:
10. VERB INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES
• 1. The suffix –s functions in the Present Simple as the
third person marking of the verb : to work – he work-s
• 2. The suffix –ed functions in the past simple as the past
tense marker in regular verbs: to love – lov-ed
• 3. The suffixes –ed (regular verbs) and –en (for some
regular verbs) function in the marking of the past
partciple and, in general, in the marking of the perfect
aspect:
To study studied studied / To eat ate eaten
• 4. The suffix –ing functions in the marking of the present
participle, the gerund and in the marking of the
continuous aspect: To eat – eating / To study - studying
11. NOUN INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES
• 5. The suffix –s functions in the marking of
the plural of nouns: dog – dogs
• 6. The suffix –s functions as a possessive
marker (saxon genitive): Laura – Laura’s
book.
12. ADJECTIVE INFLECTIONAL
SUFFIXES
7. The suffix –er functions as comparative
marker: quick – quicker
8. The suffix –est functions as superlative
marker: quick - quickest
13. Derivational affixes can mark
category change
• The derivational suffix –able derives an
adjective from a verb, implying an ability with a
passive relation with its stem:
Eatable means able to be eaten
(commestibile), not able to eat.
• Suffix –er derives a noun from a verb, indicating
a human agent or an inanimate instrument:
Speaker (parlante o amplificatore); Baker
(fornaio);
14. • The suffixes –ful and –less derives an
adjective from a noun.
• -ful indicates addiction, abundance;
• -less indicates subtraction, reduction:
careful = full of care
careless = with no care
15. • The suffixes –ure and –age derive e noun
from a verb:
To fail – failure = fallire/fallimento
To marry – marriage = sposare/matrimonio
• The suffix –hood derives an abstract noun
from a concrete noun, the suffix –ness
derives an abstract nounfrom an adjective.
Child – childhood = bambino/infanzia
Good – goodness = buono/bontà
16. • The suffix –ly derives an adverb from an
adjective (but also adjs can end in –ly):
Quick – quickly
Easy – easily
but: lonely (adjective)
• The suffix –ing derives a noun from a
verb:
To write – writing.