This document provides information about engineering graphics and drafting tools. It discusses the definition of engineering graphics as the language used for effective communication among engineers. It then lists and describes common drafting tools such as drawing boards, pencils, templates, protractors and scales. The document continues by explaining lines and types of lines used in technical drawings. It also covers topics such as dimensioning, lettering, geometric constructions, and scales.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 3 Compound stresses. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 3 Compound stresses. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Introduction,
Role of Engineering Drawing,
Drawing Instrument and Aids,
Drawing Board,
Mini-Draughter,
Instrument Box,
Set of Scales,
French Curves,
Templates,
Pencils,
Basics of engineering drawing by Rishabh NatholiaRISHABH NATHOLIA
This is my work to make sure it is easy to understand the basic of Mechanical Engineer Drawing.It is a made for all and a quick bite to the very basics of engineering drawing. This data will also help the students to score more in their subjects. This will also help on design sector interviews.
Introduction,
Role of Engineering Drawing,
Drawing Instrument and Aids,
Drawing Board,
Mini-Draughter,
Instrument Box,
Set of Scales,
French Curves,
Templates,
Pencils,
Basics of engineering drawing by Rishabh NatholiaRISHABH NATHOLIA
This is my work to make sure it is easy to understand the basic of Mechanical Engineer Drawing.It is a made for all and a quick bite to the very basics of engineering drawing. This data will also help the students to score more in their subjects. This will also help on design sector interviews.
TOWARDS A UNIFIED IN-PROCESS GEOMETRIC MODEL FOR MULTIPLE MACHINING AND Layer...Liu PeiLing
There are many fabrication processes in modern manufacturing, but current modeling and simulation tools only simulate a few unit processes based on different geometry models. To overcome the data exchange problem between different models, this paper studies various in-process geometry models together with their working systems / prototypes for traditional manufacturing processes. Novel hybrid multiple-machining and layered manufacturing processes are presented to identify critical issues. Working towards a vision of pervasive modeling and simulation, a unified Voxel-based in-process geometry model for multiple-machining and layered manufacturing simulations is proposed and discussed.
Towards smart and competitive sustainable machiningLiu PeiLing
Computer Numeric Control (CNC) revolutionized the machining technology and has been the cutting edge of digital manufacturing since 1950s. CNC machining model, simulation,
verification, and optimization have been a vivid research topic of Smart Machining that automated the CNC programming (CAM) and cutting process, hence greatly increased machining productivity since 1990s. This paper traces back the history of CNC simulation, analysis the different CNC machining models, tested with application examples, and listed different CNC verification industry applications for the last 20 years. The new challenge comes from sustainable manufacturing. Towards mart and competitive sustainable machining, CNC model and simulation will be used to optimize the machining process, where the raw material could be saved through First Part correct technology, the energy could be saved through cutting speed optimization, and used parts could be saved by remanufacturing.
This is a text book exclusively designed for Technical High School students of Kerala state. Technical High Schools in Kerala state are functioning under Department of Technical Education.
Dimensioning, scales, lines and multiple projectionsAkash Patel
Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-w
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Definition
Engineering graphics is the language for
Effective Communication among engineers which
elaborates the details of any component,
structure or circuit at its initial drawing through
drawing.
24-Sep-18 2Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS
3. DRAFTING TOOLS
❖ Drawing Board
❖ Mini drafter or T- square
❖ Drawing Instrument box
❖ Drawing Pencils
❖ Eraser
❖ Templates
❖ Set squares
❖ Protractor
❖Scale Set
❖French curves
❖Drawing clips
❖Duster piece of cloth(or)
brush
❖Sand-paper (or) Emery
sheet block
❖Drawing sheet
24-Sep-18 3Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS
The following are the various drafting tools used in
engineering graphics.
5. 24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 5
Drawing Sheet
Designatio
n
Dimension, mm
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
7. Types of Lines and their applications
1.Continuous narrow line-Dimension lines, Extension
lines, Leader lines, Reference lines, Short centre lines,
Projection lines, Hatching, Construction lines, Guide lines,
Outlines of revolved sections ,Imaginary lines of
intersection
2.Continuous narrow freehand line-Preferably manually
represented termination of partial or interrupted views,
Cuts and sections, if the limit is not a line of symmetry or
a Centre line·
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 7
8. Types of Lines and their applications
Conti........
3.Continuous narrow line with zigzags -Preferably
mechanically represented termination of partial or
interrupted views. cuts and sections, if the limit is not a
line of symmetry or a centre line .
4.Continuous wide line -Visible edges, visible outlines,
Main representations in diagrams, maps. flow charts.
5.Dashed narrow line -Hidden edges ,Hidden outlines
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 8
9. Types of Lines and their applications
Conti........
6.Long-dashed dotted narrow line -Centre lines /
Axes. Lines of symmetry, Cutting planes
7. Long-dashed dotted wide line-Cutting planes at
the ends and changes of direction outlines of visible
parts situated front of cutting plane
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 9
10. Dimensioning
Dimensioning provided through the distances between
the surfaces, location of holes, nature of surface finish,
type of material, etc.
Elements of dimensioning
1.Dimension line
2.Leader line
3.Origin indication
4.Dimension
5.Projection or extension line
6. Dimension line termination
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 10
11. Principles of Dimensioning
I. All dimensional information necessary to describe a
component clearly and completely shall be written
directly on a drawing.
2. Each feature shall be dimensioned once only on a
drawing, i.e., dimension marked in one view need
not be repeated in another view.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 11
12. Principles of Dimensioning
Conti.....
3. Dimension should be placed on the view where the
shape is best seen (Fig.)
4. As far as possible, dimensions should be expressed
in one unit only preferably in millimetres, without
showing the unit symbol (mm).
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 12
13. Principles of Dimensioning
Conti.....
5. As far as possible dimensions should be placed
outside the view (Fig.).
6. Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines
rather than from hidden lines (Fig.)
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 13
14. Principles of Dimensioning
Conti.....
7. No gap should be left between the feature and the
start of the extension line(Fig.).
8. Crossing of centre lines should be done by a long
dash and not a short dash (Fig.).
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 14
16. Arrangement of Dimensions
They are arranged in three ways.
1. Chain dimensioning 2. Parallel dimensioning
3. Combined dimensioning.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 16
17. 24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 17
Set of Scales
Scales are used to make drawing of the objects to
proportionate size desired. These are made of wood,
steel or plastic.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 17
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
Scale on one
edge
1:1 1:25 1:10 1:50 1:200 1:300 1:400 1:1000
Scale on other
edge
1:2 1:5 1:20 1:100 1:500 1:600 1:800 1:2000Scales for use on technical drawings(IS: 46-
1988)
Category Category Recommended scales
Enlargeme
nt scales
50 : 1
5 : 1
20 : 1
2 : 1
10 : 1
Full size 1 : 1
Reduction
scales
1 : 2
1 : 20
1 : 200
1 : 2000
1 : 5
1 : 50
1 : 500
1 : 5000
1 : 10
1 : 100
1 : 1000
1 : 10000
18. Scale
Definition :
Scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimension of
an element of an object as represented in the original
drawing to the linear dimension of the same element of
the object itself.
Full size scale
If we show the actual length of an object on a drawing,
then the scale used is called full size scale.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 18
19. Scale Conti…..
Reducing scale
If we reduce the actual length of an object so as to
accommodate that object on drawing, then scale used is
called reducing scale.
Enlarging scale
Drawings of smaller machine parts, mechanical instruments,
watches, etc. are made larger than their real size. These are
said to be drawn in an increasing or enlarging scale.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 19
20. Representative Fraction (R.F)
The ratio of the drawing of an object to its actual size is
Called the representative fraction, usually referred to as
R.F.
R.F=Drawing of an object/It’s actual size(in same units)
For reducing scale, the drawings will have R.F. values of
Less than unity.
if 1 cm on drawing represents
1 m length of an object.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 20
21. Representative Fraction (R.F) conti....
Increasing or enlarging scale, the R.F values will be
Greater than unity.
For example, when 1 mm length of an object is shown by
a length of 1cm on the drawing
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 21
22. Types of Scales
Types of Scales
1.Simple scales
2. Diagonal scales
3. Vernier scales
Simple scales
A plain scale is simply a line, which is divided into a
suitable number of equal parts, the first of which is further
sub-divided into small parts.
It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its
fraction such as km, m and dm, etc.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 22
23. Types of Scales Conti.....
Plain scales , Diagonal Scales, Vernier Scale
Plain scales are used to read lengths in two units such as
metres and decimetres or to read the accuracy correct to
first decimal.
Diagonal scales are used to represent either three units
of measurements such as metres, decimetres, centimetres
or to read to the accuracy correct to two decimals.
The diagonal scales, vernier scales are used to read very
Small units with accuracy.
They are used, when a diagonal Scale is inconvenient to
use due to lack of space.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 23
24. Types of Scales Conti.....
Vernier scale
A vernier Scale consists of two parts, i.e., Main scale
and a vernier.
The main scale is a Plain scale divided into minor
divisions.
The vernier is also a scale used along with the main
scale to read the third unit, which is the fraction of
the second unit on the main scale.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 24
25. Types of Scales Conti.....
Least count: Least count the smallest distance
that can be measured accurately by the vernier
scale and is the vernier scale and is the difference
between a main scale division and a vernier scale
division.
Types of Verniers:
1. Forward vernier or direct vernier
2. Backward vernier or retrograde vernier
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 25
26. Lettering
Technical lettering is the process of forming letters,
numerals, and other characters in technical drawing. It is
used to describe, or provide detailed specifications for, an
object.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 26
Characteristic Parameter Ratio Dimensions(mm)
Lettering Height
(Height of capitals)
h (14/14)h 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14 20
Height of lower case
letters
(without stem or tail)
c (10/14)h - 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14
Spacing between
characters
a (2/14)h 0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2 2.8
Minimum spacing of base
characters
b (20/14)h 3.5 5 7 10 14 20 28
Minimum spacing
between words
e (6/14)h 1.05 1.5 2.1 3 4.2 6 8.4
27. Lettering Conti.....
Characteristic Parameter Ratio Dimensions(mm)
Lettering Height
(Height of capitals)
h (10/10)h 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14 20
Height of lower case letters
(without stem or tail)
c (7/10)h - 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14
Spacing between
characters
a (2/10)h 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2 2.8 4
Minimum spacing of base
characters
b (14/10)h 3.5 5 7 10 14 20 28
Minimum spacing between
words
e (6/10)h 1.5 2.1 3 4.2 6 8.4 12
Thickness of lines d (1/10)h 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 27
28. Geometric Construction
Drawing consists of construction of primitive geometric
forms viz. points, lines and planes that serve at building
blocks . The use of lines for obtaining the drawing of
planes
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 28
29. Geometric Construction Conti........
Solids are obtained by combination of planes. Plane
surfaces of simple solids are shown in figure.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 29
30. To divide a straight line into a given
number of equal parts say 5. Construction
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 30
1. Draw AC at any angle θ to AB.
2. Construct the required number of equal parts of
convenient length on AC like 1,2,3.
3. Join the last point 5 to B
4. Through 4, 3, 2, 1 draw lines parallel to 5B to intersect
AB at 4',3',2' and 1'.
31. 24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 31
1. Draw a line AB and AC making the given angle.
2. With centre A and any convenient radius R draw an
arc intersecting the sides at D and E.
3. With centers D and E and radius larger than half the
chord length DE, draw arcs intersecting at F
4. Join AF, <BAF = <PAC.
To bisect a given angle Construction
32. To inscribe a square in a given
circle Construction
1. With centre 0, draw a circle of diameter D.
2. Through the centre 0, draw two diameters, say AC and
BD at right angle to each other.
3. Join A-B, B-C, C- D, and D-A. ABCD is the required
square.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 32
33. To inscribe a hexagon in a given
circle.
By using a set-square or mini-draughter
1. With centre 0 and radius R draw the given circle.
2. Draw any diameter AD to the circle.
3. Using 30° - 60° set-square and through the point A draw lines AI, A2 at an
angle 60° with AD, intersecting the circle at B and F respectively.
4. Using 30° - 60° and through the point D draw lines Dl, D2 at an angle 60° with
DA, intersecting the circle at C and E respectively.
By joining A, B, C, D, E, F, and A the required hexagon is obtained.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 33
34. To inscribe a hexagon in a given
circle.
By using compass
1. With centre 0 and radius R draw the given circle.
2. Draw any diameter AD to the circle.
3. With centres A and D and radius equal to the radius of the circle draw
arcs intersecting the circles at B, F, C and E respectively.
4. ABC D E F is the required hexagon.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 34
35. To circumscribe a hexagon on a given
circle of radius R construction
1. With centre 0 and radius R draw the given circle.
2. Using 60° position of the mini draughter or 300-
600set square, circumscribe the hexagon as shown.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 35
36. To construct a hexagon, given the
length of the side
(a)Using set square
1. Draw a line AB equal to the side of the hexagon.
2. Using 30° - 60° set-square draw lines AI, A2, and BI,B2.
3. Through 0, the point of intersection between the lines
A2 at D and B2 at E.
4. Join D,E
5. ABC D E F is the required hexagon.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 36
37. To construct a hexagon, given the
length of the side
(b) By using compass
1. Draw a line AB equal to the of side of the hexagon.
2. with centres A and B and radius AB, draw arcs
intersecting at 0, the centre of the hexagon.
3. With centres 0 and B and radius OB (=AB) draw arcs
intersecting at C.
4. Obtain points D, E and F in a similar manner.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 37
38. To construct a regular polygon
(say a pentagon) given the length
of the side.
1. Draw a line AB equal to the side and extend to P such that AB = BP
2. Draw a semicircle on AP and divide it into 5 equal parts by trial and error.
3. Join B to second division
4. Irrespective of the number of sides of the polygon B is always joined to
the second division.
5. Draw the perpendicular bisectors of AB and B2 to intersect at O.
6. Draw a circle with 0 as centre and OB as radius.
7. With AB as radius intersect the circle
successively at D and E.Then join CD.
DE and EA.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 38
39. To construct a regular polygon
(say a hexagon) given the side AB
– alternate Method.
1. Steps 1 to 3 are same as above
2. Join B- 3, B-4, B-5 and produce them.
3. With 2 as centre and radius AB intersect the line B, 3
produced at D. Similarly get the point E and F.
4. Join 2- D, D-E, E-F and F-A
to get the required hexagon.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 39
40. To construct a pentagon, given
the length of side.
1. Draw a line AB equal to the given length of side.
2. Bisect AB at P.
3. Draw a line BQ equal to AB in length and perpendicular to AB.
4. With centre P and radius PQ, draw an arc intersecting AB produced at R.
AR is equal to the diagonal length of the pentagon.
5. With centres A and B and radii AR and AB respectively draw arcs
intersecting at C.
6. With centres A and B and radius AR draw arcs
intersecting at D.
7. With centres A and B and radii AB and AR
respectively draw arcs intersecting at E.
ABCDE is the required pentagon.
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 40
41. By included angle method
1.Draw a line AB equal to the length of the given side.
2.Draw a line B 1 such that <AB 1 = 108° (included angle)
3.Mark C on B1 such that BC = AB
4.Repeat steps 2 and 3 and complete the pentagon ABCDE
24-Sep-18 Dr.RGM PROF/MECH / UNIT 1 ENGG GRAPHICS 41
To construct a pentagon, given the
length of side.