On the basis of the first law of thermodynamics, an analysis of the orientation of structural interactions was carried out. In the systems in which the interaction proceeds along the potential gradient (positive work), the resultant potential energy is found based on the principle of adding reciprocals of corresponding energies of subsystems - there is a corpuscular mechanism. In the systems in which the interactions proceed against the potential gradient (negative performance) the algebraic addition of their masses, as well as the corresponding energies of subsystems is performed - there is a wave mechanism. Act of quantum action expressed via Plank’s constant is narrowed to the energy equilibrium-exchange redistribution between the corpuscular and wave processes, that is demonstrated via the angular vector of such motion. Еnergy characteristics of functional states of bio-systems are defined basically by P-parameter values of atom first valence electron. The principles of stationary biosystem formation are similar to the conditions of wave processes in the phase. Under the condition of the minimum of such interactions, the pathological (but not stationary) biostructures containing the molecular hydrogen can be formed.
The Equation Based on the Rotational and Orbital Motion of the PlanetsIJERA Editor
Equations of dependence of rotational and orbital motions of planets are given, their rotation angles are calculated. Wave principles of direct and reverse rotation of planets are established. The established dependencies are demonstrated at different scale levels of structural interactions, in biosystems as well. The accuracy of calculations corresponds to the accuracy of experimental data
Metadynamics is a computer simulation method in computational physics, chemistry, and biology. It is used to estimate the free energy and other state functions of a system, where ergodicity is hindered by the form of the system's energy landscape.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Equation Based on the Rotational and Orbital Motion of the PlanetsIJERA Editor
Equations of dependence of rotational and orbital motions of planets are given, their rotation angles are calculated. Wave principles of direct and reverse rotation of planets are established. The established dependencies are demonstrated at different scale levels of structural interactions, in biosystems as well. The accuracy of calculations corresponds to the accuracy of experimental data
Metadynamics is a computer simulation method in computational physics, chemistry, and biology. It is used to estimate the free energy and other state functions of a system, where ergodicity is hindered by the form of the system's energy landscape.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Entropy in physics, biology and in thermodynamicsjoshiblog
Entropy is a measure of probability and the "disorder" of a system.
Disorder refers to is really the number of different microscopic states a system can be in, given that the system has a particular fixed composition, volume, energy, pressure, and temperature.
the exact definition is
Entropy = (Boltzmann's constant k) x logarithm of number of possible states
= k log(N).
The first law of thermodynamics defines the relationship between the various forms of energy present in a system (kinetic and potential), the work which the system performs and the transfer of heat.
We can imagine thermodynamic processes which conserve energy but which never occur in nature.
For example, if we bring a hot object into contact with a cold object, we observe that the hot object cools down and the cold object heats up until an equilibrium is reached. The transfer of heat goes from the hot object to the cold object.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, in any process that involves a cycle, the entropy of the system will either stay the same or increase. When the cyclic process is reversible then the entropy will not change. When the process is irreversible, then entropy will increases.
The second law states that there exists a useful state variable called entropy S. The change in entropy delta S is equal to the heat transfer delta Q divided by the temperature T.
delta S = delta Q / T
Order can be produced with an expenditure of energy, and the order associated with life on the earth is produced with the aid of energy from the sun.
For example, plants use energy from the sun in tiny energy factories called chloroplasts Using chlorophyll in the process called photosynthesis, they convert the sun's energy into storable form in ordered sugar molecules. In this way, carbon and water in a more disordered state are combined to form the more ordered sugar molecules.
In animal systems there are also small structures within the cells called mitochondria which use the energy stored in sugar molecules from food to form more highly ordered structures.
Excess gibbs free energy models,MARGULES EQUATION
,REDLICH-KISTER EQUATION,VAN LAAR EQUATION
,WILSON AND “NRTL” EQUATION
,UNIversal QUAsi Chemical equation
Hysteresis Loops for Magnetoelectric Multiferroics Using Landau-Khalatnikov T...IJECEIAES
We present a theoretical discussion of the hysteresis in magnetoelectric multiferroics with bi-quadratic magnetoelectric coupling. The calculations were performed by employing Landau-Khalatnikov equation of motion for both the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic phase, then solve it simultaneously. In magnetoelectric, we obtain four types of hysteresis: ferroelectric hysteresis, ferromagnetic hysteresis and two types of cross hysteresis (electric field versus magnetization and magnetic field versus electric polarization). The cross hysteresis has butterfly shape which agree with the result from the previous research. It can also be seen from that hysteresis, that magnetization / electric polarization can not be flipped into the opposite direction using external electric / magnetic field when the magnetoelectric coupling is bi-quadratic type. Overall, the result shows that LandauKhalatnikov equation is able to approximate hysteresis loops in multiferroics system.
The Monte Carlo Method of Random Sampling in Statistical PhysicsIOSR Journals
The Monte Carlo technique of random sampling was reviewed in this work. It plays an important role in Statistical Mechanics as well as in scientific computation especially when problems have a vast phase space. The purpose of this paper is to review a general method, suitable to fast electronic computing machines, for calculating the properties of any system which may be considered as composed of interacting particles. Concepts such as phase transition, the Ising model,ergodicity, simple sampling, Metropolis algorithm, quantum Monte Carlo and Non-Boltzmann sampling were discussed. The applications of Monte Carlo method in other areas of study aside Statistical Physics werealso mentioned.
Entropy in physics, biology and in thermodynamicsjoshiblog
Entropy is a measure of probability and the "disorder" of a system.
Disorder refers to is really the number of different microscopic states a system can be in, given that the system has a particular fixed composition, volume, energy, pressure, and temperature.
the exact definition is
Entropy = (Boltzmann's constant k) x logarithm of number of possible states
= k log(N).
The first law of thermodynamics defines the relationship between the various forms of energy present in a system (kinetic and potential), the work which the system performs and the transfer of heat.
We can imagine thermodynamic processes which conserve energy but which never occur in nature.
For example, if we bring a hot object into contact with a cold object, we observe that the hot object cools down and the cold object heats up until an equilibrium is reached. The transfer of heat goes from the hot object to the cold object.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, in any process that involves a cycle, the entropy of the system will either stay the same or increase. When the cyclic process is reversible then the entropy will not change. When the process is irreversible, then entropy will increases.
The second law states that there exists a useful state variable called entropy S. The change in entropy delta S is equal to the heat transfer delta Q divided by the temperature T.
delta S = delta Q / T
Order can be produced with an expenditure of energy, and the order associated with life on the earth is produced with the aid of energy from the sun.
For example, plants use energy from the sun in tiny energy factories called chloroplasts Using chlorophyll in the process called photosynthesis, they convert the sun's energy into storable form in ordered sugar molecules. In this way, carbon and water in a more disordered state are combined to form the more ordered sugar molecules.
In animal systems there are also small structures within the cells called mitochondria which use the energy stored in sugar molecules from food to form more highly ordered structures.
Excess gibbs free energy models,MARGULES EQUATION
,REDLICH-KISTER EQUATION,VAN LAAR EQUATION
,WILSON AND “NRTL” EQUATION
,UNIversal QUAsi Chemical equation
Hysteresis Loops for Magnetoelectric Multiferroics Using Landau-Khalatnikov T...IJECEIAES
We present a theoretical discussion of the hysteresis in magnetoelectric multiferroics with bi-quadratic magnetoelectric coupling. The calculations were performed by employing Landau-Khalatnikov equation of motion for both the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic phase, then solve it simultaneously. In magnetoelectric, we obtain four types of hysteresis: ferroelectric hysteresis, ferromagnetic hysteresis and two types of cross hysteresis (electric field versus magnetization and magnetic field versus electric polarization). The cross hysteresis has butterfly shape which agree with the result from the previous research. It can also be seen from that hysteresis, that magnetization / electric polarization can not be flipped into the opposite direction using external electric / magnetic field when the magnetoelectric coupling is bi-quadratic type. Overall, the result shows that LandauKhalatnikov equation is able to approximate hysteresis loops in multiferroics system.
The Monte Carlo Method of Random Sampling in Statistical PhysicsIOSR Journals
The Monte Carlo technique of random sampling was reviewed in this work. It plays an important role in Statistical Mechanics as well as in scientific computation especially when problems have a vast phase space. The purpose of this paper is to review a general method, suitable to fast electronic computing machines, for calculating the properties of any system which may be considered as composed of interacting particles. Concepts such as phase transition, the Ising model,ergodicity, simple sampling, Metropolis algorithm, quantum Monte Carlo and Non-Boltzmann sampling were discussed. The applications of Monte Carlo method in other areas of study aside Statistical Physics werealso mentioned.
Simulink and Simelectronics based Position Control of a Coupled Mass-Spring D...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the use of Simelectronics Program for modeling and control of a two degrees-of freedom coupled mass-spring-damper mechanical system.The aims of this paper are to establish a mathematical model that represents the dynamic behaviour of a coupled mass-spring damper system and effectively control the mass position using both Simulink and Simelectronics.The mathematical model is derived based on the augmented Lagrange equation and to simulate the dynamic accurately a PD controller is implemented to compensate for the oscillation sustained by the system as a result of the complex conjugate pair poles near to the imaginary axis.The input force has been subjected to an obstacle to mimic actual challenges and to validate the mathematical model a Simulink and Simelectronics models were developed, consequently, the results of the models were compared. According to the result analysis, the controller tracked the position errors and stabilized the positions to zero within a settling time of 6.5sec and significantly reduced the overshoot by 99.5% and 99. 7% in Simulink and Simelectronics respectively. Furthermore, it is found that Simelectronics model proved to be capable having advantages of simplicity, less timeintense and requires no mathematical model over the Simulink approach.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The microscopic effect of the exchange interaction parameter for the 2-Dimensional ising model with nearest neighbor interaction has been studied. By supposing simple temperature dependent relationship for the exchange parameter, graphs were straightforwardly obtained that show the reentrant closed looped phase diagrams symptomatic of some colloids and complex fluids and some binary liquids mixtures in particular. By parameter modifications, other phase diagrams were also obtained. Amongst which are the u-shapes and other exotic shapes of phase diagrams. Our results show that the exchange interaction parameter greatly influence the size of the ordered phase. Hence the larger the value of the constant, the larger the size of the ordered phase. This means that the higher values of the exchange parameter brings about phase transitions that straddle a wider range of polarizations and temperatures.
FERROMAGNETIC-FERROELECTRIC COMPOSITE 1D NANOSTRUCTURE IN THE PURSUIT OF MAGN...ijrap
Nanocomposites of linear chain of ferroelectric-ferromagnetic crystal structure is considered. It is analyzed
theoretically in the motion equation method on the pursuit of magnonic excitations,lattice vibration
excitations and their interactions leading to a new collective mode of excitations,the electormagnons. In
this particular work, it is observed that the magnetizations and polarizations are tunable in a given temperature ranges for some specific values of the coupling order parameter.
Ferromagnetic-Ferroelectric Composite 1D Nanostructure in the Pursuit of Magn...ijrap
Nanocomposites of linear chain of ferroelectric-ferromagnetic crystal structure is considered. It is analyzed
theoretically in the motion equation method on the pursuit of magnonic excitations,lattice vibration
excitations and their interactions leading to a new collective mode of excitations,the electormagnons. In
this particular work, it is observed that the magnetizations and polarizations are tunable in a given
temperature ranges for some specific values of the coupling order parameter
Similar to Energy of Corpuscular-Wave Mechanism (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
1. International journal of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (IJCMP) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2019]
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Energy of Corpuscular-Wave Mechanism
G.А. Korablev
Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor, Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, Udmurtskaja Respublika, Russia
Abstract— On the basis of the first law of
thermodynamics, an analysis of the orientation of
structural interactions was carried out. In the systems in
which the interaction proceeds along the potential
gradient (positive work), the resultant potential energy is
found based on the principle of adding reciprocals of
corresponding energies of subsystems - there is a
corpuscular mechanism. In the systems in which the
interactions proceed against the potential gradient
(negative performance) the algebraic addition of their
masses, as well as the corresponding energies of
subsystems is performed - there is a wave mechanism. Act
of quantum action expressed via Plank’s constant is
narrowed to the energy equilibrium-exchange
redistribution between the corpuscular and wave
processes, that is demonstrated via the angular vector of
such motion. Еnergy characteristicsof functional states of
bio-systems are defined basically by P-parameter values
of atom first valence electron.The principlesof stationary
biosystem formation are similar to the conditions of wave
processes in the phase. Under the condition of the
minimum of such interactions, the pathological (but not
stationary) biostructures containing the molecular
hydrogen can be formed.
Keywords— potential gradient, corpuscular-wave
dualism, Spatial-energy parameter, biosystems,
stationary and pathological states.
I. INTRODUCTION
To obtain the dependence between energy
parameters of free atoms and degree of structural
interactions in simple and complex systems is one of
strategic tasks in physical chemistry. Classical physics
and quantum mechanics widely use Coulomb interactions
and their varieties for this.
Thus in1 Van der Waals, orientation and charge-
dipole interactions are referred to electron-conformation
interactions in bio-systems. And as a particular case –
exchange-resonance transfer of energy. But biological and
many cluster systems are electroneutral in structural basis.
And non-Coulomb equilibrium-exchange spatial-energy
interactions, i.e. non-charge electrostatic processes, are
mainly important for them.
The structural interactions of summed electron
densities of valence orbitals of corresponding
conformation centers take place – processes of
equilibrium flow of electron densities due to
overlapping of their wave functions.
Heisenberg and Dirac2 proposed the exchange
Hamiltonian derived in the assumption on direct
overlapping of wave functions of interacting centers:
H̅ = −I0S1S2
where: Н̅ – spin operator of isotropic exchange
interaction for pair of atoms, I0 – exchange constant,
S1and S2 – overlapping integrals of wave functions.
In this model electrostatic interactions are
modeled by effective exchange Hamiltonian acting in the
space of spin functions.
In particular, such approach is applied to the
analysis of structural interactions in cluster systems. It is
demonstrated in Anderson’s works3 that in compounds of
transition elements when the distance between
paramagnetic ions considerably exceeds the total of their
covalent radii, “superexchange” processes of overlapping
cation orbitals take place through the anion between them.
In this work similar equilibrium-exchange
processes are evaluated through the notion of spatial-
energy parameter – Р-parameter.
1. On two principles of adding energy characteristics
of interactions
The analysis of kinetics of various physical and
chemical processes shows that in many cases the
reciprocals of velocities, kinetic or energy characteristics
of the corresponding interactions are added.
And also: “From classical mechanics it is known
that the relative motion of two particles with the
interaction energy U(r) takes place as the motion of
material point with the reduced mass μ:
21
111
mm
(1)
in the field of central force U(r), and general translational
motion – as a free motion of material point with the mass:
21 mmm (2)
Such things take place in quantummechanics as
well”.4
For moving thermodynamic systems the first
commencement of thermodynamics is as follows:
,
2
2
A
mv
UdЕ
(3)
2. International journal of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (IJCMP) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2019]
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where: Е – amount of energy transferred to the system;
element
2
2
mv
Ud
– characterizes the changes in
internal and kinetic energies of the system; А – work
performed by the system; А – work performed with
the system.
As the work value numerically equals the change
in the potential energy, then:
UА and UA (4,5)
The character of the change in the potential
energy value U was analyzed by its sign for various
potential fields and the results are given in Table 1.
Table.1: Directedness of the interaction processes
No
Systems Type of
potential
field
Process U
1
2
1
2
x
x
r
r
1
2
U
U Sign
U
Sign
A
Process
directedness
in potential
field
1 opposite
electrical
charges
electrostatic attraction
r
qq
k 21
12 rr 12 UU - + along the
gradient
repulsion
r
qq
k 21
12 rr 12 UU + - against the
gradient
2 similar
electrical
charges
electrostatic attraction
r
qq
k 21 12 rr 12 UU + - against the
gradient
repulsion
r
qq
k 21 12 rr 12 UU - + along the
gradient
3 elementary
masses 1m
and 2m
gravitational attraction
r
mm 21
12 rr 12 UU - + along the
gradient
repulsion
r
mm 21
12 rr 12 UU + - against the
gradient
4 spring
deformation
field of
elastic forces
compression
2
2
x
k
12 xx 12 UU + - against the
gradient
extension
2
2
x
k
12 xx 12 UU + - against the
gradient
5 photoeffect electrostatic repulsion
r
qq
k 21 12 rr 12 UU - + along the
gradient
From the table it is seen that the values – U
and accordingly A (positive work) correspond to the
interactions taking place along the potential gradient, and
U and A (negative work) occur during the
interactions against the potential gradient.
The solution of two-particle task of the
interaction of two material points with masses 1m and
2m obtained under the condition of the absence of
external forces, corresponds to the interactions flowing
along the gradient, the positive work is performed by the
system (similar to the attraction process in the gravitation
field).
The solution of this equation via the reduced
mass is the Lagrangian equation for the relative
motion of the isolated system of two interacting material
points with masses m1 and m2, which in coordinate х is as
follows:
;
x
U
x
Here: U – mutual potential energy of material points;
– reduced mass. At the same time, х″ = a (feature of the
system acceleration). For elementary portions of the
interactions ∆х can be taken as follows:
x
U
x
U
3. International journal of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (IJCMP) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2019]
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That is: .Uxa
Then:
Or:
21
111
UUU
(6)
where ∆U1 and ∆U2 – potential energies of material points
on the elementary portion of interactions, ∆U – resulting
(mutual) potential energy of these interactions.
Thus:
1. In the systems in which the interactions
proceed along the potential gradient (positive
performance) the resulting potential energy is found based
on the principle of adding reciprocals of the
corresponding energies of subsystems5. Similarly, the
reduced mass for the relative motion of two-particle
systemis calculated.
2. In the systems in which the interactions
proceed against the potential gradient (negative
performance) the algebraic addition of their masses, as
well as the corresponding energies of subsystems, is
performed (by the analogy with Hamiltonian).
2. Spatial-energy parameter (P-parameter)
From the equation (6) it is seen that the resulting
energy characteristic of the system of two material points
interaction is found based on the principle of adding
reciprocals of initial energies of interacting subsystems.
“Electron with mass m moving near the proton
with mass М is equivalent to the particle with mass:
Mm
mM
6.
Therefore, when modifying the equation (6), we
can assume that the energy of atom valence orbitals
(responsible for interatomic interactions) can be
calculated5 by the principle of adding reciprocals of some
initial energy components based on the following
equations:
Eiii PnWrq
111
2
or
iWrnqP
111
2
0
;
iE rPP 0 (7),(8),(9)
Here: Wi – electron orbital energy7; ri – orbital radius of i–
orbital8; q=Z*/n*9, ni – number of electrons of the given
orbital, Z* and n* – nucleus effective charge and effective
main quantum number, r – bond dimensional
characteristics.
Р0 was called spatial-energy parameter (SEP),
and РE – effective Р–parameter (effective SEP). Effective
SEP has physical sense of some averaged energy of
valence electrons in the atom and is measured in energy
units, e.g. electron-volts (eV).
The values of Р0-parameter are tabulated
constants for the electrons of the given atomorbital.
For dimensionality SEP can be written down as
follows:
mJ
s
mkg
vhrEqP
2
3
2
0 ][][][][][][ ,
where [E], [h] and [υ] – dimensions of energy, Planck’s
constant and velocity. Thus Р-parameter corresponds to
the processes going along the potential gradient.
The introduction of Р-parameter should be
considered as further development of quasi-classical
notions using quantum-mechanical data on atomstructure
to obtain the criteria of energy conditions of phase-
formation. At the same time, for the systems of similarly
charged (e.g. – orbitals in the given atom), homogeneous
systems the principle of algebraic addition of such
parameters is preserved:
rРР iE 0 ;
r
Р
РE
0
(10, 11)
or: ...'''"' 0000 PPPР ;
РPr E 0 (12, 13)
Here Р-parameters are summed on all atom
valence orbitals. (Table 2)
According to the established rule5 of adding P-
parameters of similarly charged or homogeneous systems
for two orbitals in the given atom with different quantum
characteristics and according to the energy conservation
rule we have:
002
8 2
2
0
2
EkP
h
m
dx
Pd (14)
where
2
2mV
Ek - electron kinetic energy.
Schrodinger equation for the stationery state in
coordinate х:
0
2
8 2
2
2
Ek
h
m
dx
d
U
xa mm
21 11
1
)
1
/(1 ;
U
xaxa mm
))
1
21 /(1/(1
4. International journal of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (IJCMP) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2019]
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When comparing these two equations, we see
that Р0-parameter numerically correlates with the value of
Ψ-function: 𝑃0 ≈ 𝛹,
and is generally proportional to it: Р0~Ψ. Taking into
account the broad practical opportunities of applying the
P-parameter methodology, we can consider this criterion
as the materialized analog of Ψ-function.
Since Р0-parameters like Ψ-function have wave
properties, the superposition principles should be fulfilled
for them, defining the linear character of the equations of
adding and changing P-parameter.
3. Structural exchange spatial-energy interactions
In the process of solid solution formation and
other structural equilibrium-exchange interactions the
single electron density should be set in the points of atom-
component contact. This process is accompanied by the
redistribution of electron density between the valence
areas of both particles and transition of the part of
electrons from some external spheres into the neighboring
ones. Apparently, the frame atom electrons do not take
part in such exchange.
Obviously, when electron densities in free
atom-components are similar, the transfer processes
between boundary atoms of particles are minimal; this
will be favorable for the Formation of a new structure.
Thus, the evaluation of the degree of structural
interactions in many cases means the comparative
assessment of the electron density of valence electrons in
free atoms (on averaged orbitals) participating in the
process, which can be correlated with the help of P-
parameter model.
Table.2: Р-parameters of atoms calculated via the electron bond energy
Atom Valence electrons
W
(eV)
ri
(Å)
q2
0
(eVÅ)
Р0
(eVÅ)
R
(Å)
РE= Р0/R
(eV)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H
1S1 13.595 0.5292 14.394 4.7969 0.5292
0.375
0.28
9.0644
12.792
17.132
С
2P1
2P2
2P3
г
2S1
2S2
2S1+2P3
г
2S1+2P1
г
2S2+2P2
11.792
11.792
19.201
0.596
0.596
0.620
35.395
35.395
37.240
5.8680
10.061
13.213
9.0209
14.524
22.234
13.425
24.585
24.585
0.77
0.67
0.60
0.77
0.67
0.60
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.67
0.60
7.6208
8.7582
9.780
13.066
15.016
16.769
17.160
11.715
18.862
28.875
17.435
31.929
36.694
40.975
N
2P1
2P2
2P3
2S2
2S2+2P3
15.445
25.724
0.4875
0.521
52.912
53.283
6.5916
11.723
15.830
17.833
33.663
0.70
0.55
0.70
0.63
0.70
0.55
0.70
0.70
9.4166
11.985
16.747
18.608
22.614
28.782
25.476
48.090
O
2P1
2P1
2P2
2P4
17.195
17.195
17.195
0.4135
0.4135
0.4135
71.383
71.383
71.383
6.4663
11.858
20.338
0.66
0.55
0.66
0.59
0.66
9.7979
11.757
17.967
20.048
30.815
5. International journal of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (IJCMP) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2019]
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2S2
2S2+2P4
33.859 0.450 72.620 21.466
41.804
0.59
0.66
0.66
0.59
34.471
32.524
63.339
70.854
The less is the difference (Р'0/r'i – P"0/r"i), the
more favorable is the formation of a new structure or solid
solution from the energy point.
In this regard, the maximum total solubility,
evaluated via the coefficient of structural interaction , is
determined by the condition of minimum value, which
represents the relative difference of effective energies of
external orbitals of interacting subsystems:
%100
2/)''/'''/'(
''/'''/'
ii
ii
rProP
rProP
o
o
%200
"'
"'
РР
РР
СС
СС
(15,16
where РS – structural parameter found by the equation:
...
''
1
'
11
21
PNPNP EEC
, (17)
here N1 and N2 – number of homogeneous atoms in
subsystems. (Table 3)
Applying the reliable experimental data we
obtain the nomogram of structural interaction degree
dependence (𝜌) on coefficient , the same for a wide
range of structures (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Nomogram of structural interaction degree dependence (ρ) on coefficient α
Here curve 2 - for biosystems.
This approach gives the possibility to evaluate the degree and direction of the structural interactions of phase
formation, isomorphism and solubility processes in multiple systems, including molecular ones.
Table.3: Structural РC-parameters calculated via the electron bond energy
Radicals,
molecule fragments
РE
/
(eV) РE
//
(eV) PC (eV) Orbitals
ОН
9.7979
30.815
17.967
9.0644
17.132
17.132
4.7084
11.011
8.7710
O (2P1)
O (2P4)
O (2P2)
Н2О
2·9.0644
2·17.132
17.967
17.967
9.0237
11.786
O (2P2)
O (2P2)
СН2
17.160
31.929
36.694
2·9.0644
2·17.132
2·9.0644
8.8156
16.528
12.134
С (2S12P3
г)
С (2S22P2)
С (2S12P3
г)
СН3
31.929
15.016
3·17.132
3·9.0644
19.694
9.6740
С (2S22P2)
С (2P2)
СН
36.694
17.435
17.132
17.132
11.679
8.6423
С (2S22P2)
С (2S22P2)
6. International journal of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (IJCMP) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2019]
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NH
16.747
48.090
17.132
17.132
8.4687
12.632
N(2P2)
N(2S22P3)
NH2
18.608
16.747
28.782
2·9.0644
2·17.132
2·17.132
9.1827
12.631
18.450
N(2P2)
N(2P2)
N(2P3)
С2Н5 2·31.929 5·17.132 36.585 С (2S22P2)
NO
18.608
28.782
17.967
20.048
9.1410
11.817
N(2P2)
N(2P3)
СН2 31.929 2·9.0644 11.563 С (2S22P2)
СН3 16.769 3·17.132 12.640 С (2P2)
СН3 17.160 3·17.132 12.865 С (2P3
г)
СО–ОН 8.4405 8.7710 4.3013 С (2P2)
СО 31.929 20.048 12.315 С (2S22P2)
С=О 15.016 20.048 8.4405 С (2P2)
С=О 31.929 34.471 16.576 О (2P4)
СО=О 36.694 34.471 17.775 О (2P4)
С–СН3 31.929 19.694 12.181 С (2S22P2)
С–СН3 17.435 19.694 9.2479 С (2S12P1)
С–NH2 31.929 18.450 11.693 С (2S22P2)
С–NH2 17.435 18.450 8.8844 С (2S12P1)
С–ОН 8.7572 8.7710 4.3821
4. Corpuscular-wave mechanism
The formalism of the equations (7,8,17) is not
principally new. Already in 1924 the following equation
was obtained based on Compton’s effect:
1
ℎ𝜈′
=
1
ℎ𝜈
+
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑚𝑐2
(18)
Here: hν' – energy of scattered photon, hν –
energy of incident photon, mc2 – own energy of electron,
ϴ – scattering angle. At the same time, the energy of
photons decreases by the value additionally obtained by
the electron. In this way the act of quantum action takes
place, resulting in the energy redistribution between the
corpuscular and wave properties of the interacting
systems.
In this process, the same as in photo effect, the interaction
proceeds along the potential gradient and the work is
positive.
During the quantum transitions in the atom the
similarly charged particles (electrons) interact by
irradiation, i.e., by the wave process. At the same time,
for dissimilarly charged particles (electrons and nucleus
of atoms) the process goes along the potential gradient,
i.e., the corpuscular mechanism is realized. It is known
that a particle can have three main motions: translational,
rotational and oscillatory. But quantum mechanics does
not consider the issue of electron trajectory as we can
speak only of the possibility of its location in the given
point in space.
But an electron also moves if this translational
motion goes along the potential gradient, then it
corresponds to corpuscular process, and rotational motion
– to wave one. Electric current is the motion of electrons
along the potential gradient.
If we assume that the magnetic field generated
by it is the wave process, there have to be ratio between
the electric and magnetic constants. The difference of
phases of electric and magnetic oscillations in
electromagnetic wave is π/2.
Having introduced the coefficient (2/π)^2, we have the
equation for Plank’s constant with the accuracy close to
the initial data themselves:
h= (4/π^2 +
a) Pe ɛ/μ
(19)
Here а = 0.0023293 – experimental quantum
correction to spin gs-factor of the electron, ɛ – electric
constant, µ – magnetic constant, h – Plank’s constant. For
a free electron Pе=Wr, where W = 0.510034 МeV =
0.81872˟10-13 J. The value of classical radius of electron
r = 2.81794˟10-15 m was used as the dimensional
characteristic and, therefore, Ре = 2.30712˟10-28 Jm.
The proportionality coefficient in the equation
(19) has the velocity dimensionality (m/sec) for the ratio
(F/Hn), i.e. in such way the rate of energy redistribution
in the system“particle-wave” is characterized.
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Therefore, the act of quantum action expressed
via Planck’s constant is narrowed to the energy
equilibrium-exchange redistribution between the
corpuscular and wave processes.
Generalizing the formalism of the equations
(7,8,17) onto all other interactions flowing along the
potential gradient, we can make the conclusion that
corpuscular processes take place in these cases, and wave
dualism corresponds to the interactions against the
potential gradient.
5. Corner angles
Let us consider some macroprocesses important
in this case. The silkworm winds the natural (organic) silk
thread only at a definite rotation angle. In cosmonautics
the cellulose-viscose thread is wound around the metal
cylinder of the spaceship following the special
technology, and, what is important, at the same winding
angle as the silkworm. The spaceship becomes most
durable, more technologically high-quality and
lighter11,12,13.We can also speak of other examples of such
phenomenon.
This angle (mainly as applicable to organic
systems) was called the geodesic angle: φg = 54.73º =
54º44'.
The notions of breaking stress in the process of
plastics stretching by its winding pitch are used in
papers12,13: σα – axial, σβ – circumferential stress, which
are replaced by the value Nα – axial “effort” and Nβ –
circumferential “effort” proportional to them. At the same
time, the following equation is fulfilled:
σβ
σα
=
Nβ
Nα
= tg2
φg = 2
(20)
“This condition allows obtaining the equally
tensioned system of threads with the minimal item
weight”13.
Thus, the rotation angle numerically determines
the ratio of two legs of the triangle, whose values
characterize energy and dependencies in the system with
quantum and wave processes through axial and
circumferential stresses.
All this is broadly demonstrated in macro- and
micro-processes. Below are some examples.
1) Characteristic of spin-orbital interaction –
constant of fine structure α= r/λ, where r – classical radius
of electron, λ – its Compton wavelength.
2) Formally, but similarly: the interaction force
of two long conductors with current is proportional to the
ratio l/2πr, where l – length of conductors, r – distance
between them.
3) π equals the ratio of circumference length to
its diameter.
4) In quantum mechanics the ratio of magnetic
moment to its mechanical moment is called the
magnetomechanic ratio – g. At the same time, gs = 2, if
the electron magnetic moment is conditioned only by the
spin component, and g = 1, if it is produced by the orbital
motion of electrons. Their ratio gs / g = 2, the same as
tg2φг = 2, characterize the existing corpuscular-wave
dependencies.
5) The ratios of the sides of the right triangle
were used as the basis of the well-known Babylonian
Table written thousands of years ago. It is this table, and
obviously, its principle of equally stressed-strained
systems were applied in the technology of unique
construction, which still remains a puzzle.
In these examples, as in many others, such
approach allows evaluating structural interactions based
on corpuscular and wave dependencies in each action act,
e.g., in the equation of dependence of rotational and
orbital motion of planets.14
Using the algorithm in the ratio ρ/α to obtain the
linear dependence with the rotation angle φ and in
accordance with the equation (20) we have:
ln(ρ/α)= tgφ (21)
In homogeneous systems with the closeness of
values of their P-parameters (wave process) if α→0, then
tgφ→∞ and φ=90°. In the corpuscular mechanism of
interaction if α→∞, then tgα→0, and φ=0. In general
case, in the system “particle-wave” the rotation angle φ
changes from 0° (at ρ=0%) up to 90° (at ρ=100%). It can
be assumed that equally strained systemis obtained under
the condition of approximate equality of corpuscular and
wave parameters, i.e. at the geodesic angle ρ=50%. Then
the calculation of the coefficient α by the equation (21)
gives 12.16%, approximately corresponding to the
coordinates obtained in nomogram in Fig. 1.
Similar types by this nomogram and its reverse-
reading variants are the graphic characteristics of many
phenomena and processes in nature, engineering and
economy. Therefore, such S-curves have been called
“Lines of life”.
6. Bio-structural energy criteria of functional states
Isomorphism as a phenomenon is usually
considered as applicable to crystal structures. But,
obviously, similar processes can also flow between
molecular compounds, where the bond energy can be
evaluated via the relative difference of electron densities
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of valence orbitals of interacting atoms. Therefore the
molecular electronegativity is quite easily calculated via
the values of the corresponding P-parameters.
Since Р-parameter possesses wave properties
(similar to '-function), mainly the regularities in the
interference of the corresponding waves should be
fulfilled.
The interference minimum, oscillation
weakening (in anti-phase) takes place if the difference in
wave move (∆) equals the odd number of semi-waves:
∆ = (2n +1)
2
= (n +
2
1
), where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
… (22)
The difference in wave move (∆) for Р-parameters can be
evaluated via their relative value
= ...
2
5
;
2
3
2
1
1
2
n
Р
Р
…
(22а)
Interference maximum, oscillation enhancing (in
phase) takes place if the difference in wave move equals
an even number of semi-waves:
∆=2n
2
=n or ∆=(n+1)
(23)
As applicable to P-parameters, the maximum
enhance of interaction in the phase corresponds to the
interactions of similarly charged systems or systems
homogeneous by their properties and functions (e.g.
between the fragments or blocks of complex organic
structures, such as CH2 and NNO2).
And then: =
Р
Р
1
2
=(n+1) (23а)
It was shown15 that the molecular negativity is
numerically equal to the P-parameter of the first valence
electron divided by 3. Hydrogen atom, element No 1 with
orbital 1S1 defines the main energy criteria of structural
interactions (their “ancestor”).
Table 1 shows its three РE-parameters
corresponding to three different characteristics of the
atom.
R1 = 0.5292 А0 – orbital radius – quantum-
mechanical characteristic gives the initial main value of
РE-parameter equaled to 9.0644 eV;
R2 = 0.375 А0 – distance equaled to the half of
the bond energy in Н2 molecule. But if hydrogen atom is
bound with other atoms, its covalent radius is 0.28
А0.
In accordance with equation (23а) Р2 = Р1 (n+1),
therefore Р1 9.0644 eV, Р2 18.129 eV.
These are the values of possible energy criteria
of stable (stationary) structures. The dimensional
characteristic 0.375 А0 does not satisfy them, therefore,
there is a transition onto to the covalence radius 0.28
А0, which provides the value of P-parameter
approximately equaled to Р2.
It was shown earlier5 that the condition for the
formation of stable structures is an approximate equality
of the P-parameter of the subsystems. From a big number
of different combinations of interactions we can obtain
series with approximately equal values of P-parameters of
atoms (or radicals). Such series, by initial values of
hydrogen atom, are given in Table 4 (at < 7.5%).
First series for РE= 9.0644 eV – the main, initial,
where Н, С, О, N atoms have РE-parameters only of the
first electron and interactions proceed in the phase.
Second series for Р'E = 12.792 eV is the non-
rational, pathological as it more corresponds to the
interactions in anti-phase: by equation (22а) Р''E = 13.596
eV.
Coefficient α between the parameters Р'E and Р''E
equals 6.1%, thus defining the possibility of forming
“false” biostructures containing the molecular hydrogen
Н2. Coefficient between series I and II is 34.1%, thus
confirming the irrationality of series II.
Third series for Р'E = 17.132 eV – stationary as
the interactions are in the phase: by equation (22а) Р''E =
18.129 eV ( = 5.5%).
Specific local energy effects (electromagnetic
fields, radiation, etc.) upon structural conformations can
increasingly follow the pathological series II. Isn’t it one
of the reasons of normal functioning failure in
biosystems, e.g., in oncological diseases? If so, some
practical recommendations can be done, which come
down to the necessity of converting the molecular
hydrogen into the atomic one, e.g., through the interaction
with hydroxyl OH group.
From Table 4 it is seen that the majority of atoms
and radicals, depending on the bond types and bond
lengths, have РE-parameters of different series. When
introducing the stem cells, it is important for the
molecular hydrogen not to be present in their structures.
Otherwise atoms and radicals can transfer into the series
II and disturb the vital functions of the main first system.
The reverse method can be applied to utilize
polymeric materials transferring their molecular
fragments into the pathological series II.
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Table.4: Biostructural spatial-energy parameters (eV)
Series
number
Н С N O CH CO NH C–NH2 C–CH3 <РE>
I 9.0644
(1S1)
8.7582
(2Р1)
9.780
(2Р1)
9.4166
(2Р1)
9.7979
(2Р1)
9.1330
(2S22Р2–1S1)
8.4405
(2Р2–2Р2)
8.4687
(2Р2–1S1)
9.1281
(2Р2–1S1)
8.8844
2S12Р1
г–
(2Р3–1S1)
9.2479
2S12Р1
г–
(2S2 2Р2–1S1)
9.1018 0.34–7.54
II 12.792
(1S1)
13.066
(2P2)
11.715
(1S1)
11.985
(2P1)
11.757
(2P1)
11.679
(2S22Р2–1S1)
12.081
(2S22Р2–1S1)
12.315
(2S22Р2–
2P2)
12.632
(2S22Р3–1S1)
11.693
2S22Р2–(2P3
–1S1)
12.181
2S22Р2–
(2S22P2–1S1)
12.173 0.07–7.08
III 17.132
(1S1)
16.769
(2P2)
17.435
(2S12Р1)
16.747
(2P2)
17.967
(2P2)
С and Н blocks 16.576
(2S22Р2–
2P4)
N and Н blocks C and NН2
blocks
C and NН2
blocks
17.104 0.16–4.92
Note: The designations of interacting orbitals are given in brackets.
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II. CONCLUSION
1. It is demonstrated that corpuscular interactions
flow along the potential gradient (principle of adding
reciprocals of energies), and wave processes – against the
potential gradient (principle of algebraic addition of
energies).
2. Р-parameters of the first valence electron of atoms
define the energy characteristics of stationary states (in
normal state) under the condition of the maximum of
wave processes.
3. Under the condition of the minimum of such
interactions, the pathological (but not stationary)
biostructures containing the molecular hydrogen can be
formed.
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