Food engineering operations are employed in food industries for production of good quality palatable and stable foods.Food engineering operations convert raw agricultural commodities into canned, frozen, dehydrated, formulated and otherwise modified forms of food.
Design Of Freezing Equipments in Food Industry.Shahnaz Mol. S
Freezing, or solidification, is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. Food freezing equipments can be classified depending on the heat transfer medium
The detailed description on theory of dryer, mechanism of drying and stages of drying. Water activity, types of dryers used in food processing industry, concept of osmotic dehydration of foods is discussed.
Design Of Freezing Equipments in Food Industry.Shahnaz Mol. S
Freezing, or solidification, is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. Food freezing equipments can be classified depending on the heat transfer medium
The detailed description on theory of dryer, mechanism of drying and stages of drying. Water activity, types of dryers used in food processing industry, concept of osmotic dehydration of foods is discussed.
This semester, the course Food Process Engineering will be taking a new breath and fresher approach that incorporates the importance of food and national security, societal implication, the role of multinational companies and how they made money from the two world wars, Maillard reactions and obesity pandermic - remember the fast food nation by Micheal Moore? all of these will be encrypted in the syllabus of gastronomy science and food engineering in a creative and new way of teaching
Food extrusion is a form of extrusion used in food processing. It is a process by which a set of mixed ingredients are forced through an opening in a perforated plate or die with a design specific to the food, and is then cut to a specified size by blades.
Food preservation includes food processing practices which prevent the growth of microorganisms, such as yeasts (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria or fungi to the food), and slow the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity. Food preservation may also include processes that inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut during food preparation. By preserving food, food waste can be reduced, which is an important way to decrease production costs and increase the efficiency of food systems, improve food security and nutrition and contribute towards environmental sustainability.For instance, it can reduce the environmental impact of food production.
Many processes designed to preserve food involve more than one food preservation method. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam, for example, involves boiling (to reduce the fruit's moisture content and to kill bacteria, etc.), sugaring (to prevent their re-growth) and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent recontamination).
Different food preservation methods have different impacts on the quality of the food and food systems. Some traditional methods of preserving food have been shown to have a lower energy input and carbon footprint compared to modern methods.
This semester, the course Food Process Engineering will be taking a new breath and fresher approach that incorporates the importance of food and national security, societal implication, the role of multinational companies and how they made money from the two world wars, Maillard reactions and obesity pandermic - remember the fast food nation by Micheal Moore? all of these will be encrypted in the syllabus of gastronomy science and food engineering in a creative and new way of teaching
Food extrusion is a form of extrusion used in food processing. It is a process by which a set of mixed ingredients are forced through an opening in a perforated plate or die with a design specific to the food, and is then cut to a specified size by blades.
Food preservation includes food processing practices which prevent the growth of microorganisms, such as yeasts (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria or fungi to the food), and slow the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity. Food preservation may also include processes that inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut during food preparation. By preserving food, food waste can be reduced, which is an important way to decrease production costs and increase the efficiency of food systems, improve food security and nutrition and contribute towards environmental sustainability.For instance, it can reduce the environmental impact of food production.
Many processes designed to preserve food involve more than one food preservation method. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam, for example, involves boiling (to reduce the fruit's moisture content and to kill bacteria, etc.), sugaring (to prevent their re-growth) and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent recontamination).
Different food preservation methods have different impacts on the quality of the food and food systems. Some traditional methods of preserving food have been shown to have a lower energy input and carbon footprint compared to modern methods.
Heat application has many benefit for eating quality and sensory properties of many food products. Therefore, this chapter discusses much high-temperature processing such as blanching, pasteurization, sterilization, extrusion, evaporation, dehydration, distillation and rehydration.
Conventional food processing techniques Uma Bansal
its a presentation based on conventional food processing techniques and it contains drying methods also along with freeze drying and concentration and evaporation.
Dehydration
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Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
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Produced from plant source.An excellent delivering for nutrients and bioactive compounds.Therapeutic effect in Non communicable disease.Polyphenols helps to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, Diabetese cancer, and neuronal degeneration
Food safety is the utilization of various resources and strategies to ensure that all types of food are properly stored, prepared, and preserved so they are safe for consumption. The EXIM Policy is the Export-Import policies regulating international commerce in India.
Exim Policy is also known as the Foreign Trade Policy.
EXIM policy is import export policy that contains rules and regulations regarding doing imports and exports.
Establish Food Safety and Standards Authority of India for laying down science based standards for articles of food and regulate their manufacture, storage, distribution, sale and import, to ensure availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption.
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Food is essential for life. It should be pure, nutritious and free from any type of adulteration for proper maintenance of human health.Guilt will be punished with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months and up to 3 years and with fine up to one thousand rupees.
To meet a country’s sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, food must comply with the local laws and regulations to gain market access. These laws ensure the safety and suitability of food for consumers, in some countries; also govern food quality and composition standards.
Milk is a unique in that it is both consumed, as fluid milk with minimal processing and it is the raw material used to manufacture a wide variety of product.
Biogenic amines (BA) are non-volatile low- molecular-weight nitrogenous organic bases, derived through decarboxylation of corresponding amino acids. More studies are needed in order to prove their feasibility and technological relevance during the production of fermented foods.
A case study of Pesticide in South Indian state SukhveerSingh31
A vast majority of the population in India (56.7 percent) are engaged in agriculture and are therefore exposed to the pesticides used in agriculture.Among men, the prevalence of signs and symptoms related to pesticide exposure was higher among the sprayers.
an independent, non-governmental membership organization and the world's largest developer of voluntary International Standards.The HACCP system is based on organisation and is guided by a policy and objective with clearly defined responsibilities, allotted resources and control over how objective are met.
ISO 22000 means consensus agreements between all the economic stakeholders concerned: suppliers; users; government regulators; other interest groups, such as consumers.ISO 22000 ensures integrity of food supply chain by minimizing food-borne hazards throughout the food chain by ensuring that there are no weak links.
Lycopene is bright red color carotene and carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.Animal feed supplements that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by affecting its gut microflora.This leads to the signaling of toll-like receptors that activate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Changes in Bioactive Compounds Over Lactic fermentationSukhveerSingh31
The increase of nutrient density by lactic fermentation is mostly due to a decrease of sugar content. Catabolism of disaccharides like sucrose or lactose has been extensively studied for many LAB species.Lactic fermentation modifies the composition of the fermented materials and by the metabolic microbial action can improve the beneficial health benefits of food.
Safety and toxicity evaluation of probiotics foodsSukhveerSingh31
Probiotics can also be defined as “Live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host” (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology).
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
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It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
3. • Food engineering operations are employed in food
industries for production of good quality palatable
and stable foods.
• These scientific approaches can control the spoilage
of package foods.
• The knowledge of the engineering (heat treatment
and heat transfer) have provided necessary impetus
to the development of large food and canning
industries.
Elementary Food Engineering:
4. Some of the basic food engineering operations
Thermal treatments
It serves to reduce the concentrate of
microorganisms in the foods when they are preserved
by heat.
It may also inactivate the existing enzymes in foods.
Categories of heat treatment process:-
Heating the foods below 100°c temperature.
Heating the foods to a temperature of 100°c.
Heating the foods above 100°c.
5. • Pasteurisation is usually done below 100°c
temperature to kill all pathogenic organisms and also
kill some of the spoilage organisms present in the
food.
• A Pasteurization process can destroy pathogens in the
milk but does not effect the organoleptic properties of
milk.
• Pasteurization process was first developed in 1864 by
Pasteur to prevent abnormal fermentation in wine.
• In present days, pasteurization is applied to a wide
range of foods, like; milk, canned and bottled fruits,
cream, ice-cream, fruit juices, pickles, beers etc.
6. • Pasteurisation of milk is performed by heating
every particle of milk to at least 61°c and
holding it at that temperature for 30 minutes or
heating the milk to 71°c and holding it at 71°c
for at least 15 seconds.
• Pasteurisation destroys most of bacteria present
in milk thus improves the keeping quality of
milk.
• The taste of milk is not affected by
Pasteurisation.
7. • Type of Pasteurisation
– The batch type
– The continuous type or high temperature short time
• Continuous Pasteurisation :-
– The foods are pasteurised through plate heat
exchangers.
– It comprises four stages-
1. Pre heating or regeneration
2. Heating
3. Holding
4. Cooling
8. • Sterilisation of foods is carried at temperatures
above 100°c.
• Method of Sterilisation:-
1. Sterilisation of food in containers
2. Sterilisation of food before placing in the container
• Sterilisation of food in containers can be done by
following methods
1. Indirect heating by saturated steam
2. Forced convection of hot air
3. By direct flame contact
9. Type of Sterilisation
• Batch Steriliser
– Labour requirement is high
– Flexible
– Horizontal and side loading type occupy more space than top
loading and vertical types
– Steam pressures are in the range of 350-415KN/m2
• Continuous steriliser
– Steam and water consumption are higher
– Three types
• The continuous pressure cooker-cooler
• The continuous rotary steriliser
• The hydrostatic steriliser
10. Blanching is done to inactivate enzymes and to destroy the
peroxides.
Blanching is the process of the process of heating the food
rapidly to a predetermined temperature, holding it at that
temperature for a definite period and then either cooling the
material or passing it to subsequent processing without delay.
Beside destroying enzymes, following changes in food may also
be brought about by blanching-
• Cleaning of raw material and reduction in bacterial load.
• Softening and shrinking of foods which help to fill the
containers.
• The texture of dehydrated foods is improved by blanching.
• Heat sensible vitamins are lost.
• Leaching of water soluble nutrients.
Blanching:
11. Blanching can be done by two methods-
1. Immersion blanching, with the help of hot
water
• It carried out by two ways-
i. Passing the food at controlled rate
through a perforated drum rotating in
a tank of water. The hot water is
thermostatically controlled at
temperatures of 75-100°c.
ii. Food is suspended in water and
heated to blanching temperature.
Remarkable loss of water soluble
materials.
12. 1. Steam Blanching
i. Saturated steam is
used.
ii. Food is passed through
a steam chamber on a
mesh belt conveyor or
by a screw conveyor.
The residence time of
blanching is controlled
by controlling the speed
of conveyance.
iii. The loss of water
soluble material is less
in steam blanching.
13. Drying and Dehydration
• Removes water
• Occurs under natural conditions in the field
and during cooking
• Makes foods
– Lighter
– Take up less space
– Cost less to ship
14. Factors that Affect Heat and Liquid
Transfer in Food Products
• Surface area
– The greater the faster the product dries
• Temperature
– The greater the difference between the product and
drying medium, the greater the rate of drying
• Humidity
– The higher, the slower the drying
• Atmospheric pressure
– The lower, the lower the temperature required to
remove water
15. Purpose
• Remove enough moisture to prevent microbial
growth
• Sun drying may be too slow and organisms
may cause spoilage before the product can be
thoroughly dried
– In these cases salt or smoke may be added to the
product prior to drying
16. Dehydration
• Almost the complete removal of water
• Results in
– Decreased weight
– Increased amount of product per container
– Decreased shipping costs
17. TRAY DRYER
It consists of an insulated cabinet in which
trays are placed one over other with gap in
between.
advantage: - 1. Relatively cheap to build and
maintain.
2. Flexbility to accomodate various food
products.
The vacuum makes the possibility of main
taining lowest possible pressure in the space
around the food product.
18. DRUM DRYER
The drum dryers are consist of one or more
hollow metal cyslinders.
These drums are heated by circulating steam,
hot water or other high temperature heat
transfer liquid through the drums.
A single drum dryer consists of only one drum,
while the double drum dryer has two drums
or rolls.
twin drum.
19. FREEZE DRYING
In a freeze drying system, dehydration takes
places in three stages first, the water of product is
removed by formation of ice crystals.
In freeze drying system, the size and shape of
original food products can be retained and the
shrinkage is negligible.
In conventional freeze dryers, condenser is
provided to remove the water vapour formed
during the process and heating system to provide
the necessary latent heat of sublimation to the
frozen product.
22. Home Drying
• Food dehydrators
• Microwaves
– Recommended for drying herbs only
• Ovens
• Outdoors
• Drying time depends on the food type,
thickness and type of dryer
24. Sun Drying
• Fruits are safe to dry outdoors due to their high
sugar and acid content when conditions are
favorable for drying
• Not recommended for vegetables or meats
• Conditions needed for outdoor drying
– Hot, dry, breezy days
– Minimum temperature of 85°F, with higher
temperatures being better
– Humidity below 60%
– Several days
25. Freezing:
• The frozen food industry was born in the 1920’s
• Clarence Birdseye produced the first frozen fish
Freezing is the unit operation in which the temperature
of a food is reduced below its freezing point and a
proportion of the water undergoes a change in state to
form ice crystals. The immobilization of water to ice and
the resulting concentration of dissolved solutes in
unfrozen
water lower the water activity
(aw) of the food
26. BASIC PRINCIPLE
1) Very low temperatures inhibit growth of micro-
organisms and limit enzyme and chemical activity.
2) The formation of ice crystals draws available water
from the food, also preventing growth of micro-
organisms.
27. • Fruits (strawberries, oranges, raspberries) either whole or
pureed, or as juice concentrates
• Vegetables (peas, green beans, sweet corn, spinach, and
potatoes)
• Fish fillets and sea foods (cod, plaice, shrimps and crab meat)
including fish fingers, fish cakes or prepared dishes with an
accompanying sauce
• Meats (beef, lamb, poultry) as carcasses, boxed joints or cubes
and meat products (sausages, beefburgers, reformed steaks)
• Baked goods (bread, cakes, fruit and meat pies)
• Prepared foods (pizzas, desserts, ice cream, complete meals
and cook–freeze dishes).
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
FREEZED FOOD PRODUCTS
29. Chemical changes
– Enzymes in vegetables
– Enzymes in fruit
– Rancidity
Texture Changes
– Expansion of food
– Ice crystals
How Freezing Affects Food
30. Undesirable physical changes
- Freezer burn
• Package properly
• Control temperature fluctuations in storage.
- Oxidation
• Off-flavors
• Vitamin loss
• Browning
- Recrystallization
31. ISSUES with FROZEN FOODS
1. Chemical reactions can occur in unfrozen
water.
A. Some foods blanched or sulfited before
freezing.
B. Vacuum packaging to keep out oxygen.
32. ISSUES with FROZEN FOODS (cont.)
2. Undesirable physical changes
A. Fruits and vegetables lose crispness
B. Drip loss in meats and colloidal type foods
(starch, emulsions)
• Freeze product faster
• Control temperature fluctuations in storage.
• Modify starch, egg systems, etc.
33. Consider:
– Size
– Shape
– Efficiency
– Defrosting features
– Available floor area
– Amount of freezer space needed
Freezer Selection
A freezer should be kept at -18oC to -25oC.
38. ADVANTAGES OF FREEZING
• Preservation of color, flavor and
nutritive value.
• Microorganisms do not grow and
multiply during frozen storage.
• Freezing kills some vegetative cells.
Spores survive, and may grow when
the food is thawed.
39. DISADVANTAGES OF FREEZING
• Deterioration of texture depending on the nature
of food and the freezing process
• Minor losses in nutritive value and quality
• Expensive preservation operation, and
requires energy even after the operation is
complete
• Depending on the storage conditions, frozen foods
may also lose water
40. • Evaporation is an unit operation to concentrate a
solution with a volatile solvent.
• It also can defined as an unit operation in which water or
volatile solvent are removed to obtain concentrated
liquid products from dilute liquid food.
• Evaporation also provide microbiological stability and
reduce transportation and storage costs.
• Evaporation is basically a separation step which uses heat
transfer to separate products presenting differences at
boiling point. This technology results in several different
downstream processes such as concentration,
crystallization and drying.
Evaporation:
41. Evaporation is carried out in evaporators which consist of
a heat exchanger which supplies sensible heat and latent
heat of evaporation to the feed.
Normally saturated steam is used as the heating medium
in food industries.
The product inside the evaporator chamber is kept under
vacuum, this increase the temperature difference
between steam and product.
Thus the product boil at lower temperatures.
The other important part of evaporator is a separator to
separate vapor from the concentrated liquid and a
condenser to cause condensation of the vapor and its
removal from the system.
45. The heat load of a single effect evaporator:
The oveall rate of heat transfer ‘q’ through the heating surface of
an evaporator is the product of three factors as given below:
q = UA∆T
Where, U = overall heat transfer coefficient
A = area of the heat transfer surface
∆T = overall temperature drop
The overall rate of heat transfer is equal to the product of mass
flow rate of the heating medium usually steam and the latent
heat of condensation of inlet steam.
q = UA∆T = msλs
Where, ms= mass flow rate of steam, kg/s or kg/hr
λs = latent heat of condensation of inlet steam k Cal/kg
46. Let, the heat losses from the system by convection and radiation
from hot surface are neglected, i.e. all the heat given up by the
condensing steam is transferred for evaporation of water from
the liquid food.
msλs = sensible heat gained by liquor + latent heat
of vaporisation of water
= (mf−mp) λ + mfCp (Tp−Tf)
mf = mass flow rate of feed, kg/s
mp= mass flow rate of thick liquour or product, kg/s
λ = latent heat of condensation of inlet steam k Cal/kg
Cp = Specific heat of feed, k cal/kg ℃
Tp= temperature of thick liquor, ℃
Tf= temperature of feed, ℃
47. Material balance:
The overall material balance of evaporator can be prented by the
following equation:
mf = m + V
Where, V= mass of solvent vaporised in the evaporator, kg/s
The material balance on the liquid
mf (1 −xf) = m (1-xp) + V
Where xf= mass flow rate of solid fraction in feed, kg/s
xp= mass flow rate of solid fraction in product or
thick liquor, kg/s
The economy of evaporation=
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑/ℎ𝑟
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑/ℎ𝑟
48. The enthalpy balance of the system can be given as per following
expression:
q = msλs = (mf−mp) Hv− mfHf + mp H
Hv= Specific enthalpy of vapour
Hf= specific enthalpy of thin liquor
H = specific enthalpy of thick liquor
49. Conclusion:
• Food engineering operations convert raw
agricultural commodities into canned, frozen,
dehydrated, formulated and otherwise
modified forms of food
• The main aim of food processing is
preservation of food materials.
• It also improve quality, texture, structure,
flavours and taste of the food commodities.