This document discusses electrical maintenance in hazardous areas. It defines area classification and explains why it is important to prevent electrical hazards from causing fires and explosions. It outlines the fire explosion triangle and important terminology like hazard, hazardous atmosphere, ignition temperature, and flammable substances. It then describes the concentration limits for explosions and different area classification systems from NEC and IEC codes. The document provides examples of zone classifications and discusses gas groups, temperature classes, ingress protection, types of protections, and materials of construction for electrical equipment in hazardous areas. It also covers labeling requirements and dos and don'ts for working in hazardous areas.
Hazardous area classification and Elecrtical, Instrument and Process Engineer...Kathiresan Nadar
This presentation explains the Hazardous gas Classification and area Classification, and the responsibility of Electrical, Instrument and Process Engineer Responsibility.
Hazardous Area Location Presentation
• What is a Hazardous Location?
• What causes an explosion?
• Potential ignition sources
• Protection concepts 101
• Classification Schemes (ATEX/IEC vs. NEC)
• Designing/Certification for HazLoc
Ex D, Ex E, Ex DE, Ex ED, Ex np, Ex I
Hazardous area classification and Elecrtical, Instrument and Process Engineer...Kathiresan Nadar
This presentation explains the Hazardous gas Classification and area Classification, and the responsibility of Electrical, Instrument and Process Engineer Responsibility.
Hazardous Area Location Presentation
• What is a Hazardous Location?
• What causes an explosion?
• Potential ignition sources
• Protection concepts 101
• Classification Schemes (ATEX/IEC vs. NEC)
• Designing/Certification for HazLoc
Ex D, Ex E, Ex DE, Ex ED, Ex np, Ex I
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchsKristen_Barbour_PF
Hazardous Location Protection Methods Explained.
By definition, a hazardous (classified) location is an area in an industrial complex where the atmosphere contains flammable concentrations of gases or vapors by leakage, or ignitable concentrations of dust or fibers by suspension or dispersion.
The treatment of dangerous substances, where the risk of explosion or fire exists that can be caused by an electrical spark, arc, or hot temperatures, requires specifically defined instrumentation located in a hazardous location. It also requires that interfacing signals coming from a hazardous location be unable to create the necessary conditions to ignite and propagate an explosion.
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AUTOMATIC FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM -WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM
WATER MIST SYSTEM
FOAM SYSTEM
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The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchsKristen_Barbour_PF
Hazardous Location Protection Methods Explained.
By definition, a hazardous (classified) location is an area in an industrial complex where the atmosphere contains flammable concentrations of gases or vapors by leakage, or ignitable concentrations of dust or fibers by suspension or dispersion.
The treatment of dangerous substances, where the risk of explosion or fire exists that can be caused by an electrical spark, arc, or hot temperatures, requires specifically defined instrumentation located in a hazardous location. It also requires that interfacing signals coming from a hazardous location be unable to create the necessary conditions to ignite and propagate an explosion.
FOR DOWNLOAD THIS GO THROUGH THIS BELOW LINK
https://ezazsidd1993.stores.instamojo.com/?ref=profile_bar
AUTOMATIC FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM -WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM
WATER MIST SYSTEM
FOAM SYSTEM
GAS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...Aniruddha Kulkarni
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
Now a days industries working without PLC & SCADA system is the rarest thing. It is the must learn software and module. In this PPT basic about PLC is given as well as some basic but important programs have performed.
T&D distribute hazardous area (ATEX) flameproof cable glands to the oil, gas, petrochemical offshore and marine industries.
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Hazardous area cable glands suit Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 21 and Zone 22 with Dual Certification (Flameproof Type 'Ex d' and Increased Safety Type 'Ex e').
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The “New Approach” ATEX directive supersedes the “Old Approach” ATEX Directive, the Potentially Explosive Atmospheres Directive, 76/117/EEC – ATEX 94/9/EC (ATEX 95) facilitates free trade in the EC for hazardous area electrical equipment intended to be used in potentially explosive atmospheres. ATEX Directive 94/9/EC (ATEX 95) covers “Electrical Equipment” used in hazardous areas with potentially explosive atmospheres created by presence of gases, vapours, mists or dusts. T&D UK stock and distribute an extensive range of ATEX Certified Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Areas including cable glands, electrical enclosures, junction boxes, plugs and sockets, cable joints, control stations, cable transits, cable cleats, mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, conduit systems, portable lighting (torches, handlamps, headlamps).
Flameproof Ex "d" Cable Glands - electrical equipment may include arcing and sparking (incendive) devices and flammable mixtures which may enter the enclosure or junction box. The cable gland design is specified to contain an internal explosion and prevent transmission of sufficient energy to ignite a potentially flammable atmosphere outside the enclosure or junction box.
Saj Engineering & Trading Company is established in 1998 to provide the Non-Destructive Testing
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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2. Objective of Area classification
It is a method of:
-Analyzing & classifying the environment
where Explosive atmosphere may
occur during.
a) Normal Conditions
b) Abnormal Conditions.
Advantage:
-Classification Provides a basis for the
selection of suitable electrical
apparatus for safe operation
3. Why is this Important?
Prevent Electrical Hazards from Starting Fires
and Explosions.
These can be Devastating Loss of Life Loss of
Facilities Preventable by Following Guidelines
Established Cost of Installing
Wrong Type of New & Replacement Electrical
Equipment
4. Fire Explosion Triangle
These oxidation
reactions normally
involves the
release of heat &
pressure, which is
the major criteria
of an explosion.
5. Important Termology
Hazard: Risk of presence of flammable gas and air mixture.
-Hazardous atmosphere: An atmosphere/ environment containing
any hazard in a concentration capable of ignition.
-Hazardous area: An area/ surrounding where, hazardous
atmosphere is likely to occur during normal/ abnormal operation.
-Ignition temperature: The lowest temp at which ignition occurs in
vapour air mixture.
6. Flammable substances
Flammable substances may be gaseous, liquid or solid
- Flammable gas: Are often hydrocarbons & require very little energy
to react with atmospheric oxygen.
Ex : Methane, Ethane, Hydrogen
- Flammable Liquids: Which evaporates at room temperature in
sufficient quantities to form flammable atmosphere. Ex: Lighter fuel
(MS, Naphtha ….)
- Flammable Solids: Flammable Dust & fibers which react with
atmospheric air to cause explosions in the presence of source of
ignition. Ex: (Wood,Coal Dust, metals…..)
7. Concentration: Explosive Limits
-LEL Lower explosive limit:
Lower or Minimum level of concentration of flammable
vapour/gas in atmosphere which can ignite by
arc/spark
-HEL/UEL:
Upper or maximum level of concentration of flammable
vapour/gas in atmosphere which can ignite by
arc/spark
-Explosive/Flammability Range:
Range between LEL to HEL
9. Area Classification
There are two major classifications prevalent world
wide:
•NEC (National Electrical Code) of USA
•BIS/IEC (Bureau of Indian standard/International
Electro technical Commission)
10. NEC CODE
Classifies combustible media as:
•Class I (Flammable gases, vapour & liquid)
•Class II (Combustible dusts)
•Class III (Ignitable Fibers)
Groups under different class:
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Group-A (acetylene) Group-E (Combustible metal dust) No Group (Ignitable fibers)
Group-B (Hydrogen) Group-F (Combustible dust having volatile material like: charcoal, coke
dust)
Group-C (Ethylene)
Group-D (Propane)
Extent of Hazard:
•Division 1: Hazardous media can exist under normal
operating condition
•Division 2: Hazardous media can exist under
abnormal operating condition
11. IEC CODE
Classifies combustible media as:
•Group I: Mining (Methane)
•Group II: Other than mining (Gases & Vapors)
Gas Group:
Group-A : Propane
Group-B : Ethylene
Group-C : Acetylene, Hydrogen & carbon Di Sulphide.
Extent of Hazard is defined by Zone:
•Zone 0: Hazardous media is continuously present or
likely to be present for longer period.
•Zone 1: Hazardous media can exist under normal
operating condition.
•Zone 2: Hazardous media can exist under abnormal
operating condition & for a short duration.
12. Examples
- Zone-0:
- Area like vapour space above storage tank, process tank,
container having flammable material open or close.
- Zone-1:
- Inadequately ventilated pump house handling flammable
material.
- Area around imperfectly fitted rim seal of floating roof
tank.
- Loading of rail Waggon & TT, dispensing stations
- Normal start up & shut down of refinery.
- Zone-2:
- All other area where handling of flammable product is
being done in ventilated area & system is designed that
vapours are confined within the system,& cannot escape
except during abnormal condition.
14. Gas group
Group Representative Gases
I All Underground Coal Mining. Firedamp
(methane)
IIA Industrial methane, propane, petrol
and
the majority of industrial
IIB Ethylene, coke oven gas and other
industrial gases
IIC Hydrogen, acetylene, carbon
disulphide
16. IP (Ingress Protection)
1st(Protection against solid) 2nd(Protectionagainst
liquid)
0 No protection 0 No protection
1 Solids size > 50 mm 1 Vertically following
drops
2 Solids size > 12 mm 2 15 deg from vertical
3 Solids size > 2.5 mm 3 60 deg from vertical
4 Solids size > 1.0 mm 4 Water from all direction
5 Against dust 5 Water jet from all
direction
6 Complete against dust 6 Water jet with force
7 Immersion
17. Type of Protections
Various method of protection is prevalent & is
suitable for use in hazardous location depending
on the extent of hazard. They are:
- Explosion proof or flame proof (Ex d)
- Increased safety (Ex e)
- Intrinsically safe (Ex i)
- Purge protected (Ex p)
- Non sparking (Ex n)
-Oil filled (Ex o)
19. Electrical gadgets zone wise
Likelihood of Hazardous Likelihood of Common Protection
gas/vapour (Above Area Rating Ignition Source Basis for Electrical
LEL) Equipment
Certain Zone -0 Extremely rare Intrinsic Safety Exi
Likely Zone-1 Rare Flame Proof Ex d
Pressurization Ex p
Un likely Zone-2 Un likely Increase Safety- Ex e
Non Sparking – Ex n
Most Un likely Non Possible Normal Electrical
Hazardous Equipment
20. FLAME PROOF EX D
Performance Requirements:
It is a method of protection, where the equipment is
enclosed in an enclosure, which
-Will withstand the internal explosion of flammable gases
that enter it, without damage.
- Do not allow the internal explosion to permeate to the
surroundings through any joints.
Constructional Features:
Flame path (length & clearances) is ensured as per code.
•
Suitability:
For use in Zone-1 & Zone-2.
•
21. INCREASED SAFETY EX E
Performance Requirements:
It is a method of protection,
-Wherein additional precautions are taken to provide
additional safety against excessive temperature,
occurrence of arc & spark.
-These are not capable of withstanding explosion inside
enclosure.
Constructional Features:
•No arcing devices such as fuse & switchgears are used.
•Ignition is prevented by use of non sparking components.
•Clearances & creep age distances are maintained as per
code.
Suitability:
For use in Zone-2.
•
22. INTRINSICALLY SAFE EX I
Performance Requirements:
It is a method of protection,
-Explosion is prevented by ensuring that sufficient energy
for ignition of flammable gases is not available.
-The Surface temperature does not exceeds auto ignition
temperature of surrounding flammable gases.
Constructional Features:
These equipments are primarily low energy electronic device.
•
Operates at lower voltage & amp.(28V,93mA,0.65W)
Suitability:
For use in Zone-0 (ia) & Zone-1 (ib).
•
23. INTRINSICALLY SAFE EX P
Performance Requirements:
It is a method of protection,
-Explosion is prevented by purging flammable media &
ensuring non-ingress of flammable media by keeping
positive pressure.
•The Surface temperature does not exceeds auto
ignition temperature of surrounding flammable gases.
Constructional Features:
Components & devices are installed inside a purge panel.
•
A positive pressure of uncontaminated air or other
neutral gas is maintained inside the panel.
Suitability:
For use in Zone-1.
•
24. NON SPARKING SAFE EX N
CONCEPT SHARES SIMILARITIES WITH EX E PHILOSOPHY
Performance Requirements:
It is a method of protection,
-Wherein in normal condition, it is not capable of
igniting the surrounding explosive atmosphere.
-Fault capable of causing the ignition is not likely to
occur.
Constructional Features:
•Components selected are non arcing, non sparking
•Enclosed break-Incendive components.
•Restricted breathing by sealing & gasketing.
Suitability:
For use in Zone-2.
•
25. MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
Following material is generally specified:
For enclosure:
Casting: Al Alloy, CI & CS
•
Sheet fabrication: Al Alloy, SS & MS
•
27. Labeling
The letters "CE" stand for "Conformité Européenne"
("European Conformity"). The Product confirmas to
all requièrent of Heath, Safety & Environnent.
Once certified, the equipment is marked by the ‘CE’ (meaning
it complies with ATEX and all other relevant directives) and
‘Ex’ symbol to identify it as approved under the ATEX
directive.
28. Labeling
The letters "CE" stand for "Conformité Européenne"
("European Conformity"). The Product confirmas to
all requièrent of Heath, Safety & Environnent.
Once certified, the equipment is marked by the ‘CE’ (meaning
it complies with ATEX and all other relevant directives) and
‘Ex’ symbol to identify it as approved under the ATEX
directive.
29. DO’S IN HAZARDOUS AREA
Use brass made tools
Ensure gasket/seal is not missing
Use recommended 3 pin top/socket only
Care for glass/fragile items
Stop working if too much smell is there
Ensure earth connection in switch board/DB box
Ensure no glass or sharp item is in working area
Use dustbin for cotton waste/CRC/ used bottle
Ensure all wiring is neatly tied or dressed
Area is not dry grassy
Carry recommended torch at night
Carry panel key, tool box with you
30. Don’ts IN HAZARDOUS AREA
Don’t overload wire /MCB
Don’t use so many jig jag connection or tops
Don’t leave the cover open
Don’t stand/rest under tank
Don’t discharge the capacitor in side LPG/tank
area
Don’t use rusted or strained nut bolt
Don’t use un-sleeved pliers /screw driver
Don’t hit metal part with hammer
Don’t disconnect the earth bonding