This document discusses hazardous area classification in the oil and gas industry. It defines hazardous areas as spaces where flammable atmospheres may be present frequently enough to require special precautions. The document outlines how to determine hazardous areas by identifying flammable materials present, sources of potential release, and assigning zones (divisions) based on release frequency. Zone (division) 0 refers to areas with continuous releases while zone (division) 2 refers to areas with infrequent or unlikely releases. Gas groups and temperature classes are also assigned based on the flammable material's properties. Proper selection of electrical equipment requires matching the equipment's certification to the zone (division), gas group, and temperature class of the area where it will be used.
Hazardous area classification and Elecrtical, Instrument and Process Engineer...Kathiresan Nadar
This presentation explains the Hazardous gas Classification and area Classification, and the responsibility of Electrical, Instrument and Process Engineer Responsibility.
Hazardous area classification and Elecrtical, Instrument and Process Engineer...Kathiresan Nadar
This presentation explains the Hazardous gas Classification and area Classification, and the responsibility of Electrical, Instrument and Process Engineer Responsibility.
Hazardous Area Location Presentation
• What is a Hazardous Location?
• What causes an explosion?
• Potential ignition sources
• Protection concepts 101
• Classification Schemes (ATEX/IEC vs. NEC)
• Designing/Certification for HazLoc
Ex D, Ex E, Ex DE, Ex ED, Ex np, Ex I
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchsKristen_Barbour_PF
Hazardous Location Protection Methods Explained.
By definition, a hazardous (classified) location is an area in an industrial complex where the atmosphere contains flammable concentrations of gases or vapors by leakage, or ignitable concentrations of dust or fibers by suspension or dispersion.
The treatment of dangerous substances, where the risk of explosion or fire exists that can be caused by an electrical spark, arc, or hot temperatures, requires specifically defined instrumentation located in a hazardous location. It also requires that interfacing signals coming from a hazardous location be unable to create the necessary conditions to ignite and propagate an explosion.
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...Aniruddha Kulkarni
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
FOR DOWNLOAD THIS GO THROUGH THIS BELOW LINK
https://ezazsidd1993.stores.instamojo.com/?ref=profile_bar
INTRODUCTION OF FIRE FIGHTING
FIRE FIGHTING NETWORK COMPONENTS
Manual Fire Fighting System
Standpipe System-Landing Valve(L.V) ,Fire Hose Cabinet(F.H.C).
Fire Hydrant(F.H).
Fire Department Connection(F.D.C).
Portable Fire Extinguishers.
Pipe Types& connecting of pipes.
Pipe Accessories, Supports & Valves.
Water Source & Pumping Station.
Hazardous Area Location Presentation
• What is a Hazardous Location?
• What causes an explosion?
• Potential ignition sources
• Protection concepts 101
• Classification Schemes (ATEX/IEC vs. NEC)
• Designing/Certification for HazLoc
Ex D, Ex E, Ex DE, Ex ED, Ex np, Ex I
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchsKristen_Barbour_PF
Hazardous Location Protection Methods Explained.
By definition, a hazardous (classified) location is an area in an industrial complex where the atmosphere contains flammable concentrations of gases or vapors by leakage, or ignitable concentrations of dust or fibers by suspension or dispersion.
The treatment of dangerous substances, where the risk of explosion or fire exists that can be caused by an electrical spark, arc, or hot temperatures, requires specifically defined instrumentation located in a hazardous location. It also requires that interfacing signals coming from a hazardous location be unable to create the necessary conditions to ignite and propagate an explosion.
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...Aniruddha Kulkarni
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
FOR DOWNLOAD THIS GO THROUGH THIS BELOW LINK
https://ezazsidd1993.stores.instamojo.com/?ref=profile_bar
INTRODUCTION OF FIRE FIGHTING
FIRE FIGHTING NETWORK COMPONENTS
Manual Fire Fighting System
Standpipe System-Landing Valve(L.V) ,Fire Hose Cabinet(F.H.C).
Fire Hydrant(F.H).
Fire Department Connection(F.D.C).
Portable Fire Extinguishers.
Pipe Types& connecting of pipes.
Pipe Accessories, Supports & Valves.
Water Source & Pumping Station.
Fire and Gas Detection System : Part 1_The Field Devices and Its PanelsGan Chun Chet
Fire and Gas Detection System Requirements for the Oil and Gas Industry. Offshore Platforms are also applicable for onshore plants/terminals. Safeguarding and Protective System to ensure oil and gas facilities are safe to operate.
Fundamental training on Fire Detection & Alarm SystemSabrul Jamil
This is a basic training on Fire Detection and Alarm System, created to give my colleagues from non-engineering divisions a comprehensive brief on the system. This is most suitable for individuals with little or no technical knowledge. This training introduces the devices and the system in a whole, not how to design it.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
4. Flammable Range of Few Materials
Material LFL (Vol %) UFL (Vol %)
Methane 5 15
Ethane 3 15.5
Propane 2 9.5
Butane 1.5 8.5
Hydrogen 4 75.6
4
5. Flammable Range - Methane
0%
Lean – will not burn
Flammable
Too rich – will not
burn
UFL – 15%
LFL – 5%
100%
5
6. Source of Release
• A point from which a flammable gas,
vapor or liquid may be released into
atmosphere.
ex. flanges, instrument connections,
pump seals, etc
6
10. Aim of Area Classification
• To avoid ignition of releases that may
occur from time to time
• The approach is to reduce to an
acceptable level the probability of
coincidence of a flammable atmosphere
and an electrical or other source of
ignition.
10
11. Hazardous Area
• A three dimensional space in which
a flammable atmosphere may be
expected to be present at such
frequencies as to require special
precaution for the design and
construction of equipment, and the
control of potential ignition sources.
Leak Source
11
13. Extent of Hazardous Area
• Direct Example Approach
limited to common facilities
• Point Source Approach
release rates are dependent on process conditions
• Risk-based Approach
an option methodology which may reduce the
hazardous area determined by the point source
approach
13
14. Grade of Release
• Continuous: A release that is continuous
or nearly so.
• Primary: A release that is likely to occur
periodically or occasionally in normal
operation. (Vents, Sample points, etc)
• Secondary: A release that is unlikely to
occur in normal operation and, in any event,
will do so only infrequently and for short
periods. (Flanges, Instrument connections, etc)
14
15. Subdivision of Hazardous Area
• Zone 0: flammable atmosphere is
continuously present or present for long
periods.
• Zone 1: flammable atmosphere is likely to
occur in normal operation.
• Zone 2: flammable atmosphere is not likely
to occur in normal operation and, if it occurs,
will exist only for short period.
15
17. Grade of Release and Zone (Division)
Under unrestricted ‘open air’ conditions:
• Continuous grade normally leads to Zone 0
(Division 1)
• Primary grade normally leads to Zone 1
(Division 1)
• Secondary grade normally leads to Zone 2
(Division 2)
17
18. Effect of Ventilation
• The term ‘grade of release’ and ‘zone’
are not synonymous.
• Poor ventilation may result in a more
stringent zone while, with high
ventilation provision, the converse will
be true.
18
19. • Cone Roof Storage Tank
Zone Classification
Zone 1
Zone 0
Zone 2
Zone 1
19
20. • Floating Roof Storage Tank
Zone Classification
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 1
20
21. Classification of Zone (Division)
• Zone (Division) classification is based
on the frequency of release.
• Each zone (division) is further classified
into Groups and Temperature Class
based on the properties of flammable
material processed in that zone
(division).
21
22. Gas Group
Typical Gas Hazard NEC Article 500 IEC
Acetylene A IIC
Hydrogen B IIC
Ethylene C IIB
Propane D IIA
• Flammable materials are sub-divided
into groups based on minimum ignition
energy required for igniting them.
22
23. Auto-ignition Temperature (AIT)
• Minimum temperature required to
initiate or cause self-sustained
combustion of the fluid independent of
the heating.
23
24. Temperature Class
Temperature Class Auto-ignition Temperature
(o C)
T1 >450
T2 >300
T3 >200
T4 >135
T5 >100
T6 >85
• Temperature Class is assigned to
flammable material based on its auto-
ignition temperature.
24
27. Battery Room
• Lead acid batteries emit H2 during
charging and create hazardous area
• Battery rooms are classified as Zone 1
Group IIC Temperature Class T1
27
28. Factors to be considered:
• Zone in which the equipment will be
used.
• Sensitivity to ignition of the material
likely to be present, expressed as a gas
group.
• Sensitivity of the material present to
ignition by hot surfaces, expressed as a
temperature class.
Selection of Electrical Equipment
28
29. Selection According to Zone Classification
• Equipment suitable for Zone 0 can be
used in Zones 0, 1 or 2.
• Equipment suitable for Zone 1 can be
used in Zones 1 or 2.
• Equipment suitable for Zone 2 can be
used only in Zone 2.
29
30. Selection According to Gas Groups
• Grouping becomes more severe in
going from IIA to IIB to IIC.
• Group IIB equipment may be used in
place of Group IIA equipment.
• Group IIC equipment can be used in
place of equipment for both Group IIA
and IIB.
30
31. Selection According to Temperature Class
Temperature Class Maximum Surface
Temperature (o C)
T1 450
T2 300
T3 200
T4 135
T5 100
T6 85
• Equipment having a lower maximum surface temperature class
may be used in place of that a higher maximum surface
temperature (lower T class), but not conversely.
31
32. • Oil Immersed Protection
Heavy current switchgear and transformers
• Pressurization or Continuous
Dilution
Analyzers, control boxes, etc
• Powder-filled Protection
Electronics, chokes, etc
• Flame-proof Enclosure
Motors, lighting, junction boxes, etc
Equipment Protection
32
33. Summary
• Identify the flammable materials.
• Identify sources of release and
determine grade of release (and hence
Zone 0,1, 2 or Division 1, 2).
• Determine extent of hazardous area.
• Assign Gas Groups and Temperature
Class.
• Select appropriate Electrical apparatus.
33