Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a medical imaging technique that uses surface electrodes to apply currents and measure voltages to reconstruct images showing the internal conductivity distribution. EIT has applications in imaging physiological processes involving fluid movement in organs like lungs, heart, and brain. It has advantages of being non-invasive, portable, and low-cost compared to other modalities like CT. However, EIT also has disadvantages like lower resolution and the complex inverse problem of reconstructing 3D conductivity based on 2D electrode measurements.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
Wearable photoplethysmographic SensorsV!vEk@nAnD S
This presentation gives the need of wearable photoplethysmographic sensors and how it is benefit to the clinical labs in determining a very range of clinical parameters like pulse rate.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
Wearable photoplethysmographic SensorsV!vEk@nAnD S
This presentation gives the need of wearable photoplethysmographic sensors and how it is benefit to the clinical labs in determining a very range of clinical parameters like pulse rate.
A brief introduction about the Neuro-cognitive technique Positron Emission Tomography widely used in neurolinguistics and for medical purposes like tumor detection etc.
As per the Syllabus of EC453- Biomedical Instrumentation of the BVM Engineering College, EC Department, the topic -1 slides developed. This is just a basic overview of biomedical instrumentation.
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity from atomic energy, but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction.
A brief introduction about the Neuro-cognitive technique Positron Emission Tomography widely used in neurolinguistics and for medical purposes like tumor detection etc.
As per the Syllabus of EC453- Biomedical Instrumentation of the BVM Engineering College, EC Department, the topic -1 slides developed. This is just a basic overview of biomedical instrumentation.
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity from atomic energy, but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction.
Solar battery storage for your home batteryaddictiondrug
Enersig is the base of Solar panel manufacturers Australia where you can get all kind of solar power devices like; Battery, Solar Battery storage, Hybrid Inverter system and Tesla. Solar power inverter is a small sized device that generates more power as your requirements.
Krammer P. et al.: Electrical impedance tomography Simulator.Hauke Sann
Swisstom Scientific Library; 16th International Conference on Biomedical Applications of Electrical Impedance Tomography, Neuchâtel Switzerland, June 2-5, 2015
Three-phase ac motors have been the workhorse of industry since the earliest days of electrical engineering. They are reliable, efficient, cost-effective and need little or no maintenance. In addition, ac motors such as induction and reluctance motors need no electrical connection to the rotor, so can easily be made flameproof for use in hazardous environments such as in mines.
In order to provide proper speed control of an ac motor, it is necessary to supply the motor with a three phase supply of which both the voltage and the frequency can be varied. Such a supply will create a variable speed rotating field in the stator that will allow the rotor to rotate at the required speed with low slip. This ac motor drive can efficiently provide full torque from zero speed to full speed, can overspeed if necessary, and can, by changing phase rotation, easily provide bi-directional operation of the motor. A drive with these characteristics is known as a PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) motor drive.
Drives and motors are an integral part of industrial equipment from packaging,robotics, computer numerical control (CNC), machine tools, industrial pumps,and fans. Designing next-generation drive systems to lower operating costs requires complex control algorithms at very low latencies as well as a flexibleplatform to support changing needs and the ability to design multiple-axis systems.
Traditional drive systems based on ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), and microcontroller units lack the performance and flexibility to address these needs. Altera’s family of FPGAs provides a scalable platform that can be used to offload control algorithm elements in hardware. You may also integrate the whole drive system with industry-proven processor architectures while supporting multipletypes of encoders and industrial Ethernet protocols. This “drive on a chip” system reduces cost and simplifies development.
Single phase grid connected fuel system based on boost inverterRohithasangaraju
Abstract—
In this project, the boost-inverter topology is used as a building block for a single-phase grid-connected fuel cell (FC) system offering low cost and compactness. In addition, the pro- posed system incorporates battery-based energy storage and a dc–dc bidirectional converter to support the slow dynamics of the FC. The single-phase boost inverter is voltage-mode controlled and the dc–dc bidirectional converter is current-mode controlled. The low-frequency current ripple is supplied by the battery which minimizes the effects of such ripple being drawn directly from the FC itself. Moreover, this system can operate either in a grid-connected or stand-alone mode. In the grid-connected mode, the boost inverter is able to control the active (P) and reactive (Q) powers using an algorithm based on a second-order generalized integrator which provides a fast signal conditioning for single-phase systems. Design guidelines, simulation, and experimental results taken from a laboratory prototype are presented to confirm the performance of the proposed system.
Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) Application In Instrument Landing System...Mal Mai
Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) Application In Instrument Landing-is the system where an aircraft landing automatically to the runway selected. The system will catch to glideslope and and localize
A Novel Approach for Measuring Electrical Impedance Tomography for Local Tiss...CSCJournals
This paper proposes a novel approach for measuring Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) of a living tissue in a human body. EIT is a non-invasive technique to measure two or three-dimensional impedance for medical diagnosis involving several diseases. To measure the impedance value electrodes are connected to the skin of the patient and an image of the conductivity or permittivity of living tissue is deduced from surface electrodes. The determination of local impedance parameters can be carried out using an equivalent circuit model. However, the estimation of inner tissue impedance distribution using impedance measurements on a global tissue from various directions is an inverse problem. Hence it is necessary to solve the inverse problem of calculating mathematical values for current and potential from conducting surfaces. This paper proposes a novel algorithm that can be successfully used for estimating parameters. The proposed novel hybrid model is a combination of an artificial intelligence based gradient free optimization technique and numerical integration. This ameliorates the achievement of spatial resolution of equivalent circuit model to the closest accuracy. We address the issue of initial parameter estimation and spatial resolution accuracy of an electrode structure by using an arrangement called “divided electrode” for measurement of bio-impedance in a cross section of a local tissue.
AN ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR THYROID GLAND WITH A TINY ELECT...ijbesjournal
Electrical impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique based on measuring of the
electrical conductivity and capacitance of abnormal and normal human tissues. The present work aims to
develop an EIT imaging system for imaging thyroid gland. Patients with thyroid nodules were eligible for
the study. The study was conducted on two groups of participants: control group consists of 20 normal
female cases and experimental consists of 20 goiter female patients. The thyroid nodule location, size, and
type measured by ultrasound. Thyroid gland conductivity and permittivity were recorded using EIT. The
impedance measurement is done through the applying of two probes: one probe to the neck region
(scanning probe) and the rest region (reference probe) with electrolytic gel for each probe, then the system
software proceeds to reconstruct the image and calculate the electrical impedance of the thyroid gland on
a personal computer which acts as an output display and storage for case information. The thyroid
scanning probe has 64 electrodes embedded on a small space (30 mm diameter and 50 mm height) inside
of the probe. Multifrequency impedance measurements are typically made by applying an electric current
to a target mass by using of the scanning probe and measuring the developed voltage. The present EIT
system provides real- time visualization of the spatial distribution of the electrical properties of the thyroid
tissue. Images obtained from the bioimpedance (BI) were compared to images obtained from the
ultrasound imaging, results showed great similarity between the two diagnostic images. Tumor tissue has
higher resistance and capacitance value than that of normal thyroid gland.
INVESTIGATING THE USE OF IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY FOR DETECTING DECREASED BL...Mirza Baig
Literature Review
According to Isabel Morales’ research, the foot impedance plethysmography was carried out with two distinct kinds of electrodes, using 1mA/10kHz and finding the impedance of the foot.
In this study Piuzzi research is an ultimate technique selected that makes use of a current with a frequency of 50 kHz that is injected into the thorax of the subject using a couple of textile electrodes.
In this study of Ramkumar & Babu, blood flow was performed using a fuzzy logic toolbox with many different activities, measured before and after the 25 seconds of breath-holding activity. The plethysmographic waveform of forearm impedance can be used to analyze the changes in a heartbeat that are correlated with the changes in heart stroke volume.
Contribution
In this work we are investigating using multiple electrodes to see the additional data going to make testing easier.
Our research is primarily focusing on the amount of blood flow through the finger of the upper limb for diabetic patients.
Conclusion
The finger-simplified model was created in model geometry. A framework made up of five parts was used to build the finger. (i.e., skin, fat, artery, muscle, and bone)
The study includes COMSOL simulation results compared with experimental results to obtain the optimum parameters for this technique. The COMSOL simulation uses 4 electrodes in different positions with a current of 10mA giving the optimal frequency of 100Hz.
It was shown that multiple electrodes can be useful in obtaining impedance change.
This is useful because signals can not be obtained from one pair, or to further support the results.
The study was performed under normal resting conditions where an experimental procedure was set up to measure the impedance response from the finger.
Experiment results were not conclusive as more sensitive impedance analyzers are required.
This research will be helpful to find out the heartbeat using impedance plethysmography.
Project Report on ECG Transmitter using Agilent ADS (Advance System Design)Manu Mitra
In 1996, Intellidesign Pty Ltd (then IntelliMed) was approached by a cardiologist to design an ECG Holter monitor. This original device was a two or three lead, single channel ECG device, which could continuously record for a maximum of one hour. Additionally, the device had Polar Chest Strap capabilities for the added functionality as a Heart Rate monitor. The device could operate in four different modes: 1-hour ECG Recording Mode, in which the device would record one continuous hour of near diagnostic quality ECG trace during exercise; Event Recording Mode, in which the device would record up to 60, one minute segments around a recorded event, over a period of up to 24 hours; Heart rate Recording Mode, in which the unit would have the capacity to record up to 24 hours of heart rate information; and ECG Telemetry Mode, in which the unit would transmit, via a Radio Frequency (RF) link, a real-time ECG signal to a receiver unit. The purpose of this project is to design ECG transmitter using the software Agilent ADS.
Reconstruction of electrical impedance tomography images based on the expecta...ISA Interchange
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) calculates the internal conductivity distribution within a body using electrical contact measurements. The image reconstruction for EIT is an inverse problem, which is both non-linear and ill-posed. The traditional regularization method cannot avoid introducing negative values in the solution. The negativity of the solution produces artifacts in reconstructed images in presence of noise. A statistical method, namely, the expectation maximization (EM) method, is used to solve the inverse problem for EIT in this paper. The mathematical model of EIT is transformed to the non-negatively constrained likelihood minimization problem. The solution is obtained by the gradient projection-reduced Newton (GPRN) iteration method. This paper also discusses the strategies of choosing parameters. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the reconstructed images with higher quality can be obtained by the EM method, compared with the traditional Tikhonov and conjugate gradient (CG) methods, even with non-negative processing.
Modeling of electric field and joule heating in breast tumor during electrop...Carlos A. Ramírez
— Electroporation consists in an electro-permeabilization of the cell membrane as a consequence of its exposure to an external electric field. Electrochemotherapy is an application of electroporation and represents a minimally invasive technique which is pretended to be applied in breast cancer treatment. The distribution of the electric field in tumoral tissue was obtained by simulation using finite elements technique.
This work presents a simulation of a breast carcinoma embedded in the healthy tissue under an electric field exposure through steel electrodes. The modeling of the current density and the temperature rise the electroporation whiting breast tissue and cancerous tissue seeks to observe by putting steel electrodes inside the deep tissue.
The effect of the electric field applied to deep tissue will depend on the geometry of the electrodes, Voltage applied through them and the kind of signal (time applied, voltage pulse train period, frequency pulses).
Implementation of Radon Transformation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)ijistjournal
Radon Transformation is generally used to construct optical image (like CT image) from the projection data in biomedical imaging. In this paper, the concept of Radon Transformation is implemented to reconstruct Electrical Impedance Topographic Image (conductivity or resistivity distribution) of a circular subject. A parallel resistance model of a subject is proposed for Electrical Impedance Topography(EIT) or Magnetic Induction Tomography(MIT). A circular subject with embedded circular objects is segmented into equal width slices from different angles. For each angle, Conductance and Conductivity of each slice is calculated and stored in an array. A back projection method is used to generate a two-dimensional image from one-dimensional projections. As a back projection method, Inverse Radon Transformation is applied on the calculated conductance and conductivity to reconstruct two dimensional images. These images are compared to the target image. In the time of image reconstruction, different filters are used and these images are compared with each other and target image.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. Electrical Impedance Tomography
• Relatively new medical imaging
Technique.
• Body Surface Electrodes apply current
patterns and measure the resulting
voltages
• Distribution of conductivity is calculated
7. Figure 2: Electrode configuration around the
Thorax: Small alternating currents are being
applied through drive electrodes (red), the
resulting equal potentials being recorded by
the remaining (green) electrodes.
8. Figure 1: A cross section of a human thorax
from an X-ray CT showing current stream lines
and equi potentials from drive electrodes.
Note how lines are bent by the change in
conductivity between different organs.
9. In this prototype, the electrodes are attached
around a grapefruit which represents a child's
head. Liquid is injected into the grapefruit to
mimic brain haemorrhage.
10. •After positioning surface electrodes through adhesive electrodes, an
electrode belt or a conductive electrode vest around the body part of
interest, alternating currents of typically a few milli-Amperes at a
frequency of 10–100 kHz will be applied across two or more drive
electrodes.
The remaining electrodes will be used to measure the resulting voltage.
•The procedure will then be repeated for numerous "stimulation
patterns",
•E.x. successive pairs of adjacent electrodes until an entire circle has
been completed and image reconstruction can be carried out and
displayed by a digital workstation that incorporates complex
mathematical algorithms and a priori data
THEORY
12. Applications
• EIT can image physiological processes
• involving movement of conductive fluids
• and gasses
• Lungs
• Heart
• Brain
• Chest
13. Lung (a-EIT, f-EIT)
• EIT is particularly useful for monitoring lung
function because lung tissue resistivity is five
times higher when compared to most other soft
tissues within the thorax.
• This results in high absolute contrast of the lungs
in general. In addition, lung resistivity increases
and decreases several-fold between inspiration
and expiration
• which explains why monitoring the respiratory
cycle is currently the most promising clinical
application of functional EIT.
15. Brain (a-EIT, f-EIT, MF-EIT)
• EIT has been suggested as a basis for brain
imaging to enable the detection and
• Monitoring of cerebral
ischemia, haemorrhage,
• Other morphological pathologies associated
with impedance changes due to neuronal cell
swelling
16. ADVANTAGES
• EIT is a relatively low resolution imaging
• modality, but
• • Non-invasive
• • Non-cumbersome
• • Suitable for monitoring
• • Underlying technology is low cost
17. Disadvantages
• Absolute EIT approaches are targeted at
digital reconstruction of static images, i.e.
two-dimensional representations of the
anatomy within the body part of interest. As
mentioned above and unlike linear x-rays
in Computed Tomography, electrical currents
travel three-dimensionally along the path of
least resistivity, which results in partial loss of
the electrical current applied
18. Disadvantages
• This is one of the reasons why image reconstruction in
absolute EIT is so complex, since there is usually more
than just one solution for image reconstruction of a
three-dimensional area projected onto a two-
dimensional plane.
• Another difficulty is that given the number of
electrodes and the measurement precision at each
electrode, only objects bigger than a given size can be
distinguished. This explains the necessity of highly
sophisticated mathematical algorithms that will
account for the inverse problem and its ill-posedness.
