Electrical Distribution System

A
VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
“Commissioning, Testing, Maintenance & Operation of
Electrical Machines & Equipment’s”
Submitted for the partial fulfillment of award of
Degree
In
Electrical Engineering
Submitted to:
Central Training Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
Submitted By:
Vinay Vishwakarma
Saurabh Dwivedi
Ravi Kumar Loniya
Manoj Prajapati
Aman Shukla
Guided by:
Mr. R. K. Thakur
(Head of Central Training Institute, Jabalpur)
December 2016
Department of Electrical Engineering
-------------------AKS University, Satna, INDIA------------------

AKS University, Satna `
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Certificate of Approval
This is to certify that the work presented in the project report
entitled “Commissioning, Testing, Maintenance & Operation of
Electrical Machines & Equipment’s “ in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of B.Tech in Electrical Engineering and
Diploma in Electrical Engineering from A.K.S University, Satna is
an authentic work carried by
Vinay Vishwakarma B. Tech Electrical
Saurabh Dwivedi Diploma Electrical
Ravi Kumar Loniya Diploma Electrical
Manoj Prajapati Diploma Electrical
Aman Shukla Diploma Electrical
under my supervision.
To the best of my knowledge the content of this report does
not form a basis for the award of any previous degree to anyone
else.
Mr. R.K. Thakur
Project Guide
CTI, Nayagaon, Jabalpur

AKS University, Satna `
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Acknowledgement
I have great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of
gratitude and most sincere thanks to Mr. R.K. Thakur, for his
valuable guidance and keen interest in planning, progress and
completion work.
I am also sincerely thankful to our Guide Er. Navneet
Rathore, Executive Engineer, Er. D.S. Thakur, Assistant
Engineer for the facilities provided to complete the project and
encourage us to select this project and provide me the
environment to complete our project.
I am also like to thank our senior faculty members Er. R.K
Shrivastava, Er. Ashutosh Dubey and other faculty members
who inspired us and guided time to time to complete our Project
report.
I heartly thank my parent’s, family members and my friends who
encourage me in all possible manners towards this project.
Name of Group Members Signature
Vinay Vishwakarma
Saurabh Dwivedi
Ravi Kumar Loniya
Manoj Prajapati
Aman Shukla

CONTENT
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL……………………………………………..……i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………….…ii
INTRODUCTION OF CENTRAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (CTI) …………..….1
CHAPTER 1: Low Tension Meter Testing Lab………………………….………2-5
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………..……….2
1.2 Electrical Energy Meter……………………………………………….…2
1.3 Electronic Energy Meter…………………………………………….…..3
1.4 About Avon Meter………………………………………………………4
1.5 About AEW Meter………………………………………………………4
1.6 Specification on Meter………………………………………………..…5
CHAPTER 2: Major Transformer Repairing Unit ………………………………6-9
2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….…..6
2.2 Introduction of Transformer……………………………………..………6
2.3 Type of Distribution Transformer………………………………….……6
2.4 Accessories of Transformer……………………………………..………8
CHAPTER 3: Sub Transmission and Construction………………...…………10-12
3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………….……..10
CHAPTER 4: Workshop …………………………………………….………..13-15
4.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………..……..13
4.2 Lathes Machine ………………………………………………………..13
4.3 Shaping Machine …………………………………………..…………..13
4.4 Punching Machine…………………………………………………….. 14
4.5 Welding ………………………………………………………………..15
CHAPTER 5: Substation ……………………………………………..…………..16
5.1 Substation ………………………………………………….…………..16

5.2 Element of Substation………………………………….………………16
5.3 Need of Substation in Transmission & Distribution………...…………16
CHAPTER 6: Protective Scheme ………………………………………..……17-18
6.1 Lightning Arrestor…………………………………………………….. 17
6.2 Capacitive Voltage Transformer ………………………………………17
6.3 Wave Trap ……………………………………………………………..17
6.4 Isolator …………………………………………………………..……..17
6.5 Circuit Breaker…………………………………………..……………..17
6.6 Sulphur Hexafluoride SF6…………………………...…………………17
6.7 Current Transformer ……………………………….…………………..18
6.8 Potential Transformer ……………………………...…………………..18
6.9 Earthing Switch ………………………………………………………..18
6.10 Capacitor Bank …………………………………...…………………..18
6.11 Busbar …………………………………………………….…………..18
CHAPTER 7: Protective Devices for Internal Fault…………………………..19-20
7.1 Buchholz Relay…………………………………………….…………..19
7.2 Pressure Relay ………………………………………………..………..20
7.3 Oil Level Monitor Devices……………………………………………..20
7.4 Winding Thermometer………………………………………………..20
CHAPTER 8: Switchgear………………………………………………………..21
8.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….. 21
8.2 Battery Room……………………………………………..…………..21
CHAPTER 9: PLCC & SCADA ………………………………..……………22-23
9.1 Power Line Carrier Communication …………………………………..22
9.2 Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition……………………………23

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Department Of Electrical Engineering
AKS University, Satna, Madhya Pradesh
Introduction of Central Training Institute (CTI) Nayagaon,
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
Central Training Institute,(Hindi:क??ीय ?िश?ण सं?थान) popularly known as CTI
Jabalpur, located in Nayagaon, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, is an apex
training institute of MPPKVVCL (Madhya Pradesh East Zone Electricity
Distribution Company Ltd), wholly owned by the Government of Madhya Pradesh.
The institute provides technical and managerial training to Assistant Engineers,
Junior Engineers, Accounts Officers, H R Managers, Office Assistants, Line Men,
and Testing Assistants etc. The Institute was established in 2006, after the
unbundling of State Electricity Board, as a Power Distribution Engineering and
Management training Center for employees of MPPKVVCL.
Soon after, the institute got recognition from Ministry of Power, Government of
India and became a partner training institute of Power Finance
Corporation and Corporation. The institute is an ISO 9001:2008 certified training
institute.
The Government of Madhya Pradesh vide order dated 1st
July, 02 has
incorporated Madhya Pradesh Poorv Kshetra Vidyut Vitran Company Limited as a
wholly owned Government of Madhya Pradesh Corporations under the
Companies Act, 1956 to undertake activities of distribution and retail supply for
and on behalf of Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board in the areas covered by
the Commissionaires of Jabalpur, Sagar , Rewa and Shahdol..Company
Profile Poorv Kshetra company encompasses an area 135162 SQ KM served by
89,489 kms of HT and 1,02,231 km of LT distribution network. The size of
the administrative set-up is as below:
Number of Regions 3
Number of Circles 15
Number of Divisions 52
Number of Sub-divisions 189
Number of Distribution Centers 381

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1.1 INTRODUCTION
LTMT is a lab where all the single phase and three phase meter are going to
test. These test are as follows: Power Factor test, Creeping Test, Starting
current test dial test and display meter test which includes LC/ LED test,
Date, Real time, cumulative reset count, phase to neutral voltage.
There is a bench which having power supply with rated current and voltage
which is applied to meter which is going to test and fully tested that meter is
working properly or not. Resistive Load is given through the meter that is
1KW which actually give reading 1 unit reading in 1 hours correctly. Then
the meter is correct otherwise meter is working slowly or fastly which shows
the meter having fault.
1.2 Electrical Energy Meter
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a
device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by
a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device.
Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises to
measure electric energy delivered to their customers for billing purposes.
They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being
the kilowatt hour [kWh]. They are usually read once each billing period.
CHAPTER 1:
LOW TENSION METER
TESTING LAB

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1.3 Electronic Energy Meter
An Electronic Energy Meter (EEM) functionally outperforms the
traditional Ferrari’s wheel meter. One important advantage of EEM is that in
nonlinear loads, its metering is highly accurate and electronic measurement
is more robust than that of the conventional mechanical meters. The Power
companies benefits from EEM in three significant ways.
1. It reduces the cost of theft and corruption on electricity distribution
network with electronic designs and prepayment interfaces.
2. Electronic energy meter measures current in both Phase and Neutral
lines and calculate power consumption based on the larger of the two
currents.
3. EEM improves the cost and quality of electricity distribution.

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1.4 About AVON meter Pvt. Ltd
AVON METERS PRIVATE LIMITED is an Indian based company which
carries on the business of manufacturing, importing, exporting, repairing,
buying, selling and dealing in electric meters transformers light fittings,
luminaries, wire, cables, lamps, fans, electro motors, generators, radiators,
refrigerators and other goods and hardware. The company has its registered
office in the State of Chandigarh.
1.5 About AEW (Allied Engineering Work) Pvt. Ltd

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AEWPL was established in 1985 as a proprietorship concern named Allied
Engineering Works (Allied), which was engaged in manufacturing of ceiling
fans and lighting fittings till 2008–09. From 2009 onwards, the firm
manufactured electronic energy meters and cables used by state electricity
boards. In 2009–10, the promoters of Allied established AEW Infratech
Private Limited (AEW) and Allied’s entire business was transferred to AEW
in 2010–11. In FY2011–12, AEW set up a 1,000 kilowatt solar power unit in
Bikaner, Rajasthan. AEWPL was incorporated on June 07, 2011 to take over
AEW’s electrical meters and cables manufacturing business (with effect
from April 01, 2012), while the solar power unit remained with AEW.
AEWPL is engaged in manufacturing of electronic energy meters, electric
cables and conductors. The company also undertakes EPC contracts.
AEWPL caters to public sector undertakings, electricity boards and turnkey
contractors. The company is based in New Delhi and is currently managed
by Mr. R. P. Goel and his son Mr. Ashutosh Goel.
1.6 Specification on Meter

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2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this division there are all distribution transformer are going to repair. The
assembly of transformer are going to rechecked and reassembled. The major test
are as follows:
1. Measurement of Winding Resistance.
2. Measurement of Voltage Ratio.
3. Measurement of impedance Voltage/ Star circuit impedance test/ load loss
test.
4. Measurement of no-load loss and no load current.
5. Measurement of insulation resistance.
6. Measurement of Dielectric Strength.
7. Separate source withstand test.
8. Induced over voltage withstand.
9. Specific resistance (resistivity) of oil.
10.Dielectric dissipation factor (tangent delta) of oil.
2.2 Introduction of Transformer
CHAPTER 2: MAJOR
TRANSFORMER
REPAIRING UNIT

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Transformer is a static device which transfers power from one circuit to another
without changing its frequency. A transformer is an electrical device that transfers
electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
2.3 Types of Distribution Transformer
Transformer can be categorized in different ways depending upon their purpose,
use, construction etc. The types of transformer are as follows:
1. Step up & Step down Transformer: Generally used for stepping up and
down the voltage level of power of generation, transmission and distribution
power system network.
2. Three Phase & Single Phase Transformer: Former is generally used in
3 phase power system as it is cost effective than later. But when size matters,
it is preferable to use a bank of 3 single phase transformer as it is easier to
transport than one single three phase transformer unit.
3. Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer & Instrument
Transformer: Power Transformer are generally used in transmission
network for stepping up or down the voltage level. Distribution transformer
steps down the voltage for distribution purpose to domestic or commercial
users. It has good voltage regulation and operates 24 hours a day with
maximum efficiency at 50% of full load. Instrument Transformer includes
C.T. & P.T. which are used to reduce high voltage and current to lesser
values which can be measured by conventional instruments.

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4. Oil cooled & Dry Type Transformer: In oil cooled transformer the
cooling medium is Transformer Oil whereas the dry type is air cooled.
5. Core Type, Shell Type & Berry Type: In core type transformer it has
two vertical legs or limbs with two horizontal section name yoke. Core is
rectangular in shape with a common magnetic circuit. Shell type
transformer: It has a central limb and two outer limbs. Both HV, LV coils
are placed on the central lim. Double magnetic circuit is present. Berry type
transformer: The core look like spokes of wheel. Tightly fitted metal sheet
tanks are used for housing this type of transformer it transformer oil filled
inside.

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2.4 Accessories of Transformer
1. Breather: When the temperature changes occur in transformer insulating oil,
the oil expands or contract and there an exchange of air also occurs when
transformer is fully loaded. When transformer gets cooled, the oil level goes
down and air gets absorbed within. This process is called breathing and the
apparatus that pass through the air is called Breather. Actually Silica Gel
breather controls the level of moisture, entering electrical equipment during the
change in volume of the cooling medium.
2. Conservator Tank: This is cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure
on the roof of the transformer’s main tank. The conservator tank of a
transformer provides adequate space for expansion of oil during rise of
temperature. This tank of transformer also acts as a reservoir of oil.
3. Explosion Vent: The purpose of explosion vent in a transformer is to prevent
damage of the transformer tank be releasing any excessive pressure generated
inside the transformer.
4. Radiator: This is a chamber connected to the transformer to provide cooling of
the oil. It has got fan attached to it to provide better cooling.
5. Thermosyphon Filter: Thermosyphon is an ON line transformer oil filtration
system having some absorbents and mounted in the flow line of transformer oil
outside the main tank of transformer. Some Indian transformer manufacturer

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are aware about it however there are some grey area like type and quantity
absorbent, design of fixture, maintenance schedule.
6. Minimum Oil Gauge MOG: This is device is used to indicate the position of
transformer insulating oil level in conservator of transformer. This is
mechanical device. Magnetic oil level indicator of transformer consists of
mainly three parts:
1. One Float
2. Bevel Gear Arrangement
3. An indicating dial

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3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this department we have learned about the detail of Clamp, Pole, Insulators, Size
of wire like ACSR and AAAC, DC channel used for mounting transformer,
Conductor name and their size.
The list of material are given below:
CHAPTER 3: SUB
TRANSMISSION &
CONSTRUCTION

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ACSR Conductor

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CLAMP

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4.1 INTRODUCTION
Madhya Pradesh Poorv Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Co. Ltd. Has its own workshop for
manufacturing of its materials like Clamps, Poles, Angles, LT Cross Arms, Top
Clamps, DC Channels, Stay Clamps, DO mounting Channel, Earthing Rods, Back
Clamps, Transformer mounting channel and Mounting angle, Guarding channel &
Angle, Gantry structure H beam, Isolator structure R.S. Joist, Transformer Base
Channel etc. Workshop is fully furnished with different kinds of machines for
Pressing, Shaping, Cutting and Welding.
In workshop there are Lathe machine, Shaping machine, Welding machine, Cutting
machine and Pressing machine are placed in a assembly line for proper working
environment.
4.2 Lathes Machine
Lathe is a machine tool used to remove unwanted material from a given work piece
to get desired shape. It is generally used for machining cylindrical work pieces.
This article gives you a short introduction to lathe and explains it’s working. A
typical lathe consists of bed, head stock, tail stock, tool post, carriage and feeding
mechanism. Lathe is capable of performing a number of operations
4.3 Shaping Machine
A shaper is a type of machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the
workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to machine a linear toolpath. Its cut is
analogous to that of a lathe, except that it is (archetypally) linear instead of helical.
CHAPTER 4:
WORKSHOP

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A metalworking shaper is somewhat analogous to a metalworking planer, with the
cutter riding a ram that moves relative to a stationary workpiece, rather than the
workpiece moving beneath the cutter. The ram is typically actuated by a
mechanical crank inside the column, though hydraulically actuated shapers are
increasingly used. Adding axes of motion to a shaper can yield helical toolpaths, as
also done inhelical planing.
4.4 Punching Machine
Punching is a metal forming process that uses a punch press to force a tool, called
a punch, through the workpiece to create a hole via shearing. The punch often
passes through the work into a die. A scrap slug from the hole is deposited into the
die in the process. Depending on the material being punched this slug may be
recycled and reused or discarded. Punching is often the cheapest method for
creating holes in sheet metal in medium to high production volumes. When a
specially shaped punch is used to create multiple usable parts from a sheet of
material the process is known as blanking. In forging applications the work is often
punched while hot, and this is called hot punching.

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4.5 Welding
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials,
usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower
temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do
not melt the base metal. In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is
typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that
cools to form a joint that is usually stronger than the base material. Pressure may
also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld.
Although less common, there are also solid state welding processes such as friction
welding or shielded active gas welding in which metal does not melt.

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5.1 Substation
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (ex- Voltage,
Current, Frequency, Power Factor etc.) of electric supply is called substation. An
power substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, Transmission
and Distribution system where voltages is transformed from high or medium to
low or the reverse using transformer. Electric power flows through several
substations between generating plant and consumer changing the voltage level in
several stage.
5.2 Elements of Substation
Substations generally contains one or more transformers and have switching,
protection and control equipment. Circuit Breakers are used to interrupt any short
circuit or overload currents that may occur on the network. A typical substation
will contain line termination structures, high-voltage switchgear, one or more
power transformer, low voltage switchgear, surge protection, controls, grounding
(earthing) system and metering. Other devices such as power factor correction
capacitor and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation.
5.3 Need of Substation in Transmission and Distribution
Major Tasks associated with major substation in the transmission and distribution
system include following:
1. Protection of transmission system.
2. Controlling the exchange of energy.
3. Ensure steady state & Transient stability.
4. Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism.
5. Voltage control: Reducing the reactive power flow by compensation of
reactive power, tap changing.
6. Data transmission via power line carrier communication for the purpose of
network monitoring, control and protection.
7. Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines.
8. Reliable supply by feeding the network at various point.
9. Establishment of economic load distribution and several associated
functions.
CHAPTER 5:
SUBSTATION

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6.1 Lightning Arrestor: It is a device used on electrical power system to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of
lightning.
6.2 Capacitor Voltage Transformer: A CVT or Capacitance coupled
voltage transformer CCVT is a transformer used in power systems to step down
extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal for measurement or to
operate a protective relay.
6.3 Wave Trap: It is a device which is used for communication purpose in
substation. It consist of filter circuit (inductor) which is used to allow only power
frequency waves to electrical equipment’s and stop the communication or high
frequency into the yard.
6.4 Isolator: It is manually operated device which is used to make or break the
line. Isolator never operates on ON load.
6.5 Circuit Breaker: It is automatically operated device which is used to
make or break the circuit under all conditions such as NO load, Full load or Fault
condition.
6.6 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breaker: A circuit
breaker in which the current carrying contacts operates in Sulphur hexafluoride or
SF6 gas is known as SF6 has excellent insulating property.
When Closing: Open earthing switch
CHAPTER 6:
PROTECTIVE SCHEME

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Close isolator
Then close circuit breaker
When Opening: First to open circuit breaker
Next to open isolator
Then the earthing switch to close
6.7 Current Transformer CT: A current transformer is an instrument
transformer, used along with measuring or protective devices, in which the
secondary current is proportional to primary current (under normal condition of
operation) and differs from it by an angle which is approximately zero.
Q. Why we use CT in a substation?
Ans. CT is used for protection and metering purpose. It step down the
current level of the line for following purpose.
Measurement: Ammeter, KW meter, KWH meter, Power Factor meter.
Control & Protection: Current when exceeds the set value operates the
relay which sense the fault condition.
6.8 Potential Transformer PT: It is a electrical devices that are used to
measure voltage circulating in electrical power systems. They are designed to
control circuitry of high voltages by making use of highly accurate transformation
ratio between magnitude and phase. Potential transformer is also used known as
Voltage or Instrument Transformer.
6.9 Earthing Switch: Earthing switch connect the live parts/ line conductors
and earth. This switch is normally open. During maintenance although circuit is
open still there are some voltages on line, due to which capacitance between line
and earth is charged. Before proceeding to maintenance work the voltages
discharged to earth, by closing the earth switch.
6.10 Capacitor Bank: It is simply an array of capacitors connected into a
circuit. Capacitor are used to control the voltages that is supplied to the customer
by eliminating the voltage drops in the system caused by inductive reactive load.

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6.11 Busbar: A system of electrical conductor in a generating or receiving
station on which power is concentrated for distribution.
The following discusses protection devices typically delivered as a part of the
power transformer delivery.
1. Buchholz (Gas) Relay
2. Pressure Relay
3. Oil Level Monitor Devices
4. Winding Thermometer
7.1 Buchholz (Gas) Relay: The buchholz protection is a mechanical fault
detector for electrical faults in oil-immersed transformers. The buchholz relay is
placed in the piping between the transformer main tank and the oil conservator.
When minor fault occurs
Gases produced by minor fault rise from the fault location to the top of the
transformer. Then the gas bubbles pass up to the conservator. The gas bubbles will
be tapped in the casing of the buchholz protection. This means, that the gas
replaces the oil in the casing. As the oil level falls, the float will follow and the
mercury switch tilts and closes an alarm circuits.
When major fault occurs
Such faults rapidly produce large volumes of gas (more than 50 cm3
/ KW) and oil
vapour which cannot escape. This sets up a rapid flow from the transformer toward
the conservator. The vane responds to high oil and gas flow in the pipe to the
conservator. In this case, the mercury switch closes a trip circuit. The operating
CHAPTER 7
PROTECTIVE DEVICES FOR
INTERNAL FAULTS

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time of the trip contact depends on the fault current. The operating time should not
exceed 0.3 seconds.
7.2 Pressure Relay: When the pressure in front of the piston exceeds the
counter force of the spring, the piston will move operating the switching contacts.
The micro switch inside the switching unit is hermetically sealed and pressurized
with nitrogen gas. The simplest form of pressure relief devices is the widely used
frangible disk. The surge of oil caused by a heavy internal fault bursts the disk and
allows the oil to discharge rapidly. Relieving and limiting the pressure rise prevent
explosive rupture of the tank and consequent fire.
7.3 Oil level Monitor Devices: Transformer with oil conservator (expansion
tank) often have an oil level monitor. Usually, the monitor has two contacts for
alarm. One contact is for maximum oil level alarm and the other contact is for
minimum oil level alarm.
7.4 Winding Thermometer: The winding thermometer creates an images
of the hottest part of the winding. The measurement is further expanded with a
current signal proportional to the loading current in the winding.
This current signal is taken from a current transformer located inside the bushing
of that particular winding. This current is lead to a resistor element in the main
unit. This resistor heats up, and a result of the current flowing through it, it will
turn heat up the measurement below, resulting in an increased indicator movement.
Oil thermometer and winding thermometer main units are fitted on the side of a
power transformer.

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8.1 Introduction
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the
switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes
all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power
system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear.
We are familiar with low voltages switches and re-wireable fuse in our home. This
switch is used to manually open and close the electrical circuit in our home and
electrical fuse is used to protect our household electrical circuit from over current
and short circuit fault. In same way every electrical circuit including high voltage
electrical power system needs switching and protective devices. But in high
voltage and extra high voltage system, these switching and protective scheme
becomes complicated one for high fault current interruption in safe and secure
way. In addition to that from commercial point of view every electrical power
system needs measuring, control and regulating arrangement. Collectively the
whole system is called switchgear and protection of power system.
8.2 Battery Bank or Battery Room
The 48V DC and 110 V DC system is used at power substation. The DC system is
supplies direct current as source of operating power for control, signaling, relays
tripping and closing of switchgear, emergency motors of most important auxiliary.
There are 24 Batteries are connected in series which provides 48V. Each battery
are of 2 volts. Battery bank is used to give continuous supply to circuit breaker and
relays for the protection of power system equipment from fault.
CHAPTER 8
SWITCHGEAR EQUIPMENT

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9.1 Power line Carrier Communication PLCC
Use of PLCC is modern electrical power system is mainly for telemetry and
telecontrol. Tele means remote. Telemetry refers to science of measurement from
remote locations.
Main data transmission system for telemetry and telecontrol are:
1. Use of telephone lines
2. Use of separate cables
3. Power Line Carrier Communication
4. Radio wave micro wave channel
Each end of transmission line is provided with identical PLCC equipment
consisting of equipment:
1. Transmitter and Receiver
2. Hybrids and Filters
3. Line Tuners
4. Power amplifier
5. Coupling Capacitor
Distance protection relay in relay panel at one end of the transmission line gets the
input from CT and CVT in line. The output of relay goes to modem of PLCC. The
output of PLCC goes to coupling capacitor and then to transmission line and
travels to another end where it is received through coupling capacitor and inputted
to relay and control panel at that end.
CHAPTER 9
PLCC AND SCADA

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9.2 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA
A SCADA system is a common industrial process automation system which is
used to collect data from instruments and sensors located at remote sides and to
transmit data at a central site for either monitoring or controlling purpose. The
collected data from sensor and instruments is usually viewed on one or more
SCADA host computer that are located at the central site.
Functions of SCADA in Transmission & Distribution system
1. Improve power system efficiency by maintaining an acceptable range of
power factor.
2. Limiting peak power demand.
3. Continuous monitoring and controlling of various electrical parameter in
both normal and abnormal conditions.
4. Trending and alarming to enable operators by addressing the problem spot.
5. Historian data and viewing that from remote junction.
6. Quick response to customer service interruptions.
The main goal of this project is to process and control the working of industrial
machinery by using SCADA.

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