The document discusses the problems caused by aging populations and what governments are doing to address them. As the proportion of retired people grows, they will make up a larger share of the population and costs related to healthcare, pensions, and elderly services will rise significantly. To combat these challenges, governments are taking steps like raising the retirement age to keep older workers in the workforce longer, providing incentives for higher birth rates, and encouraging immigration to boost the working population. Governments are also promoting personal retirement savings and developing more elderly care facilities to help support aging societies.