Impact of the Liberal Reforms - the sick
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The National Insurance Act of 1911 established Britain's first national health insurance system and "sick pay" for workers. It required all workers aged 16-70 earning less than £160 per year to pay weekly contributions. In return, workers received 10 shillings per week for 13 weeks of sick leave, then 5 shillings for another 13 weeks. This helped prevent sick workers from becoming impoverished but only provided for up to 26 weeks of leave. The system was criticized for not covering long-term illnesses or dependents. It also faced opposition over costs and mandatory medical inspections of children.
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The Liberal Reform Movement
The Liberal Reform Movement sought to address social problems in Britain through new laws and public programs. Studies had shown that nearly a third of the population lived in poverty and could not afford healthcare or adequate housing. The Liberal Party implemented programs like free school meals, medical inspections in schools, old age pensions, unemployment benefits, and national insurance to help the poor and those unable to work due to illness, disability, or old age. However, these new social welfare programs were opposed by some who felt they taxed the rich too much or limited existing private organizations from making as much money.
The evolution of the health care system
The United States health care system has evolved from a tradition of local government responsibility for the poor to a mixed system with both public and private components. Key developments included the rise of hospitals and physicians in the late 19th century, the growth of private health insurance in the mid-20th century, and the creation of Medicare, Medicaid and managed care in the 1960s-1970s to address rising costs and access issues. However, debates continue around the appropriate role of government, consumers, providers and private industry in ensuring affordable, high quality health care for all Americans.
11 Planning for Health Care ExpensesYOU MUST BE KIDDING, RIGHT.docx
11 Planning for Health Care Expenses
YOU MUST BE KIDDING, RIGHT?
Amber Parker is a 46-year-old unmarried mother with two children, ages 16 and 17. She lives partly on alimony from her former husband and she works part-time out of her home as a medical transcriptionist for a local hospital. Last year Amber suffered severe head injuries in a hit-and-run accident when jogging. Amber's wounds have healed and she has regained her ability to speak but is not yet able to walk on her own or use her hands and arms very well. At first she required some mental health counseling. Now she still requires a daily paid caregiver to assist with her personal needs. It may be another six months before she can work again. Which one of the following aspects of her injury were covered by Amber's private health care plan?
A. Hospital stay
B. Rehabilitative care
C. Mental health
D. All of the above
The answer is “all of the above.” Amber had purchased an individual health care policy at HealthCare.gov that covers hospital, surgical, mental health, and rehabilitative care, therefore, after deductibles and copays the Affordable Care Act covered all her expenses. Individuals without health insurance can buy a health care policy on a state or federal exchange!
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain how the Affordable Care Act works, and how consumers shop and pay for health insurance coverage.
Distinguish among the types of health care plans.
Describe the typical features and limitations of health care plans.
Explain the fundamentals of planning for long-term custodial care.
Develop a plan to protect your income when you cannot work due to disability.
Summarize the benefits of preparing advance medical directive documents.
WHAT DO YOU RECOMMEND?
Danielle DiMartino is a 36-year-old single mother with two children, ages 10 and 14. Her 10-year-old daughter has a history of ear infections that require doctor's office visits four or five times per year. Danielle's 71-year-old mother lives with the family for financial reasons; she has hereditary high blood pressure and high cholesterol as well as diabetes. Danielle's mother has enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B.
Danielle's employer pays all or a portion of the cost for a health care plan to cover the company's workers, their spouses, and their dependents. Danielle has four options: (1) the basic HMO managed by a local university medical school/hospital with no additional cost for Danielle, but with additional cost of $122 per month to cover her children, (2) a health insurance plan with a PPO at that same medical center for an additional cost of $245 per month, (3) a traditional health insurance plan that provides access to virtually all health care providers in her community for $455 per month, and (4) a health plan with a $5000 deductible at no additional cost. Danielle's employer offers no disability income or long-term care group plan. She does receive ten sick days per yea ...
Public Option
Information on the history of health care in the U.S., the different health care systems of the world, and why we need the public option in health care reform.
Health promotion introduction l1 1
This document outlines a lecture on health discrepancies and their causes. It introduces the lecturer, Precious Bembridge, who has 9 years of experience in higher education. The lecture will discuss early developments in healthcare like sanitation, principles of health promotion, and socioeconomic influences on health globally and nationally. Students will learn about using statistics to monitor health in England and how housing and homelessness impact health.
Policy welfare state of the uk
What is welfare state?
How it can change people’s lives? How government can prepare good facilities for people?
What are the field of welfare services?
Sec3 chapter3 managing_healthcare(intro&singapore's system)_slideshare
The document discusses and compares the healthcare systems of Singapore and the UK, noting that Singapore follows a model of shared responsibility between individuals, the government, and community groups, while the UK established its National Health Service (NHS) to provide universal free healthcare as part of its welfare state model. However, rising costs have posed challenges for managing the NHS budget and meeting increasing demand for services. Privatization and cost controls have been approaches used in both countries to help address healthcare financing challenges.
Immigrants and healthcare in the united states
The document discusses social justice issues related to uninsured immigrants and healthcare access in the United States. It notes that the uninsured immigrant population faces barriers like unfamiliarity with the healthcare system, language barriers, and difficulty obtaining health insurance or paying costs out of pocket. As a result, uninsured immigrants are less likely to receive timely and effective care, more likely to delay needed care, and have worse health outcomes. This violates principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Improving healthcare access and education for immigrants could help address these issues.
Making of Modern Britain 1880-1951 labour reforms (poverty)
Labour introduced several reforms after World War 2 to tackle poverty in Britain, including the National Insurance Act of 1946 which provided unemployment, sickness, maternity and old age benefits funded by weekly contributions from workers. However, these reforms were criticised for not covering all groups like married women and the self-employed. In 1948, National Assistance was introduced to provide support to the very poorest, including weekly payments and clothing grants, but this was means-tested and seen by some as undermining universal welfare ideals. While Labour's reforms helped many escape poverty, issues remained with low benefit levels and stigma around certain programs.
Overview - Health Care IssuesHealth Care IssuesOpposing .docx
Overview - Health Care Issues
Health Care Issues
Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, 2015
In recent years, the availability and affordability of health insurance in the United States has become
the subject of much debate. The United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights lists medical
care among the basic human rights to which all people are entitled. In 2011, however, about 17
percent of Americans had no health insurance at all. For many people who are insured, the cost of
coverage is a financial hardship. This situation has led some people to call for the government to
provide health insurance for all citizens. Others, however, are skeptical of government’s ability to
efficiently manage health insurance and oppose any plans that involve government. The issue is made
more urgent by rapidly rising health care costs that threaten to overwhelm the country’s current
system of health insurance, and the national economy in general. Health care reform has become one
of the most important issues in contemporary American politics.
The Basics of Health Care
In most developed countries, health care systems involve government control or sponsorship. For
instance, in Great Britain, Scandinavia, and the countries of the former Soviet Union, the government
controls almost all aspects of health care, including access and delivery. For the most part, health
services in these countries are free to everyone; the systems are financed primarily by taxes. Other
countries, such as Germany and France, guarantee health insurance for almost all their citizens, but
the government plays a smaller role in managing health care. Both systems are financed at least in
part by taxes on wages.
The US government, by contrast, does not pay for most of its citizens’ health care. Generally,
Americans receive health care through employer-sponsored insurance, or they arrange to pay for
insurance on their own. Like all forms of insurance, health insurance operates by pooling the
resources of a group of people who face similar risks. This creates a common fund that members can
draw upon when needed. Each person in the group pays a certain amount, called a premium, every
month. These premiums are used to cover the medical expenses of group members who become sick
or injured.
Health Insurance in the United States
Today, most Americans receive health insurance through their place of work. Employers typically pay
for part of the premiums. Most employer-sponsored plans are administered through payroll
contributions. People who are self-employed and those whose employers do not provide health
insurance must purchase individual health insurance. Individual plans are generally more expensive
than group plans. Certain low-income individuals and families may be eligible for Medicaid, a form of
government-sponsored health insurance. In 1997, the US government introduced the Children’s
Health Insurance Program (CHIP) to assist the children of families who do not qualify f.
PVR Module 1
The document provides a history of definitions of nursing from the 1850s to present day. It traces how definitions of nursing have evolved from focusing on illness care and recovery to also incorporating health promotion. Definitions in the 1980s added the concept of nursing having an independent area of practice using nursing skills. The document also summarizes the evolution of nursing education and roles over time.
NHS - Is It Worth Privatisation?
The NHS was established in 1948 to provide universal healthcare free at the point of delivery. However, it now faces a funding problem due to rising demands from a growing and aging population, as well as increased rates of preventable illnesses. Private healthcare also results in market failures like negative externalities and inequality. Proposed solutions include increasing government spending, improving NHS efficiency, introducing small user fees, and expanding private partnerships, but each has drawbacks. Overall, modest user fees combined with efficiency measures seem the best approach, while keeping healthcare largely state-run.
YOU MUST BE KIDDING, RIGHTAmber Parker is a 46-year-old unm
YOU MUST BE KIDDING, RIGHT?
Amber Parker is a 46-year-old unmarried mother with two children, ages 16 and 17. She lives partly on alimony from her former husband and she works part-time out of her home as a medical transcriptionist for a local hospital. Last year Amber suffered severe head injuries in a hit-and-run accident when jogging. Amber's wounds have healed and she has regained her ability to speak but is not yet able to walk on her own or use her hands and arms very well. At first she required some mental health counseling. Now she still requires a daily paid caregiver to assist with her personal needs. It may be another six months before she can work again. Which one of the following aspects of her injury were covered by Amber's private health care plan?
A. Hospital stay
B. Rehabilitative care
C. Mental health
D. All of the above
The answer is “all of the above.” Amber had purchased an individual health care policy at HealthCare.gov that covers hospital, surgical, mental health, and rehabilitative care, therefore, after deductibles and copays the Affordable Care Act covered all her expenses. Individuals without health insurance can buy a health care policy on a state or federal exchange!
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain how the Affordable Care Act works, and how consumers shop and pay for health insurance coverage.
Distinguish among the types of health care plans.
Describe the typical features and limitations of health care plans.
Explain the fundamentals of planning for long-term custodial care.
Develop a plan to protect your income when you cannot work due to disability.
Summarize the benefits of preparing advance medical directive documents.
WHAT DO YOU RECOMMEND?
Danielle DiMartino is a 36-year-old single mother with two children, ages 10 and 14. Her 10-year-old daughter has a history of ear infections that require doctor's office visits four or five times per year. Danielle's 71-year-old mother lives with the family for financial reasons; she has hereditary high blood pressure and high cholesterol as well as diabetes. Danielle's mother has enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B.
Danielle's employer pays all or a portion of the cost for a health care plan to cover the company's workers, their spouses, and their dependents. Danielle has four options: (1) the basic HMO managed by a local university medical school/hospital with no additional cost for Danielle, but with additional cost of $122 per month to cover her children, (2) a health insurance plan with a PPO at that same medical center for an additional cost of $245 per month, (3) a traditional health insurance plan that provides access to virtually all health care providers in her community for $455 per month, and (4) a health plan with a $5000 deductible at no additional cost. Danielle's employer offers no disability income or long-term care group plan. She does receive ten sick days per year, which can accumulate if not taken. ...
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Impact of the Liberal Reforms - the sick
- 2. Problems facing the sick In 1911 there was no NHS. Someone who was sick needed to pay for treatment themselves (which few could afford) or rely on charity. Illness meant real financial problems as some people could not work at this time.
- 3. National Insurance Act The National Insurance Act 1911 was based on Lloyd George’s experiences of a similar scheme in Germany. The law was in two parts; Part 1 aimed to help the sick, whilst Part 2 was focused on unemployment.
- 4. Sick pay A national ‘sick pay’ scheme was established. Workers paid 4 pence per week when working. Employers also paid 3 pence, and the government 2 pence; it was known as “fourpence for ninepence”.
- 5. Sick pay If a worker was too sick to work they were paid 10 shillings per week for 13 weeks, then 5 shillings for 13 weeks. All workers aged 16-70 who earned less than £160 per year had to be insured.
- 6. Sick pay - benefits This stopped sick people who couldn’t earn money from immediately starving or losing their home. It also meant that people did not feel as though they had to work through illness, which helped many recover and get back to work.
- 7. Sick pay - Criticisms Sick pay was only paid for 26 weeks. Workers with long term illnesses still faced poverty. Women also received less – 35 pence maximum. This was a problem for families with women as the only earner.
- 8. Sick pay - Criticisms Other people complained about the costs. Low paid workers said they could not afford to lose 4p per week. Younger workers especially did not expect to get sick.
- 9. Medical treatment They could also see a doctor (for free) and be treated for illnesses such as tuberculosis. Insurance committees made lists of doctors who accepted patients and sick people could choose which one to visit.
- 10. Treatment - benefits People receiving sick pay were also eligible for basic healthcare treatment too. This was paid for with their weekly contributions. Getting healthcare meant that they would get better much quicker, and possibly not infect their family too.
- 11. Treatment - Criticisms However, the medical treatment was only available to the actual worker. If one of their family members was sick then they were not covered, meaning they still faced problems in paying for medical care.
- 12. Medical inspections In 1907, the Liberals introduced medical checks for young people. They were to be inspected three times during their school lives. From 1912, young people could also get basic treatment for certain illnesses identified.
- 13. Medical inspections Checking children’s health meant that health problems could be identified, and this meant the child’s parents could arrange treatment. If a child received treatment this could also stop the illness spreading to other children or family members.
- 14. Medical problems At first, children were inspected but not given free treatment, so many families could not afford to pay for treatment so the child continued to be ill. Other parents were angry and embarrassed at their children being inspected.