The document provides information on various security forces and intelligence agencies in India that deal with internal and external threats. It discusses the mandate and roles of key agencies like the Intelligence Bureau (IB), which is the internal intelligence agency, and Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), which is the external intelligence agency. It also summarizes the role and jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which acts as the premier anti-corruption agency in India. The document outlines some criticisms faced by CBI and provides a way forward to address them.

1. 3 to 5 PM on 31 October 2022
Col. (Prof.) Rajive Kohli, Ph.D.
Dr. Ambedkar Centre of Excellence
(DACE)
SECURITY FORCES
2. INTERNAL THREAT
UPSC Civil Services Mains GS Paper 3

2. Mandate of Various Security Forces and Agencies
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has multifarious responsibilities, important among
them being internal security, management of para-military forces, border management,
Centre-State relations, administration of Union Territories, disaster management, etc.
Article 355 of the Constitution enjoins the Union to protect every State against external
aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the Government of every State is
carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution

3. CAPF
1. Assam Rifles (AR)
2. Border Security Force (BSF)
3. Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
4. Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
5. Indo Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
6. National Security Guard (NSG)
7. Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
SECURITY FORCES DEALING WITH INTERNAL THREATS

4. Central Police Organisation
• Intelligence Bureau
• Central Bureau of Investigation
• Bureau of Police Research & Development. (BPRD)
• National Crime Records Bureau
• National Investigation Agency
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad.
• North Eastern Police Academy, Shillong.
• National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science. (NICFS)

5. INDIA’S INTELLIGENCE AND INVESTIGATION AGENCIES
1. Intelligence Bureau(IB) – Internal Intelligence.
2. Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) – External Intelligence.
3. National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO).
4. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
5. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT).
6. National Technical Research Organisation.
7. Joint Cipher Bureau.
8. Directorate of Revenue Intelligence.
9. All India Radio Monitoring Service.
10. Signals Intelligence Directorate.
11. Aviation Research Centre.
12. Directorate of Air Intelligence.
13. Directorate of Navy Intelligence.
14. Directorate of Income Tax (Intelligence and Criminal Investigation).
15. Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation.
16. National Investigation Agency – Central agency to combat terrorism.
17. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES:
•Directorate of Enforcement (DE).
•Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI).
•Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB).
•Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU).

6. INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES
The National Security of India is a of high importance. Apart from the defense and paramilitary forces in India,
various intelligence and investigation agencies too play their part in ensuring the security of the country.
1. Intelligence Bureau (IB) is internal intelligence agency
2. Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) is the external intelligence agency.

7. INTELLIGENCE BUREAU (IB) – Internal Intelligence agency
1. Founded in 1887, oldest such organization in the world.
2. Functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
3. Headquarter in New Delhi.
4. Employees are from law enforcement agencies such as IPS, IRS and military.
5. The IB director is part of the Strategic Policy Group and the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) of the
National Security Council, and reports directly to the PM.
ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF IB
1. Domestic intelligence and internal security.
2. Gathers intelligence from within the country and also executes counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism
tasks.
3. Also intelligence collection in border areas.
4. All spheres of human activity within India and in the neighborhood are allocated to it.
5. Most of the activities of the IB are classified hence less information is available about its functioning and
missions.

8. RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS WING (R&AW) – Foreign Intelligence Agency
1. Primary function is gathering foreign intelligence, counter-terrorism, counter-proliferation, advising Indian
policymakers, and advancing India’s foreign strategic interests.
2. Established in 1968.
3. Headquarter in New Delhi.
4. Head of RAW is designated as the Secretary (Research) in the Cabinet Secretariat and is under the PM
without parliamentary oversight.
5. Director of RAW reports to reports to the PM through the Cabinet Secretary.
6. Radio Research Center added to R&AW in the 1970s.
7. Electronics & Technical Services added in 1990s
8. Aviation Research Centre (ARC) set up in 1971 for aerial reconnaissance, replacing IAF’s old reconnaissance
aircraft.
9. In 2004 signal intelligence agency, the National Technical Facilities Organisation (NTFO), later renamed as
National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO).

9. ROLE OF RAW
1. Monitoring the political, military, economic, and scientific developments in countries that have a direct
bearing on India’s national security and the formulation of its foreign policy.
2. Molding international public opinion and influencing foreign governments.
3. Covert Operations to safeguard India’s National interests.
4. Anti-terror operations and neutralizing elements pose a threat to India.
5. Monitors the political and military development in the neighboring countries, which have a direct bearing on
India’s national security and in the genesis of its foreign policy.
ACTIVITIES OF RAW
1. RAW was instrumental during the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971 and was responsible for supplying
information, providing training, and heavy ammunition to Mukti Bahini.
2. Trained intelligence officers of many independent African countries. Also assisted in the anti-apartheid
struggle in South Africa and Namibia.
3. Provided intelligence for Operation Cactus for quelling the insurgency in the Maldives in 1988.

10. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
1. Elite force playing a major role in the preservation of values in public life and in ensuring the health of the national
economy.
2. Nodal police agency in India, which coordinates investigation on behalf of Interpol Member countries.
3. It functions under the Department of Personnel, Ministry of Personnel, Pension & Public Grievances, Government of India.
4. It is not a statutory body; it derives its powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946.
5. It works under the supervision of the CVC (Central Vigilance Commission) in matters of the Prevention of Corruption Act,
1988.
6. Initially had two Wings- the General Offences Wing (GOW) and Economic Offences Wing (EOW).
7. The GOW dealt with cases of bribery and corruption involving the employees of Central Government and Public Sector
Undertakings.
8. The EOW dealt with cases of violation of various economic/fiscal laws.
9. CBI is not only a premier anti-corruption investigative agency in India but has also experience in handling high-profile
conventional crimes, economic offenses, banking frauds, and crimes with international linkages.
10. The CBI is designated as the National Central Bureau of India for ICPO-INTERPOL.
11. Director, CBI as Inspector General of Police, Delhi Special Police Establishment, is responsible for the administration of
the organization.

11. Jurisdiction of Central Bureau of Investigation
1. Initially, the offenses that were notified by the Central Government related only to corruption by Central Govt.
servants.
2. As a large number of public sector undertakings came up, the employees of these undertakings were also
brought under CBI purview.
3. Similarly, with the nationalization of the banks in 1969, the Public Sector Banks and their employees also
came within the ambit of the CBI.
4. From 1965 onwards, the CBI has also been entrusted with the investigation of Economic Offences and
important conventional crimes such as murders, kidnapping, terrorist crimes, etc., on a selective basis.
5. CBI can suo-moto take up investigation of offenses only in the Union Territories.
6. The Central Government can authorize CBI to investigate a crime in a State but only with the consent of the
concerned State Government.
7. The Supreme Court and High Courts, however, can order CBI to investigate a crime anywhere in the country
without the consent of the State.

12. Criticisms faced by the Central Bureau of Investigation
1. Political interference in the investigations by CBI has been flagged regularly.
2. There is a shortage of personnel within the agency and most of the workforce is drawn from other cadres like
IPS.
3. The powers and jurisdiction of members of the CBI for investigation are subject to the consent of the State
Government, thus limiting the extent of the investigation by the CBI.
4. At the central level also prior approval from the government is needed to investigate employees, especially
at the level of joint secretary and above.
5. The number of mishandled cases by CBI and scams due to political pressure has tainted the imagery of the
agency.
6. The agency lacks functional and financial autonomy which is a huge drawback for an investigation agency.
Way forward
1. Central agencies like CBI, ED, etc should be brought under an independent umbrella institution. Have
checks and balances and audits regularly to demand honest functioning.
2. Such agencies usually get caught in the center-state tussle hindering their functioning- this should be dealt
with carefully. The central law can be replicated by states as well so that the burden of increasing cases can
be shared.
3. The social and public reputation of CBI needs to be regained; hence functional reforms will be needed. There
is also a need of bringing gender parity into the organization.

13. Missions of CBI
1. Combating corruption in public life, curb economic and violent crimes through meticulous investigation and
prosecution.
2. Evolve effective systems and procedures for successful investigation and prosecution of cases in various
law courts.
3. Help fight cyber and high technology crime.
4. Create a healthy work environment that encourages team-building, free communication, and mutual trust
5. Support state police organizations and law enforcement agencies in national and international cooperation
particularly relating to inquiries and investigation of cases.
6. Play a lead role in the war against national and transnational organized crime.
7. Uphold Human Rights, and protect the environment, arts, antiques, and heritage of our civilization.
8. Develop a scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. Strive for excellence and professionalism in all spheres of functioning so that the organization rises to high
levels of endeavor and achievement