human waste management for Bsc. Nurses

1. Waste Management
Dr Jincy Agnal
Senior Resident
Dept of Community Medicine
Govt Medical College
Thiruvananthapuram

2. Contents
 Waste
 Classification
 Sources
 Magnitude of the problem
 Public health importance of waste management
 Ideal waste management system
 Present status of waste management in India
 Integrated solid waste management

3. Contents
 E-waste – effects , sources, mgt
 Hazardous waste
 Biomedical waste
 Liquid waste
 Challenges faced in management of waste

4. Introduction
 Waste is being generated everywhere.
Waste comes from our homes, schools, colleges, hospitals,
markets, industries, agriculture and commercial places.

5.  Rapid urbanization,
 Constant change in consumption pattern and social behaviour
 Problems of high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal
technologies and methodologies, and the impact of wastes on the local and
global environment.

6. Waste
 Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use
for, which they either intend to get rid of or have already
discarded.(European Topic Centre on Sustainable
Consumption and Production)**
 Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer
or processor.

7. Types of waste on the basis of their physical state
 Solid waste
 Liquid waste
 Gaseous waste

8. On the basis of Bio-degradability
 Biodegradable wastes
 Non–Biodegradable wastes

9. On basis on effects on human health
 Hazardous waste
 Non – hazardous waste

10. Sources
 Residential
 Commercial
 Institutional
 Industrial
 Municipal Solid Waste
(Construction and Demolition)
 Treatment Facilities
 Agricultural

11. Solid waste
 Solid waste is commonly called Garbage.
 It includes only non-liquid wastes
Three types of Solid Waste
House hold waste or Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial waste or Hazardous waste
Hospital waste or Biomedical waste

12. Magnitude Of
Problem(INDIA)
 Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per
annum
 With urban population increasing between 3 – 3.5% per
annum
 Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5%
annually

13.  Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita
/ day.
 Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of the solid waste
generated.
 Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities

14. Public health importance of
waste management
 Poor waste handling and disposal  environmental
pollution  breeding of disease-vector insects, animal
scavengers and rodents  diseases
 Public or community nuisance due to foul odour and
unsightliness
 Obstruction of drainage systems
 Fire hazards.

15. The ideal waste
management system:
• Provide a customised and robust handling of all waste
with a minimum of effort for the customer
 Result in the lowest possible load on the environment
• Provide a maximum of resource recovery from the
waste while minimising use of resource in the waste
handling

16. Ideal WM contd..
 Provide only little impact on the city with respect to
traffic, vehicle exhaust, noise, traffic accidents and
spill of waste
• Include proper architectural considerations in
establishing waste collection and treatment facilities.
 Economically acceptable!

17. PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Domestic waste thrown on streets
 Trade waste on roads / streets
 Construction debris left unattended
 Bio-medical waste disposed in municipal
waste stream
 Industrial waste disposed off in open
areas.

18. PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 Segregation and storage of waste at source is lacking
 Segregation of recyclable waste at source not done
 Design & location of municipal waste storage depots
inappropriate, resulting in littering of garbage .

19. Contd..
 Street sweeping not done everyday
 Waste transportation done in open vehicles
 Final disposal done through crude dumping
 Rag pickers collect recyclables from municipal bins /
dumpsites and litter the waste causing insanitary conditions

20. HIERARCHY OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS :-

21. Integrated Solid Waste
Management (ISWM) :-
 Comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal program
 To minimize the initial generation of waste materials through source reduction,
then through reusing and recycling to further reduce the volume of the
material being sent to landfills or incineration compared to the conventional
approach of simply focusing on disposal of solid waste.

22. Focus of the
ISWM program includes :
 Assessment of present condition and organizational set up.
 Reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste to the greatest extent possible.
 Co-operate to the extent practicable in recycling programs conducted by
the civilian community

23.  Facilitating community participation in solid waste management
activities intellectual input – research on design, materials, concept.
 Financial support towards infrastructure and maintenance.
 Privatize solid waste management facilities or contract for waste disposal
services, including recycling.

24.  Complying with applicable regulations regarding
solid waste management and recycling.
 Overall monitoring and co-ordination.

25. 3 approaches in ISWM
1. Life-cycle based
2. Generation based
3. Management based

26. 1. Lifecycle-based Integrated
Solid Waste Management
 Based on lifecycle assessment of a product from its
production and consumption point of view.

27. 2 Generation-based Integrated
Solid Waste Management :-
 based on its generation from different sources including
domestic, commercial, industrial and agriculture.

28. 3. Management-based
Integrated Solid Waste
Management :-
 Includes regulations and laws, institutions, financial mechanisms, technology
and infrastructure, and role of various stakeholders.

30. Solid waste disposal
 On-site disposal
 Composting
 Incineration
 Open dumps
 Sanitary landfills

31. E waste
 E-waste comprises of waste electronics goods which are
not fit for their originally intended use.
 Such electronics goods may be television, telephones,
radios, computers, printers, fax machines, DVDs and
CDs etc.

32. Sources of E-waste
 IT and Telecom Equipments
 Large and small Household Appliances
 Consumer & Lighting Equipments
 Electrical & Electronic Tools
 Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment
 Medical Devices
 Monitoring & Control Instruments

33. Health effects
 Electronics products like computers and cell phones contain a lot of
different toxins.
 For example, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) contain heavy metals such as
Lead, Barium and Cadmium, which can damage human nervous and
respiratory system if they enter the water system.

34. Effects of E-waste
On Environment
 Pollution of Ground-
Water.
 Acidification of soil.
 Air Pollution.
 E-Waste accounts for
40 percent of the lead
and 75 percent of the
heavy metals found in
landfills.
On Human Health
 DNA damage.
 Lung Cancer.
 Damage to heart, liver
and spleen.
 Chronic damage to the
brain.
 Asthmatic bronchitis.
34

35. E-waste Management
The major components of E-waste Management are -
 E-waste collection, sorting and transportation.
 E-waste recycling.
In industries, management of E-waste is done by Waste
Minimization Techniques. It involves-
 Inventory management,
 Production-process modification,
 Volume reduction,
 Recovery and reuse.

37. 1. Treatment Options of E-Waste
 Land filling.
 Incineration.
Technology Currently Used in India
 Dismantling.
 Pulverization/ Hammering.
 Shredding.
 Density separation.

38. Hazardous waste
 Consist of toxic substances that are of chemical nature
 highly dangerous to human, plants, animals and the
overall
environment

39. Criteria
 Ignitability - includes liquids with a flash point less
than 140°F, at standard temperature and pressure.
 Corrosivity - includes aqueous wastes with a pH at or
below 2.0 (acids) or at or above 12.5 (bases)
 Reactivity - includes unstable chemicals, violent
reactions with water, formation of explosive mixtures
when mixed with water, etc
 Toxicity - includes poisons and other toxic substances
that pose a threat to human health, domestic livestock,
pets, or wildlife through ingestion, inhalation, or
absorption

40. Hazardous waste
Management
 Minimizing
 Collection and Packaging
 Labelling
 Storage
 Disposal

41.  Minimize
 Reuse old chemical containers
 helps in resource conservation, economic efficiency & environmental
protection.
 Collection and Packaging
 Never mix incompatible materials
 Sealed containers
 Liquid Waste containers should only be fill to 75% of capacity to allow for
expansion

42.  Labeling
 Proper labeling
 Storage
 Waste should be segregated and stored according to compatibility
 Make sure container are secure and check for leaks in storage area

43.  Treatment
 Physical - Screening, sedimentation, centrifugation, floatation, adsorption
 Chemical -Neutralization, precipitation, oxidation and reduction.
 Biological - Different types of microorganisms
Pseudomonas bacteria – benzene, phenol ,cresol.

44.  Disposal
 Incineration - able to achieve 99.99% destruction &
removal efficiency of hazardous components in waste.
 Land disposal, underground disposal & deep well
injection

45. sal Convention
 An international treaty
 Reduce the movement of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically
to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed
countries.
45
Developed Developing

46. BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

47. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
 "Bio-medical waste“ means any waste, which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or in
research activities or in the production or testing of biologicals.

48. In India - 1-2 kg/bed/day of biomedical waste

49. WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste
Category No. 2 Animal Waste
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
Category No. 5
Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic
drugs
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste
Category No. 7 Solid Waste
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Category No.10 Chemical Waste

50. Steps in BMW management

51. Steps in BMW management
 Survey of waste generated
o Quantity
o Type
o Source
o Level of disinfection

52.  Segregation and collection
 Done at point of Generation of waste
 Process where wastes of different types, hazardous nature and consistency
are separated.
 As per the categories.
 Colour coded containers
 Where? - Should be displayed.
 Local languages.

54. NEW - 2011

55.  Reusable bins/containers - cleaned/disinfected
 Correct size to hold the desired quantity

56.  Storage of waste
 Holding of biomedical waste for such period of time, at the end of which
waste is treated and disposed of.
 Safe from tampering and access to rag-pickers.
 Not beyond a period of 48 hours.
 Biohazard symbol

57.  Transportation of waste
 Vital link
 Source  interim storage site  final disposal
 Secured from the public as well as waste handlers.
 Minimal effort , spillage or disturbance to the waste.
 Frequency and timings of transport should be informed
 Keep proper documentation of the frequency.

58.  Technologies for waste treatment
 Reduce its bulk and make it free from pathogenic organisms.
 Changes the physical, chemical or biological characteristics or
composition.
 Hazardous  non-hazardous
 Chemical disinfection Technology
 Thermal technology
 Mechanical Technology
 Irradiation technology.

59.  Final disposal methods
 Incineration
 Deep burial
 Landfill

61. Liquid waste
 Sewage
 Sullage
 Industrial waste
 Runoff

62. Sewage
 Waste water from the community which contains solid
and liquid excreta.
 99.9% - water
 0.1% - solids

63. Sewage management
Basic requirements
 Surface water must not be contaminated.
 There should be no contamination of groundwater that
may, in turn, contaminate springs or wells.
 Excreta should not be accessible to flies or other
animals.

64.  There should be no handling of excreta; where this is unavoidable, it
should be kept to a minimum.
 There should be no odours or unsightly conditions.
 The method used should be simple and inexpensive in construction and
operation.
 The method should last for at least five years to be cost-effective.

65. Sullage
 Waste water which does not contain human excreta.
 Eg : waste water from kitchens and bathrooms

66. Waste water management
Three stages
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological

67. PRE-TREATMENT:
 Pre-treatment removes materials that can be easily
collected from the raw waste water before they damage
or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment
clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc.).
 Screening and grit removal

68.  Primary treatment
 "primary sedimentation tanks.“
 Settle sludge while grease and oils rise to the surface and are skimmed
off.
 50-70% of solids settle
 Biological action
 Complex organic  simpler substances

69.  Secondary treatment
 Degrade the biological content of the sewage
 Aerobic biological processes
 Secondary treatment systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-
growth systems.
 Fixed film  trickling filters and rotating biological contactors
 Suspended – growth systems  activated sludge

70.  Secondary sedimentation
 2-3 hrs
 Aerated sludge
 Sludge digestion and disposal
 As a method of treatment
 Fav: temp: and pH – anaerobic auto-digestion
 Manure , sea disposal , landfill
 Effluent disposal
 Chlorination and Dilution, irrigation

72. Challenges
 Absence of segregation of waste at source
 Lack of technical expertise and appropriate institutional arrangement
 Unwillingness of LSGI to introduce proper collection, segregation,
transportation and treatment/ disposal systems
 Lack of Management Information Systems

73.  Lack of planning for waste management
while planning townships
 Indifferent attitude of citizens
towards waste management due to
lack of awareness
Lack of awareness creation mechanism
Lack of community participation
towards waste management and
hygienic conditions
Lack of funds with LSGIs

74.  Thank you….

75. ANY
QUERY
???

76. 76
Environmental Legislation
 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
 The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1998 , 2011
 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 2000
 The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1989
 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995
 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981

77. OTHER INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
 Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste
Management
 Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid
Waste Management
 Income Tax relief to Waste Management
agencies
 Public-Private Partnership in SWM
 Capacity Building
 Urban Reforms Incentive Fund

78. Difference between BMW management
rules 1998 and 2011

79. References
 ISWM plan For UN vol.2
 http://www.teriin.org/
 http://www.mnre.gov.in
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 India Infrastructure magazine 2008
 GIS from Asansol municipality
 Chapter-2 Principles of municipal solid waste
management SWM Prakriti, Centre for Management
Studies, Dibrugarh University
 Hygiene and Environmental Health HEAT Module

80. References contd..
 Integrated Management of Municipal Solid Waste,
T. V. Ramachandra Energy & Wetlands Research
Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore
 Liquid waste management, Best Management
Practices Manual
 INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SCOREBOARD A
tool to measure performance in municipal solid
waste management
 Developing integrated Solid waste Management
plan Training manual
 roing.nic.in/NHPC_Docs/EMP/EMPDocs/C12_SWM.
pdf