Project GeoArch helped the students to explore various facts about geometry, its integration with art and architecture by analysing and comparing different geometrical patterns found in the monuments, pyramids, temples and towers in Egypt, France and India.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian architecture and several important sites, including the Giza pyramid complex, Karnak temple complex, and Luxor temple. The Giza pyramid complex consists of the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure built in the Fourth Dynasty, including the largest pyramid of Khufu. The massive Karnak temple complex near Luxor was developed over centuries, containing structures dedicated to Amun, Montu and Mut. Luxor temple construction began in the 14th century BC under Amenhotep III and was later expanded by other pharaohs.
The document provides information about ancient Egyptian civilization, including their geography, climate, religious beliefs about the afterlife, burial practices of mummification and tomb construction, as well as important historical periods and rulers. It also describes various architectural features of temples, pyramids and other structures, such as their materials, layouts, ornamentation and more. The Giza pyramid complex is highlighted as a notable example that includes Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure's pyramids as well as the Great Sphinx.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of Egyptian architecture from ancient to modern times. It describes early burial structures like mastabas and step pyramids from the Old Kingdom. It discusses the Great Pyramids built in the Middle Kingdom, including Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza. It outlines the two types of temples constructed in the New Kingdom for worship and royalty. It provides details on structures like the Sphinx and the introduction of Islamic architectural influences. In modern times, Egyptian architecture aims to preserve ancient designs while accommodating population growth.
The document provides an overview of the geographical, geological, climatic, religious, historical and architectural influences on ancient Egyptian civilization from 5000 BC to the 1st century AD. It describes how the Nile River shaped Egypt and allowed agriculture. It outlines the common building materials used, Egyptian religious beliefs and pantheon of gods, and the historical periods and some notable figures. Examples of structures like mastabas, pyramids, temples and their features are also summarized.
Ancient Egyptian architecture is characterized by massive structures made of stone and mud bricks. The most prominent examples are pyramids and temples along the Nile River. Karnak Temple complex is one of the largest religious sites, consisting of four main precincts dedicated to different gods like Amun-Re, Mut, and Montu. Construction began in the 16th century BC and continued for many pharaohs, resulting in large structures like the hypostyle hall. The key architectural features include thick walls, columns, hieroglyphic carvings, and religious artwork.
Ancient Egyptian Architecture By James MunroeSd#43
The document discusses various aspects of ancient Egyptian architecture such as pyramids, the Sphinx, houses, and the Valley of the Kings. It describes the key pyramids built by different pharaohs including their sizes and compositions. The Sphinx is noted as having the body of a lion and the head of a man, with a legend that it would eat those who could not answer its riddle. Egyptian homes were constructed from sun-dried bricks of mud and straw with flat roofs. The Valley of the Kings contained underground tombs for pharaohs like Tutankhamen and Ramesses the Great, where their possessions were stored.
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian architecture and several important sites, including the Giza pyramid complex, Karnak temple complex, and Luxor temple. The Giza pyramid complex consists of the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure built in the Fourth Dynasty, including the largest pyramid of Khufu. The massive Karnak temple complex near Luxor was developed over centuries, containing structures dedicated to Amun, Montu and Mut. Luxor temple construction began in the 14th century BC under Amenhotep III and was later expanded by other pharaohs.
The document provides information about ancient Egyptian civilization, including their geography, climate, religious beliefs about the afterlife, burial practices of mummification and tomb construction, as well as important historical periods and rulers. It also describes various architectural features of temples, pyramids and other structures, such as their materials, layouts, ornamentation and more. The Giza pyramid complex is highlighted as a notable example that includes Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure's pyramids as well as the Great Sphinx.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of Egyptian architecture from ancient to modern times. It describes early burial structures like mastabas and step pyramids from the Old Kingdom. It discusses the Great Pyramids built in the Middle Kingdom, including Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza. It outlines the two types of temples constructed in the New Kingdom for worship and royalty. It provides details on structures like the Sphinx and the introduction of Islamic architectural influences. In modern times, Egyptian architecture aims to preserve ancient designs while accommodating population growth.
The document provides an overview of the geographical, geological, climatic, religious, historical and architectural influences on ancient Egyptian civilization from 5000 BC to the 1st century AD. It describes how the Nile River shaped Egypt and allowed agriculture. It outlines the common building materials used, Egyptian religious beliefs and pantheon of gods, and the historical periods and some notable figures. Examples of structures like mastabas, pyramids, temples and their features are also summarized.
Ancient Egyptian architecture is characterized by massive structures made of stone and mud bricks. The most prominent examples are pyramids and temples along the Nile River. Karnak Temple complex is one of the largest religious sites, consisting of four main precincts dedicated to different gods like Amun-Re, Mut, and Montu. Construction began in the 16th century BC and continued for many pharaohs, resulting in large structures like the hypostyle hall. The key architectural features include thick walls, columns, hieroglyphic carvings, and religious artwork.
Ancient Egyptian Architecture By James MunroeSd#43
The document discusses various aspects of ancient Egyptian architecture such as pyramids, the Sphinx, houses, and the Valley of the Kings. It describes the key pyramids built by different pharaohs including their sizes and compositions. The Sphinx is noted as having the body of a lion and the head of a man, with a legend that it would eat those who could not answer its riddle. Egyptian homes were constructed from sun-dried bricks of mud and straw with flat roofs. The Valley of the Kings contained underground tombs for pharaohs like Tutankhamen and Ramesses the Great, where their possessions were stored.
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian architecture had some consistent characteristics. Massive stone structures like temples and tombs were favored after the Old Kingdom. Mud bricks were commonly used for houses while stone was used for more permanent religious buildings. Columns were designed to mimic plant structures and corner details replicated binding reeds. Funerary structures evolved from mastaba tombs to step pyramids like Zoser's and finally the iconic Great Pyramids at Giza, which marked a transition to rock-cut tombs in places like the Valley of the Kings. Temples followed a structured layout and carefully controlled light using columns, windows and shadow effects.
This document provides an overview of Egyptian architecture. It describes the geographical and geological conditions in Egypt, noting the country's location along the Nile River valley and the building materials available, such as clay, limestone, and sandstone. It then discusses key aspects of Egyptian architecture like temples, tombs, and pyramids. It explains that temples and tombs were the main building types and describes some of their characteristic features, like massive walls, mud bricks, and orientation along the Nile River. The document also provides examples of different types of pyramids and tombs built for pharaohs and noblemen.
The Luxor Temple in Egypt was constructed over many decades by multiple pharaohs. Work began under Pharaoh Amenhotep III in 1390 BC and was later expanded by rulers such as Rameses II and Alexander the Great. The long construction period and additions from different leaders over time make Luxor Temple historically significant.
The temple has a rectangular shape built from stone with flat roofs supported by columns. Notable features include hundreds of human-headed statues lining the entrance and columns in the shape of papyrus buds. Wall carvings provide valuable historic context, such as scenes of military victories. The various structural elements and carvings collectively enhance understanding of the temple's role over centuries.
1. The document describes important periods and developments in ancient Egyptian history including the building of mastabas and pyramids during different dynasties.
2. It highlights several significant sites from these periods such as the Step Pyramid complex of Zoser and temples like Karnak which was expanded over centuries.
3. Queen Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Der el-Bahari is mentioned for its terraced design and statues of Osiris located there.
Egyptian architecture features pyramids and temples. The first pyramid was built for King Zoser at Saqqara, while the most famous is the Great Pyramid of Giza constructed for King Khufu, standing over 480 feet tall. Temples were considered homes for gods and only priests could enter the inner chambers, while courtyards were occasionally open to the public. Each temple housed a statue of its dedicated deity.
The document provides an overview of the history and culture of West Asia. It discusses how the region has been shaped by Arab, Turkish, and Persian influences. It outlines the origins and spread of Islam throughout West Asia in the 7th century. It also summarizes the various tribes and dynasties that ruled in the region, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Persians, and Arabs. The document further examines the key architectural features and styles of Islamic architecture, including its influences from Persian, Roman, Egyptian, and Byzantine traditions.
The document summarizes the Luxor Temple in Egypt. It was built in 1400 BCE and dedicated to the Theban Triad of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu. The temple was the site of the annual Opet Festival, where a statue of Amun was paraded from Karnak Temple. It was expanded by later pharaohs including Amenhotep III, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses II. The temple architecture includes a large pylon, courtyards, and reliefs depicting the Opet Festival.
The document provides information on Egyptian civilization and its architecture. It discusses the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which determined the character of Egyptian civilization. It then outlines the different dynasties of ancient Egypt and describes the predominant materials used in architecture such as sun-baked bricks, stone, and limestone. Some key architectural features are discussed such as the use of symbolic motifs, hieroglyphics, and alignment with astronomical events. Different structures are summarized such as pyramids, which served as tombs for pharaohs; sphinxes which guarded tombs; and obelisks which symbolized the sun god. The document also covers the Valley of Kings and different types of tombs including mastabas
The document provides an overview of prehistoric and ancient Egyptian architecture. In prehistory, humans first lived in caves for shelter and protection. They later developed more structured huts and shelters using branches, animal skins, and stones. During the Stone Age, humans constructed stone structures like menhirs, dolmens, and Stonehenge. In ancient Egypt, the geography and annual flooding of the Nile river was important to architecture. Egyptians built structures like dams, houses made of mudbricks, and mastabas for burial. Mastabas evolved into stepped and smooth-sided pyramids built by pharaohs like Djoser, Sneferu, and others as expressions of power and for burial purposes
The Precinct of Amun-Re is located within the massive Karnak Temple Complex near Luxor, Egypt. It is dedicated to the principal god Amun and covers an area of around 250,000 square meters, containing many structures from different eras. The main temple structures are laid out along an east-west axis and include pylons, courtyards, obelisks, and halls from the New Kingdom period when the site was expanded. The complex is still undergoing excavation and restoration work today.
Egyptian architecture was made of stone and consisted of columns and flat roofs. The main types were tombs and temples. Temples were dedicated to gods such as those at Luxor and Karnak, while tombs evolved over time from mastabas to pyramids like those at Giza. Sculptures depicted pharaohs, gods and nobles in a rigid, frontal style with attached arms and expressionless faces. Paintings decorated temples and tombs with religious and hierarchical scenes in an idealized, frontal perspective.
The document describes various indigenous structures and settlements across North and South America from prehistoric times to the 15th century CE. It details architectural features of mound-building cultures like the Natchez and Mississippian peoples, pueblos of the Ancestral Puebloans, and earthworks like the Serpent Mound. Mesoamerican structures discussed include temples and ceremonial centers of cultures like the Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Toltec, and Aztec. In South America, it outlines the precise stonework and mountainous settlements of the Inca, including Machu Picchu and Tiwanaku's Gate of the Sun monument.
Persian architecture has a history dating back to 5000 BC and reflects Iranian culture through different periods. It can be divided into four periods: prehistoric architecture before 700 BC; the Medes and Achaemenid Empires from 700 BC to 600 AD; Islamic architecture until 1500 AD; and contemporary architecture. Some notable structures from these periods include the ruins at Choga Zanbil from 1250 BC, palaces and temples from the Achaemenid Empire like at Pasargadae and Persepolis, and the refined architecture of the Safavid period exemplified by buildings in Isfahan. Key elements of Persian architecture that developed for hot climates include gardens, underground aqueducts known as qanats,
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian tombs and pyramids. It discusses how the Egyptians believed the dead survived in tombs located on the western bank of the Nile, leading to different types of tombs being constructed there. Mastaba tombs were low rectangular structures that evolved into royal pyramids. Pyramids consisted of massive stone structures housing the belongings of deceased pharaohs. They were carefully constructed using stones weighing several tons each over many years with large workforces.
The document summarizes information about the Abu Simbel temples in Egypt. It describes:
1) The larger temple dedicated to Ra-Harakhty, Ptah and Amun, featuring four large statues of Ramesses II.
2) The smaller temple dedicated to Hathor and Nefertari. Both temples were relocated in the 1960s when the Aswan High Dam was constructed.
3) The relocation project dismantled and reassembled the temples with funding from UNESCO and over 50 countries to avoid flooding from Lake Nasser.
The document discusses factors that influenced ancient Egyptian architecture such as geography, geology, climate, religion, and history. It describes key architectural features of Egyptian structures like temples, pyramids, and tombs. Some key points made are that the Nile river valley enabled agriculture and settlements in Egypt. Egyptian architecture used stone, bricks, sloped walls, columns, and lacked windows. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids to the peaked pyramids at Giza. Major sites discussed include the temples at Karnak, Abu Simbel, and Hatshepsut's mortuary temple.
The Great Pyramid of Giza was built around 2560 BC as a tomb for the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu. It was constructed over a 20-year period using over 2 million stone blocks, some weighing over two tons. When completed, it was the tallest human-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. The pyramid is precisely oriented to the four cardinal directions and built with incredibly precise measurements and stonework. It remains one of the largest and oldest man-made structures still standing today.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian architecture had some consistent characteristics. Massive stone structures like temples and tombs were favored after the Old Kingdom. Mud bricks were commonly used for houses while stone was used for more permanent religious buildings. Columns were designed to mimic plant structures and corner details replicated binding reeds. Funerary structures evolved from mastaba tombs to step pyramids like Zoser's and finally the iconic Great Pyramids at Giza, which marked a transition to rock-cut tombs in places like the Valley of the Kings. Temples followed a structured layout and carefully controlled light using columns, windows and shadow effects.
This document provides an overview of Egyptian architecture. It describes the geographical and geological conditions in Egypt, noting the country's location along the Nile River valley and the building materials available, such as clay, limestone, and sandstone. It then discusses key aspects of Egyptian architecture like temples, tombs, and pyramids. It explains that temples and tombs were the main building types and describes some of their characteristic features, like massive walls, mud bricks, and orientation along the Nile River. The document also provides examples of different types of pyramids and tombs built for pharaohs and noblemen.
The Luxor Temple in Egypt was constructed over many decades by multiple pharaohs. Work began under Pharaoh Amenhotep III in 1390 BC and was later expanded by rulers such as Rameses II and Alexander the Great. The long construction period and additions from different leaders over time make Luxor Temple historically significant.
The temple has a rectangular shape built from stone with flat roofs supported by columns. Notable features include hundreds of human-headed statues lining the entrance and columns in the shape of papyrus buds. Wall carvings provide valuable historic context, such as scenes of military victories. The various structural elements and carvings collectively enhance understanding of the temple's role over centuries.
1. The document describes important periods and developments in ancient Egyptian history including the building of mastabas and pyramids during different dynasties.
2. It highlights several significant sites from these periods such as the Step Pyramid complex of Zoser and temples like Karnak which was expanded over centuries.
3. Queen Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Der el-Bahari is mentioned for its terraced design and statues of Osiris located there.
Egyptian architecture features pyramids and temples. The first pyramid was built for King Zoser at Saqqara, while the most famous is the Great Pyramid of Giza constructed for King Khufu, standing over 480 feet tall. Temples were considered homes for gods and only priests could enter the inner chambers, while courtyards were occasionally open to the public. Each temple housed a statue of its dedicated deity.
The document provides an overview of the history and culture of West Asia. It discusses how the region has been shaped by Arab, Turkish, and Persian influences. It outlines the origins and spread of Islam throughout West Asia in the 7th century. It also summarizes the various tribes and dynasties that ruled in the region, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Persians, and Arabs. The document further examines the key architectural features and styles of Islamic architecture, including its influences from Persian, Roman, Egyptian, and Byzantine traditions.
The document summarizes the Luxor Temple in Egypt. It was built in 1400 BCE and dedicated to the Theban Triad of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu. The temple was the site of the annual Opet Festival, where a statue of Amun was paraded from Karnak Temple. It was expanded by later pharaohs including Amenhotep III, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses II. The temple architecture includes a large pylon, courtyards, and reliefs depicting the Opet Festival.
The document provides information on Egyptian civilization and its architecture. It discusses the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which determined the character of Egyptian civilization. It then outlines the different dynasties of ancient Egypt and describes the predominant materials used in architecture such as sun-baked bricks, stone, and limestone. Some key architectural features are discussed such as the use of symbolic motifs, hieroglyphics, and alignment with astronomical events. Different structures are summarized such as pyramids, which served as tombs for pharaohs; sphinxes which guarded tombs; and obelisks which symbolized the sun god. The document also covers the Valley of Kings and different types of tombs including mastabas
The document provides an overview of prehistoric and ancient Egyptian architecture. In prehistory, humans first lived in caves for shelter and protection. They later developed more structured huts and shelters using branches, animal skins, and stones. During the Stone Age, humans constructed stone structures like menhirs, dolmens, and Stonehenge. In ancient Egypt, the geography and annual flooding of the Nile river was important to architecture. Egyptians built structures like dams, houses made of mudbricks, and mastabas for burial. Mastabas evolved into stepped and smooth-sided pyramids built by pharaohs like Djoser, Sneferu, and others as expressions of power and for burial purposes
The Precinct of Amun-Re is located within the massive Karnak Temple Complex near Luxor, Egypt. It is dedicated to the principal god Amun and covers an area of around 250,000 square meters, containing many structures from different eras. The main temple structures are laid out along an east-west axis and include pylons, courtyards, obelisks, and halls from the New Kingdom period when the site was expanded. The complex is still undergoing excavation and restoration work today.
Egyptian architecture was made of stone and consisted of columns and flat roofs. The main types were tombs and temples. Temples were dedicated to gods such as those at Luxor and Karnak, while tombs evolved over time from mastabas to pyramids like those at Giza. Sculptures depicted pharaohs, gods and nobles in a rigid, frontal style with attached arms and expressionless faces. Paintings decorated temples and tombs with religious and hierarchical scenes in an idealized, frontal perspective.
The document describes various indigenous structures and settlements across North and South America from prehistoric times to the 15th century CE. It details architectural features of mound-building cultures like the Natchez and Mississippian peoples, pueblos of the Ancestral Puebloans, and earthworks like the Serpent Mound. Mesoamerican structures discussed include temples and ceremonial centers of cultures like the Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Toltec, and Aztec. In South America, it outlines the precise stonework and mountainous settlements of the Inca, including Machu Picchu and Tiwanaku's Gate of the Sun monument.
Persian architecture has a history dating back to 5000 BC and reflects Iranian culture through different periods. It can be divided into four periods: prehistoric architecture before 700 BC; the Medes and Achaemenid Empires from 700 BC to 600 AD; Islamic architecture until 1500 AD; and contemporary architecture. Some notable structures from these periods include the ruins at Choga Zanbil from 1250 BC, palaces and temples from the Achaemenid Empire like at Pasargadae and Persepolis, and the refined architecture of the Safavid period exemplified by buildings in Isfahan. Key elements of Persian architecture that developed for hot climates include gardens, underground aqueducts known as qanats,
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian tombs and pyramids. It discusses how the Egyptians believed the dead survived in tombs located on the western bank of the Nile, leading to different types of tombs being constructed there. Mastaba tombs were low rectangular structures that evolved into royal pyramids. Pyramids consisted of massive stone structures housing the belongings of deceased pharaohs. They were carefully constructed using stones weighing several tons each over many years with large workforces.
The document summarizes information about the Abu Simbel temples in Egypt. It describes:
1) The larger temple dedicated to Ra-Harakhty, Ptah and Amun, featuring four large statues of Ramesses II.
2) The smaller temple dedicated to Hathor and Nefertari. Both temples were relocated in the 1960s when the Aswan High Dam was constructed.
3) The relocation project dismantled and reassembled the temples with funding from UNESCO and over 50 countries to avoid flooding from Lake Nasser.
The document discusses factors that influenced ancient Egyptian architecture such as geography, geology, climate, religion, and history. It describes key architectural features of Egyptian structures like temples, pyramids, and tombs. Some key points made are that the Nile river valley enabled agriculture and settlements in Egypt. Egyptian architecture used stone, bricks, sloped walls, columns, and lacked windows. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids to the peaked pyramids at Giza. Major sites discussed include the temples at Karnak, Abu Simbel, and Hatshepsut's mortuary temple.
The Great Pyramid of Giza was built around 2560 BC as a tomb for the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu. It was constructed over a 20-year period using over 2 million stone blocks, some weighing over two tons. When completed, it was the tallest human-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. The pyramid is precisely oriented to the four cardinal directions and built with incredibly precise measurements and stonework. It remains one of the largest and oldest man-made structures still standing today.
The document provides details about the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. It was built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu over a 10-20 year period around 2560 BCE. At an original height of 481 feet, it was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. The pyramid contains several chambers, including the King's Chamber located near the top, which has a flat roof supported by nine huge granite blocks. It took around 23 years and over 2 million stone blocks weighing an average of 2.5 tons each to complete the Great Pyramid of Giza.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.
The three large pyramids in Giza, Egypt were built around 2575-2465 BC during the reign of the pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty. The largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza, was built as the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu. The second largest pyramid was built for Khufu's son Khafre, and the smallest for his grandson Menkaure. Nearby is the Great Sphinx of Giza, a statue with the body of a lion and head of a pharaoh that has survived over 5,000 years as a symbol of mystery. The pyramids and Sphinx are among the few remaining wonders of the ancient world.
Egypt was a highly influential ancient civilization along the Nile River that lasted for over 3,000 years. Its impressive monuments like the pyramids and Sphinx still stand as marvels that were built to honor pharaohs and Egyptian gods. The Nile River was essential to the development of Egyptian civilization and continues to be an important geographical feature, with many major cities located along its banks. The Egyptian Museum in Cairo houses over 120,000 artifacts that showcase Egyptian art and history from prehistoric times through the Greco-Roman period.
The Mycenaean civilization flourished during the period roughly between 1600 BC. It perished with the collapse of bronze age civilization in the eastern Mediterranean.
The Red Pyramid was built as the burial site of Pharaoh Snofru, founder of the 4th Dynasty, making it one of the oldest pyramids in Egypt. It was originally cased in white limestone but is now a reddish color after the stone was quarried. The interior contains three chambers that can be visited via electric lighting. The Bent Pyramid nearby has a unique shape where the angle changes part way up and was Snofru's final resting place. Modern historians believe Snofru built multiple pyramids not due to structural concerns but as part of maintaining resources and infrastructure for future pharaohs' burial sites.
The Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was built around 2700 BC by Pharaoh Sneferu as an important transitional step in pyramid construction. It was Sneferu's second attempt at building a smooth-sided pyramid after his first collapsed. The Bent Pyramid gets its name because its sides shift angle from 54 to 43 degrees partway up, making it not a true pyramid shape. Internally, it has two burial chambers accessed from different sides, an innovative feature not seen before in pyramids. The Bent Pyramid remains significant as an experimental structure that advanced pyramid building techniques later perfected in pyramids like Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids located in Giza, Egypt. Though commonly referred to as the Pyramid of Cheops, it was actually built for the Pharaoh Khufu and took around 20 years to construct using thousands of workers and limestone blocks. Standing at an original height of 146.5 meters, it remained the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years until the early 20th century. The pyramid contained chambers and tunnels including two main burial chambers built within the pyramid for Khufu and was part of a larger complex that also included smaller pyramids and temples.
Asu history and theory lecture 8-ancient egyptian a 16-12-2017Galala University
Ancient Egyptians were obsessed with the afterlife and built elaborate tombs and pyramids to assist with the soul's journey after death. The document discusses the evolution of tomb architecture from early mastabas to stepped pyramids to true smooth-sided pyramids. Key developments included Imhotep's design of the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the first stone structure and use of columns, and later the massive Great Pyramid at Giza, considered one of the finest examples of megalithic architecture. Egyptian tombs also began to incorporate elements of temple architecture to further synthesize concepts of life and death.
The document discusses how the Egyptian pyramids and burial practices evolved over time. It begins with mastaba tombs, which were low brick structures that housed possessions for pharaohs. The pyramids developed from mastabas, becoming large stone structures like the iconic Giza pyramids. The pyramids served religious purposes, allowing pharaohs' spirits to ascend to the heavens. Later, pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings to make tombs harder to rob. The document examines various pharaohs' pyramids and provides details on their construction and alignment with astronomical phenomena. It poses questions about how the pyramids were built and speculates on possible methods.
Ancient, Classical and Medieval Arts - ArchitectureLezzie Borromeo
This document summarizes ancient and classical architectural styles from prehistoric to medieval times. It describes key characteristics of Egyptian architecture like thick sloping walls and symbolic ornamentation. Important structures from this era mentioned are the Pyramids of Giza and Mastabas. Greek architecture is known for temples built in Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, such as the Parthenon. Roman architecture produced sturdy stone structures and large public buildings like the Colosseum. Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic architectural periods saw the rise of grand cathedrals across Europe featuring innovations in vaulting, stained glass windows, and sculpture.
In this slide you will find the information of pyramids.
Contents
History
Location
Why pyramids were built?
Who build pyramids?
How Were the Pyramids Built?
Consternation technique
Evolves of Egyptian burial practices
The Pharaoh on Egyptian society
Structure of the great Pyramid of khufu
Great pyramids of Egypt
The Pyramid of Djoser
The Pyramid of Meidum
The Bent Pyramid
The Red Pyramid
The Pyramid of Khufu
The Pyramid of Khafre
The Pyramid of Menkaure
The Pyramid of Sahure
Great Sphinx
The Chambers
The End of the Pyramid Era
Egyptian hieroglyphs
(Pyramid Texts)
Todays pyramid
Wonder facts of pyramid
Unanswered facts of pyramids
- The ancient Egyptians built pyramids and mastabas to house the bodies and possessions of pharaohs and other elites to use in the afterlife.
- Imhotep designed the Step Pyramid of Djoser, the first pyramid, which was built out of stone mastabas.
- Later, the Great Pyramids of Giza were constructed, including the massive Pyramid of Khufu, as elaborate tombs for pharaohs like Khufu and Khafre during the Old Kingdom.
The document summarizes several famous historical structures from around the world in chronological order. It begins with the Lighthouse of Alexandria built between 280-247 BC to guide sailors. It then discusses the Great Pyramids of Giza built from 2575-2150 BC as tombs for pharaohs. Finally, it briefly outlines the Burj Khalifa completed in 2010 AD at 828 meters, which was the tallest building in the world at the time.
Egypt is one of the earliest civilizations on Earth with over 3000 years of ancient civilization and over 2000 years of modern Egypt which is what we can see today. The civilization concentrated on the lower reaches of Nile River, which is the life force for the empire. Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization. It's also a top destination for some of the world's most famous sights and monuments. Get the scoop on the seven wonders of Egypt.
Know more : http://www.exploregypt.net/egypt-travel-guide
The document provides an overview of Egyptian architecture spanning over 10,000 years. It describes some key characteristics including the predominant building materials of mud bricks and stone. It highlights some of Egypt's most famous structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. The document also provides details about Egyptian temples, sarcophagi, and other architectural elements like obelisks and reliefs.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. Glimpse of Egyptian Architecture
Ancient Egyptian architecture of Ancient Egypt, one of the most
influential civilizations throughout history, which developed a vast
array of diverse structures and great architectural monuments along
the Nile, including pyramids and temples.
Characteristics were very unique.
Due to the scarcity of wood, the two predominant building materials
used in ancient Egypt were sun-baked mud brick and stone, mainly
limestone, but also sandstone and granite in considerable quantities.
From the Old Kingdom onward, stone was generally reserved
for tombs and temples, while bricks were used even for royal
palaces, fortresses, the walls of temple precincts and towns, and for
subsidiary buildings in temple complexes. The core of
the pyramids consisted of locally quarried stone, mud bricks, sand or
gravel. For the casing stones were used that had to be transported
from farther away, predominantly white limestone from Tura and
red granite from upper Egypt.
3. • Thus, our understanding of ancient Egyptian architecture is based mainly on
religious monuments, massive structures characterized by thick, sloping walls
with few openings, possibly echoing a method of construction used to obtain
stability in mud walls. In a similar manner, the incised and flatly modelled
surface adornment of the stone buildings may have derived from mud wall
ornamentation.
4.
5. • There are many such legendary
examples of this unique
architectural style.
6.
7.
8. THE MYSTERY OF THE GREAT SPHINX
Facing the rising sun, the Great Sphinx is located on
the Giza plateau, about 10 km west of Cairo, on the west
bank of the Nile River. Later Egyptian rulers worshipped it
as an aspect of the sun god, calling it Hor-Em-Akhet
(“Horus of the Horizon”). The Sphinx sits in part of the
necropolis of ancient Memphis, the seat of power for the
pharaohs, a short distance from three large pyramids – the
Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren) and
Menkaura (Mycerinus).
9. The monument is the largest surviving sculpture from the
ancient world, measuring 73.5 m in length and in parts 20
m in height. Part of the uraeus (sacred cobra which
protected from evil forces), the nose and the ritual beard
are missing; the beard is now displayed in the British
Museum. The extensions at the side of the head are part of
the royal head cloth. Although the head of the Sphinx has
been badly affected by thousands of years of erosion, traces
of the original paint can still be seen near one ear. It is
thought that originally the Sphinx’s face was painted dark
red. A small temple between its paws contained dozens of
inscribed steel placed by the Pharaohs in honour of the
Sun god.
10. 240ft long and 66ft high.
Uses a proportional Symmetry from front &
the rear side.
It is located with the 3 pyramid in decreasing
order of side at its back and 6 small pyramids.
This pyramid system uses brainy mathematics
of Pythagoras theorem to check out the
constellations and location of the pole star.
11.
12.
13. THE MYSTERY OF THE KARNACK !
The Karnack Temple Complex, comprises a vast mix of
decayed temples, chapels, pylons, and other buildings.
Building at the complex began during the reign
of Senusret in the Middle Kingdom and continued into
the Ptolemaic period, although most of the extant
buildings date from the New Kingdom. The area around
Karnak was the ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut ("The Most
Selected of Places") and the main place of worship of the
eighteenth dynasty Theban Triad with the god Amun as
its head. It is part of the monumental city of Thebes.
The Karnack complex gives its name to the nearby, and
partly surrounded, modern village of El-Karnack, 2.5
kilometres (1.6 miles) north of Luxor.
16. This is the largest precinct of the temple complex, dedicated to Amun-Re (a form of Amun), the
chief deity. There are several colossal statues including the figure of Pinedem I which is 10.5
meters tall. The sandstone for this temple, including all the columns, was transported from
Gebel Silsila 100 miles south on the Nile river. It also has one of the largest obelisks weighing
328 tonnes and standing 29 meters tall.
The Great Hypostyle Hall
• The Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak, within the
Karnak temple complex, in the Precinct of Amon-Re,
is one of the most visited monuments of Ancient
Egypt.
• The hall covers an area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m2).
The roof, now fallen, was supported by 134 columns
in 16 rows; the 2 middle rows are higher than the
others (being 33 feet (10 m) in circumference and 80
feet (24 m) high).
17. THE HALL WAS NOT BEGUN BY
HOREMHEB, OR AMENHOTEP III
AS EARLIER
SCHOLARS HAD THOUGHT.
IT WAS BUILT
ENTIRELY BY SETI I WHO
COVERED THE
NORTHERN WING OF THE
HALL WITH INSCRIPTIONS.
DECORATION OF THE
SOUTHERN WING
WAS COMPLETED BY
RAMESSES II.
RAMESSES CHANGED SETI'S NAMES
TO HIS OWN ALONG THE MAIN
EAST-WEST
AXIS OF THE HALL AND PART OF THE
NORTH-SOUTH PROCESSIONAL ROUTE.
18. • Karnack is an open air museum and the largest ancient religious site
in the world. It is one of the top tourist magnets to Egypt.
• Karnack consists of huge pillars, towering columns, massive avenues
of sphinxes, and an obelisk that stands 97-feet tall and weighs 323-
tons.
• The 54,000 square feet Great Hypostyle Hall is large enough for the
Cathedral of Notre Dame to fit in comfortably.
• A whopping 30-pharaohs contributed to the construction of Karnak -
and this list includes the crazy Queen Hatshepsut.
19.
20. THE MYSTERY OF THE BENT PYRAMID !
The Bent Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian pyramid located at the
royal necropolis of Dahshur, approximately 40 kilometres south
of Cairo, built under the old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu (c. 2600 BC).
A unique example of early pyramid development in Egypt, this was
the second pyramid built by Sneferu.
The Bent Pyramid rises from the desert at a 54-degree inclination,
but the top section (above 47 meters) is built at the shallower angle
of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid its very obvious 'bent'
appearance.
21. Archaeologists now believe that the Bent Pyramid represents a
transitional form between step-sided and smooth-
sided pyramids (see Step pyramid). It has been suggested that due
to the steepness of the original angle of inclination the structure
may have begun to show signs of instability during construction,
forcing the builders to adopt a shallower angle to avert the
structure's collapse.[2] This theory appears to be borne out by the
fact that the adjacent Red Pyramid, built immediately afterwards
by the same Pharaoh, was constructed at an angle of 43 degrees
from its base. This fact also contradicts the theory that at the
initial angle the construction would take too long because Sneferu's
death was nearing, so the builders changed the angle to complete
the construction in time. In 1974 Kurt Mendelssohn suggested the
change of the angle to have been made as a security precaution in
reaction to a catastrophic collapse of the Meidum Pyramid while it
was still under construction.
22. The Bent Pyramid has two entrances, one fairly low down on the north
side, to which a substantial wooden stairway has been built for the
convenience of tourists (though so far the pyramid is not open to
tourists, although plans have been proposed to open it).The second
entrance is high on the west face of the pyramid. Each entrance leads
to a chamber with a high, corbelled roof; the northern entrance leads
to a chamber that is below ground level, the western to a chamber built
in the body of the pyramid itself. A hole in the roof of the northern
chamber (accessed today by a high and rickety ladder 15 m (50 ft) long)
leads via a rough connecting passage to the passage from the western
entrance.
The western entrance passage is blocked by two stone blocks which
were not lowered vertically, as in other pyramids, but slid down 45°
ramps to block the passage. One of these was lowered in antiquity and
a hole has been cut through it, the other remains propped up by a piece
of ancient cedar wood.The connecting passage referenced above
enters the passage between the two portcullises.
23. SATELLITE PYRAMID
An axonometric projection of the inside of the satellite pyramid
The satellite pyramid
Entrance of the satellite pyramid
A satellite pyramid, built to house the Pharaoh's Ka, is located 55 metres south of the Bent
Pyramid.The satellite pyramid originally measured 26 metres in height and 52.80 metres in
length, with faces inclining 44°30'.The structure is made of limestone blocks, relatively thick,
arranged in horizontal rows and covered with a layer of fine limestone from Tura.The burial
chamber is accessible from a descending corridor with its entrance located 1.10 metres above the
ground in the middle of the north face. The corridor, inclined at 34°, originally measured 11.60
metres in length.A short horizontal passage connects the corridor with an ascending corridor,
inclined at 32° 30', leading up to the chamber.
The design of the corridors is similar to the one found in the Great Pyramid of Giza, where the
Grand Gallery takes up the place of the ascending corridor.The corridor leads up to the burial
chamber (called this despite that it most probably never contained any sarcophagus).The
chamber, located in the center of the pyramid, has a corbel vault ceiling and contains a four
metres deep shaft, probably dug by treasure hunters, in the southeast part of the chamber.
Like the main pyramid, the satellite had its own altar with two stele located at the eastern side.
24. The pyramid has a very unique dimension
and approximations.......
25.
26. The Giza pyramid complex is an archaeological site on
the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt.
This complex of ancient monuments includes the
three pyramid complexes known as the Great Pyramids, the
massive sculpture known as the Great Sphinx, several
cemeteries, a workers' village and an industrial complex. It is
located in the Libyan Desert, approximately 9 km (5 mi) west of
the Nile river at the old town of Giza, and about 13 km (8 mi)
southwest of Cairo city centre.
The pyramids, which have historically loomed large as emblems
of ancient Egypt in the Western imagination were popularised
in Hellenistic times, when the Great Pyramid was listed
by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the
World. It is by far the oldest of the ancient Wonders and the only
one still in existence.
27. Mathematical Encoding in the Great Pyramid
The Great Pyramid of Giza, the oldest and sole
surviving Wonder of the Ancient World, has attracted
the interest of philosophers, savants, and travelers
for at least four millennia. Some of this interest has
centered on the question of whether the ancient
Egyptian culture possessed and encoded certain
mathematical concepts in the pyramid’s proportions
and measurements.
28. I have analyzed the Great Pyramid’s geometry without considering the issues of
what mathematical knowledge ancient Egyptian architect-engineers did or did not
authoritatively possess. If ancient designers did encode something in the Great
Pyramid, I believe they would have wanted the structure’s very geometry to carry
the message.
Perhaps the Great Pyramid is not a tomb but a tome—open to all those who
possess geometrical understanding, much in the same spirit of what Plato’s
Academy inscribed millennia later on its door, “Let no one ignorant of geometry
enter.”
The Great Pyramid’s elevation encodes three of the most important constants in
mathematics: π, Φ, and e. The slope angle of 51°51’ (51.85° in decimal form) comes
from measurements taken off the remaining casing stones, according to detailed
survey data from Flinders Petrie and J.H. Cole .
You can verify these encodings with the following equations. The accuracy
percentage for each equation is given in parenthesis.
4 x 51.85° / 76.30° = e (99.998%)
tan 51.85° = 4 / π (99.99%)
cos 51.85° = 1 / Φ (99.95%)
sin 51.85° = 4 / πΦ (99.94%)
29. The constant e, known as Euler’s number, wasn’t discovered until
1618. Consider the possibility that this was merely rediscovery. We
are generally so accepting of the myth of linear progress that it is
easy to forget that sometimes knowledge is lost and not rediscovered
for a very long time, if ever. For example, it has been said that the
plumbing system in the palace of Knossos, Crete built in 1900 BCE
wasn’t matched until circa 1900 CE in England.
Another way of looking at the Great Pyramid is by analyzing its
relative proportions. If the base measures unit length then a square
with an equal unit edge can be drawn as shown below. A circle drawn
from the center with radius equal to the height of the pyramid has a
circumference equal to the square’s perimeter. Thus, the Great
Pyramid “squares the circle.” Its form approximates the solution
sought by ancient geometers, who for many generations endeavored
to square the circle by length (squaring a circle by area is a related
problem). Note: exact squaring of the circle is impossible due to the
transcendental qualities of π (proved by Lindemann in 1882).
In addition to relative proportions, I wondered if the Great Pyramid
might encode anything in absolute units? To find out, I drew its
elevation in a computer aided design program in actual size,
according to J.H. Cole’s surveyed values (I used 755.775 feet for the
mean base edge length).
30. I rediscovered many layers of encoding in the Great Pyramid by taking its
precise measure and looking for patterns. If you inscribe an equilateral
triangle inside, this is what immediately pops out: the green triangle’s
edge length is 555.5 feet, or 6666 inches. This distance happens to match
the height of the Washington Monument and the length of St. Paul’s
Cathedral but that is another story (to learn more see my video series,
Secrets In Plain Sight). The key pattern to observe is the repeating digits,
even though it goes against what we think we know about the English
foot’s provenance.
Another method of analyzing the pyramid geometry is with a square
rotated 45° with respect to the ground plane. The largest such square that
fits inside the pyramid’s elevation encodes two circles across its
diagonal, having circumferences equaling exactly 666.6 feet each,
allowing that the slope angle of 51°51’ has an accuracy of only 99.8%.
If you circumscribe the pyramid’s elevation triangle and then measure the
circle’s diameter, this equals 777.7 feet (99.97% accurate with a slope of
51°51’ and base length of 755.775 feet). In addition, the inscribed circles
shown below in red and blue have circumferences of 777 feet and 7777
inches, respectively. Sevens abound!
This next image depicts a single inscribed circle having a diameter of
365.242 feet inside the pyramid’s elevation that echoes Earth’s tropical
year of 365.242 days. The circle’s exact diameter is 2.2 feet longer than
this measurement, but this small delta might reference the Earth’s
atmosphere, which is like an onionskin at this scale, roughly equaling the
thickness of the diagram’s lines.