The document describes various indigenous structures and settlements across North and South America from prehistoric times to the 15th century CE. It details architectural features of mound-building cultures like the Natchez and Mississippian peoples, pueblos of the Ancestral Puebloans, and earthworks like the Serpent Mound. Mesoamerican structures discussed include temples and ceremonial centers of cultures like the Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Toltec, and Aztec. In South America, it outlines the precise stonework and mountainous settlements of the Inca, including Machu Picchu and Tiwanaku's Gate of the Sun monument.

1. *for educational purposes only*

2. North America
last major prehistoric cultural development
AD 700
Over a great area of the Southeast and the mid-
continent
Intensive cultivation of corn, beans, squash, and
other crops
Politically & culturally each large town
*for educational purposes only*

3. Second largest ceremonial mounds
Flat topped earthen structure : 35 feet high
Large religious and civic rituals
End of the platform : secondary flat-topped
mounds, probably the bases of a temple and
residence of a priest or ruler
Between 1250 and 1600 AD : Natchez people
Political center and point of distribution for goods
Animal remains, ceramic fragments, tools and the
stratigraphy
*for educational purposes only*

4. http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/185779/enlarge
http://www.examiner.com/article/the-great-emerald-mound-is-a-super-sized-legacy-of-the-natchez-people
*for educational purposes only*

5.  Ancient indigenous city
 650-1400 CE
 Largest archaeological
site
 Monks Mound
 Largest structure
 Central of this great city
 Massive structure with
four terraces
 10 stories tall, largest
man-made earthen
mound north of mexico
 Facing south : 92 feet
high, 951 feet long, 836
feet wide
http://www.aartichapati.com/2011/10/tss-interlude-cahokia-mounds.html
*for educational purposes only*

6. Prehistoric archaelogical site
1650-700 BC northeastern louissiana
Core: 500 acres
Center of the site : six concentric curved earthen ridges
separated by flat corridors of earth
Dividing the ridges into 3 sections are 2 ramps that
slope inwardly leading to Bayou Macon.
Ridge : 3 feet high
Approx. diameter : 3 quarters of a mile
*for educational purposes only*

7. Ancient burial site
Largest conical mound
100 foot high bluff,
measures 877 feet in
circumference
Height of 70 feet
http://2nilssons.com/Mountains%20&%20Falls/Etowah%20-%20Mound%20B.jpg*for educational purposes only*

8. Largest effigy mound in the world
Does not contain human remains
1,330 feet in length, 3 feet in height
Head of the serpent : aligned to summer solstice
sunset
Coils : point to the winter solstice sunrise
Adena Indians (800 BC – AD 100)
*for educational purposes only*

9. http://www.barry.warmkessel.com/SERPENT-6.html
*for educational purposes only*

10. IGLOO,IGLU
Eskimo House
Blocks of hard snow or
ice, sometimes of sod,
wood, or stone.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo#mediaviewer/File:EskimoIglooDrawing.jpeg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo#mediaviewer/File:Igloo_see-through_sideview_diagram.svg*for educational purposes only*

11. PLANK HOUSE
Large, usually
rectangular house
Constructed of timber
planks
Used by Indians &
Eskimo
http://www.aaanativearts.com/culture-tribal-customs/native-american-homes/1125-
some-pacific-northwest-coast-indians-lived-in-plank-houses.html#axzz37RRjkrog
http://ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/Archives/ED101fa10/cmmac/Tlingit.html
*for educational purposes only*

12. BRUSH SHELTER
Temporary native
American dwellings
Only used for sleeping
in.
Simple wooden frame
covered with brush,
cone-shaped, with one
side left open, or tent-
shaped, with both ends
left open.
http://www.johnsunter.com/shelters/brush%20tp1.jpg
http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2171
*for educational purposes only*

13. EARTHEN SHELTER
Native American
homes
Basement-like living
spaces dug from the
earth, with domed
mound built over the
top.
*for educational purposes only*

14. PUEBLO
 Communal and defensive
structure
 Built of adobe or stone
 Many-storied terraced
 Flat roofs of the chambers
by ladders
 Built on the desert floor in
valley, or cliff walls of
mesas.
KIVA
 Large underground
 Used by men for religious
ceremonies & councils
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg
http://www.crowcanyon.org/educationproducts/peoples_mesa_verde/pueblo_I_overview.asp*for educational purposes only*

15. CHICKEES
 Stilt houses
 Thick posts supporting a
thatched roof and a flat
wooden platform raised
several feet off the ground
without walls
http://access.sd25.org/curriculum/NativeAmericans/chickee.html*for educational purposes only*

16. WATTLE AND DAUB
HOUSES (ASI)
Native American
houses
Made by weaving river
cane, wood, and vines
into a frame, then
coating the frame with
plaster.
Roof was either
thatched with grass or
shingled with bark.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/92358/Reconstruction-of-a-Natchez-
house-and-granary-at-the-Grand
*for educational purposes only*

17. GRASS HOUSES
Southern Plains by
tribes such as the
Caddos
Made with a wooden
frame bent into a
beehive shape and
thatched with long
prairie grass
Large buildings,
sometimes more than
40 feet tall
http://www.native-languages.org/images/grass2.jpg
http://pw1.netcom.com/~wandaron/Caddo.jpg*for educational purposes only*

18. TEPEES
Tent-like American
Indian houses used by
Plains tribes.
Cone-shaped wooden
frame with a covering
of buffalo hide
Tribe move from one
place to another place,
would bring their own
tipi poles and hide tent
along with them.
12 feet high
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/albright3/chap7c.htm
*for educational purposes only*

19. LONGHOUSES
 Irquois tribes
 Similar to wigwams, pole frames and elm bark covering
 Longhouses are much, much larger than wigwams
 150 feet long, 20 feet wide & 20 feet high
 Raised platforms created a second story for sleeping space
 Mats & wood screens divided the longhouse into separate
rooms.
 60 people
http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/IroquoisVillage/images/figure1longhouselg.gif
*for educational purposes only*

20. WIGWAMS
 Algonquian Indians
 8-10 feet tall
 Wooden frames with woven
mats & sheets of birch bark
 Frame can be shaped like a
dome, like a cone, or like a
rectangle with an arched
roof
 Ropes or strings of wood
are wrapped around the
wigwam to hold the bark in
place.
http://www.native-languages.org/houses.htm*for educational purposes only*

21. Masonry
Pueblo or communal
dwellings
800 room a piece
Pre-history Anasazi
Indians
Great social &
ceremonial centers of
the American
Southwest
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park#mediaviewer/File
:Chaco_Canyon_Chetro_Ketl_great_kiva_plaza_NPS.jpg*for educational purposes only*

22.  Largest & Best known Great house
 Ancestral pueblo people
 AD 828 and 1126
 Two sections : precisely aligned wall,
symmetrical pattern
 Great Kiva
 Either side of wall
 Kivas or ceremonial structures
 Large central courtyard
 Interior living spcaes
 2 acres (8,000sqm) incorporates at least
650 rooms
 Tiered structure : four & five stories high
 Builder’s use of core and veneer
architecture & multi-story construction
produced massive masonry walls
http://www.colorado.edu/Conferences/chaco/tour/images/pb2n.jpg
*for educational purposes only*

23.  2400 BCE – 300 CE
 MesoAmerican civilization took
shape
 Meso America 1150-400 BCE
 Gulf coast lowlands
 Jade carving
 Mother culture of civilization
*for educational purposes only*

24. C. 1200-500 BCE
Tropical lowland of the
Mexican Gulf coasts
Temple-Pyramids
Large ceremonial centers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Venta_site_plan.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Venta_Mosaic_%28Ruben_Charles%29.jpg*for educational purposes only*

25.  Peruvian civilizations
 1000-300 BCE
 Worship of the jaguar god,
characterized by excellent gold
stone scuplture,elaborate gold
work, and remarkable ceramic
 CHAVIN DE HUANTAR
 Center of the chavin culture
 Elevated 10,000 in the Cordillera
Blanca of the NW Andes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG/285px-Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantar#mediaviewer/File:Chavin_circular_plaza_cyark.jpg*for educational purposes only*

26.  Pre-Indian culture
 N.coast of Peru
 200 BCE - 700 BCE
TEMPLE OF THE SUN
 Mud-brick building in the Pre-Hispanic
new world
 Construction of the temple was
additive; new layers of brick were laid
directly on top of the old; hence large
quantities of bricks were required for
its construction.
 130 million adobe bricks
http://www.garystravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Temple-of-the-Sun-Teotihuacan-300x225.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_of_the_Sun,_Palenque.jpg*for educational purposes only*

27. TEMPLE OF THE MOON
 Largely ceremonial and religious function
 Contains burials as well
 Later bricks in the structure bear one of over 100 different markings,
corresponding to each group of laborers
http://jackmaryetc.com/Travel/Americas/Mexico/Images/TeoMoonTemp.jpg
*for educational purposes only*

28.  Of or pertaining to the Americans before the voyages of
Columbia
 Meso American culture from 00-900 CE
 Development of hieroglyphic writing
 3000 and 900 CE
 Meso American
 Central Mexico and the Yucatan peninsula to Honduras and Nicaragua
 Cultures excelled in astronomy and measurement of time, and shared
temp pyramids and a pantheon of deities including sun, wind, and rain
Gods.
*for educational purposes only*

29. Past & present Indians of Guatemala, Belize
Created one of American’s greatest civilizations
Major Capitals
Tikal
Palenque
Seipan
Copan
Calakmul
Motul de San Jose
Hieroglyphic writing
*for educational purposes only*

30.  1 CE – to its peak in 9 CE
 Character
 Magnificent ceremonial centers
 Temple-pyramids
 Ritual Ball courts
 Spacious plazas
 Palaces
Sculptured façade
Lower than temple-pyramids
Numerous rooms
Arranged around courts along with temples
*for educational purposes only*

31.  TEMPLE PYRAMIDS
 Most impt. Building type
 Flat roofs
 One entrance square headed
door
 Windowless
 Decorated with symbols and
glyphs connected with their gods.
 Masonry facing
 TIKAL
 Largest & earliest Mayan City
 Main ceremonial center
 Had distinct pyramids
 Most beautiful of all Mayan cities
 7 BCE marked the western
reaches of Maya expansion
http://www.history.com/photos/mesoamerican-pyramids/photo9
*for educational purposes only*

32.  PALENQUE
 Medium size site
 Has finest architecture, sculpture, roof
comb and bas-relief carvings
 TEMPLE OF INSCRIPTIONS
 7c, stepped mound of earth,
faced with stone
 Tomb of the Mayan king Pacal
 Temple of the top of the pyramid
has carved panels describing the events
of the king’s reign
 King Pacal’s tomb
 Sarcophagus covered by a large rectangular stone
slab
 5 tones heavy, 12.5’ long
 Only tomb temple in Mexico
 Central plaza
 Central area that is only visible
 Other parts of the city covered by rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_the_Inscriptions#mediaviewer/File:Palenque_temple_1.jpg
*for educational purposes only*

33.  Held power over Mexico
 Built : Tenochtitian; walled
compound, center of Aztec
religion
 Practice human sacrifice,
believing it pleases the gods
 Pyramidal temples were similar
to Mayans
 They had many gods &
goddesses.
 Great Temple of Tenochtitlan
 Twin shrines on top dedicated
to Tlaloc, the god of rain and
Huitzilopochtli, the god of war.
*for educational purposes only*

34.  South America’s first great builders
 15th
century
 Buildings were irregularly shaped stones;
which skilled stonemasons ground to fit
tighter perfectly
 MACHU PICCHU
 3,150 m above sea level
 Stone blocks of the stairs linking its
different levels were cut so precisely
that no mortar was required
 Terraced City
 Temple of the sun palace, building
of local stone and terraces for
crop growing Machu Picchu is
typical of Inca provincial city.
 The building varies in shape, but
most have trapezoid window and
doorways.
http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/Earth_Images_05.html
*for educational purposes only*

35.  TIAHUANACO
 Precursors to the Inca Empire
 As ritual & administrative
capital of a major state power
for approximately 500 years
 GATE OF THE SUN
 1000 years old
 Cut from a single block of
stone 3 m high
http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/ancient-time-keepers-archaeoastronomy/*for educational purposes only*