Ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs and other royalty. The massive pyramids at Giza were constructed over many years using stone blocks that sometimes weighed more than two elephants. It took thousands of workers to build each pyramid as an enormous stone tomb for the afterlife. The pyramids contained treasures and mummies that were preserved to allow the spirits to survive after death.
The document discusses the history and construction of pyramids in Ancient Egypt. It describes how the Great Pyramids were built over thousands of years from the Old to New Kingdoms, requiring over 100,000 men working in shifts of three or four months to complete one in 30 years. There were three phases to constructing a pyramid: preparing the site, building the pyramid, and finishing touches. The document also outlines different types of pyramids including true, stepped, and bent pyramids as well as interesting facts such as pyramids being considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs and their queens. The three largest pyramids were built at Giza during the Old Kingdom. Pyramids were designed with symbolic meanings, representing the primordial mound the Egyptians believed the earth originated from and the sun's rays. The largest, the Great Pyramid of Giza, was built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu and remained the world's tallest building for over 3,000 years. Step pyramids were early pyramid designs, including one built for Pharaoh Djoser. The Great Sphinx is thought to represent Pharaoh Khafra and was later buried by sand until its excavation
The three main pyramids at Giza in Egypt were built in the 4th Dynasty around 2550 BC as tombs for kings. The largest and most famous is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, which was the tallest structure in the world for over 4,000 years. The other two major pyramids are those of Khafre and Menkaure, Khafre's being slightly taller than Khufu's due to its location on higher ground.
The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt was constructed around 2500 BC as the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu. It was built over 20 years using around 2.3 million stone blocks and 100,000 workers, though how it was constructed remains a mystery. Standing 480 feet tall with a base of 750 feet per side, it remains one of the oldest structures in the world and an engineering marvel made of limestone.
The document provides information about the pyramids of Giza in Egypt. It describes the three major pyramids built for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure between 2650 BC and 1800 BC. Khufu's pyramid was the largest at 460 feet tall and made of over 2 million stone blocks. The pyramids were precisely built tombs for the pharaohs using massive stone blocks and ramps. Additional structures like Khafre's valley temple and Khufu's boat were built to accompany the pharaohs. The document also discusses the builders' village that housed workers and cemeteries for royal family members.
The pyramids of Egypt, especially the three large pyramids at Giza, were massive tombs built to protect the bodies of pharaohs and be lasting structures. The largest, Khufu's pyramid, was originally 146 meters tall and made of over 2 million stone blocks, each weighing around 2 tons. The pyramids were precisely constructed using advanced engineering to point north and slope at narrow angles. While their construction process is not fully understood, it is believed they required 20 years to build using thousands of workers who slowly moved and placed each block.
This is a group presentation,with at least 3 group members,
it provides abundant knowledge about ancient site of Giza "pyramids of Giza" with full detailed history and amazing facts.
Ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs and other royalty. The massive pyramids at Giza were constructed over many years using stone blocks that sometimes weighed more than two elephants. It took thousands of workers to build each pyramid as an enormous stone tomb for the afterlife. The pyramids contained treasures and mummies that were preserved to allow the spirits to survive after death.
The document discusses the history and construction of pyramids in Ancient Egypt. It describes how the Great Pyramids were built over thousands of years from the Old to New Kingdoms, requiring over 100,000 men working in shifts of three or four months to complete one in 30 years. There were three phases to constructing a pyramid: preparing the site, building the pyramid, and finishing touches. The document also outlines different types of pyramids including true, stepped, and bent pyramids as well as interesting facts such as pyramids being considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs and their queens. The three largest pyramids were built at Giza during the Old Kingdom. Pyramids were designed with symbolic meanings, representing the primordial mound the Egyptians believed the earth originated from and the sun's rays. The largest, the Great Pyramid of Giza, was built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu and remained the world's tallest building for over 3,000 years. Step pyramids were early pyramid designs, including one built for Pharaoh Djoser. The Great Sphinx is thought to represent Pharaoh Khafra and was later buried by sand until its excavation
The three main pyramids at Giza in Egypt were built in the 4th Dynasty around 2550 BC as tombs for kings. The largest and most famous is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, which was the tallest structure in the world for over 4,000 years. The other two major pyramids are those of Khafre and Menkaure, Khafre's being slightly taller than Khufu's due to its location on higher ground.
The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt was constructed around 2500 BC as the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu. It was built over 20 years using around 2.3 million stone blocks and 100,000 workers, though how it was constructed remains a mystery. Standing 480 feet tall with a base of 750 feet per side, it remains one of the oldest structures in the world and an engineering marvel made of limestone.
The document provides information about the pyramids of Giza in Egypt. It describes the three major pyramids built for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure between 2650 BC and 1800 BC. Khufu's pyramid was the largest at 460 feet tall and made of over 2 million stone blocks. The pyramids were precisely built tombs for the pharaohs using massive stone blocks and ramps. Additional structures like Khafre's valley temple and Khufu's boat were built to accompany the pharaohs. The document also discusses the builders' village that housed workers and cemeteries for royal family members.
The pyramids of Egypt, especially the three large pyramids at Giza, were massive tombs built to protect the bodies of pharaohs and be lasting structures. The largest, Khufu's pyramid, was originally 146 meters tall and made of over 2 million stone blocks, each weighing around 2 tons. The pyramids were precisely constructed using advanced engineering to point north and slope at narrow angles. While their construction process is not fully understood, it is believed they required 20 years to build using thousands of workers who slowly moved and placed each block.
This is a group presentation,with at least 3 group members,
it provides abundant knowledge about ancient site of Giza "pyramids of Giza" with full detailed history and amazing facts.
The pyramids were built as burial places and monuments for pharaohs. It was believed that pharaohs needed certain items to succeed in the afterlife, so they were buried with treasures. The largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza, stood as the tallest structure in the world for 3,800 years and took at least 20,000 workers over 23 years to build using 2.3 million blocks weighing 5.9 million tons.
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs and other royalty. They believed the pharaohs would need their possessions in the afterlife. It is estimated that around 20,000-30,000 laborers worked for many years to construct the pyramids. The pyramids contained burial chambers and treasures for the deceased pharaoh. Egyptians may have chosen the pyramid shape because it resembled the Ben Ben stone in early temples and symbolized the pharaoh's connection with the gods. The first pyramid was built at Saqqara as a tomb for Pharaoh Djoser.
The Great Sphinx of Giza was carved from limestone during the reign of Pharaoh Khafre around 4,600 years ago and stands guard behind Khafre's pyramid. The Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs and their queens starting before the Old Kingdom, with the three largest at Giza constructed over three generations for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. While it was once believed that slaves built Khufu's pyramid, it was actually constructed by 100,000 workers during the Nile's annual flooding. The Pyramid of Saqqara was the first to be built out of stone blocks rather than mudbrick and served as the prototype for later
The Egyptian civilization was shaped by its geography along the Nile River. The yearly flooding of the Nile provided fertile soil for agriculture and determined Egypt's agricultural cycle. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as the absolute ruler considered a living god. Religion permeated all aspects of Egyptian life. The Egyptians built massive pyramids and temples out of stone as burial monuments and places of worship. Hieroglyphic writing and mummification of the dead were other defining aspects of ancient Egyptian culture. Over time, foreign powers like the Persians, Greeks, and Romans came to control Egypt, culminating in the Arab conquest in 639 CE that marked the end of ancient Egyptian civilization.
The document discusses the mystery of why the Pyramids of Egypt were built. It provides details on some of the major pyramids constructed, including the locations and rulers who commissioned them, ranging from the earliest Step Pyramid built by Pharaoh Djoser to the largest Great Pyramid built by Pharaoh Khufu. Ancient Egyptians believed the pyramids symbolized the journey of the pharaoh's soul from mortal king to the gods Osiris and Horus in the afterlife.
The document provides details about the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. It was built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu over a 10-20 year period around 2560 BCE. At an original height of 481 feet, it was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. The pyramid contains several chambers, including the King's Chamber located near the top, which has a flat roof supported by nine huge granite blocks. It took around 23 years and over 2 million stone blocks weighing an average of 2.5 tons each to complete the Great Pyramid of Giza.
The document summarizes several ancient Egyptian pyramids built from earliest to latest, including the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid built by Snefru, and the largest Great Pyramid of Giza built for Khufu. It describes the sizes and some architectural features of each pyramid discussed. The last pyramid mentioned is the pyramid of Pepi II, which contains pyramid texts carved on the walls.
The document discusses the major male Pharaohs who ruled ancient Egypt. It provides details about several influential Pharaohs including Menes, the first king who unified upper and lower Egypt; Tuthmosis III, known for his military conquests; Akenaton, who tried to establish a monotheistic religion; Djoser, whose vizier Imhotep designed the step pyramid; Ramesses II, a prolific builder; Khufu, who constructed the Great Pyramid of Giza; and Tutankhamun, whose intact tomb was discovered. The Pharaohs ruled with absolute power and were responsible for maintaining order and tradition in Egypt according to the goddess Ma'at.
The document provides information about the Great Pyramids of Egypt, including their history, construction, and appearances. It discusses how the pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs between 2580 BC to 1700 BC. Their construction involved leveling the site, cutting stone blocks, and building ramps to move materials into place over many years using shifts of 100,000 workers. The three main types - true, bent, and stepped - have different shapes and were constructed through various periods over thousands of years as monuments and tombs in ancient Egypt.
King Tutankhamen is one of the most famous pharaohs due to his intact tomb being discovered in 1922. As a young boy, he became pharaoh after his father Akhenaten's death and restored traditional Egyptian religion. Some evidence suggests Tut was murdered, with high officials Ay and Horemhab having motives. After the tomb's discovery, some deaths led to speculation of a "mummy's curse", though most had rational explanations. The tomb revealed much about Tut's brief rule and Egyptian culture during that time.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history, including details about important periods like the Old Kingdom when the pyramids were built and pharaohs had absolute power. Key aspects of Egyptian civilization are explained such as the importance of the Nile River, polytheistic religious beliefs, and the practice of mummification to preserve bodies for the afterlife. A timeline outlines the major periods of ancient Egypt from unification under King Narmer to later domination by the Romans.
The Great Pyramids of Giza are located just south of Cairo in Egypt. Built around 2540 BC, the largest pyramid, known as the Great Pyramid of Giza, was the tallest man-made structure for over 3,800 years and took approximately 20 years to construct. The pyramids were built as elaborate burial sites for pharaohs based on the ancient Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife. Today, the pyramids remain one of the most famous tourist attractions in Egypt.
Ancient egypt (Great Pyramid Khufu's pyramid)E-pul Kr
Daily life in ancient Egypt revolved around the Nile River. The annual flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and allowed for good harvests. Most Egyptians were farmers who lived in mudbrick homes in villages along the Nile. They grew their own food and traded with others. The ancient Egyptians also built large pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs. The largest of these pyramids, known as the Great Pyramid, was built at Giza for the pharaoh Khufu. It took around 20 years and a large workforce to construct the pyramid using stones weighing 2-4 tons each that were dragged into place up ramps.
Ancient Egypt had many unique customs, traditions, and accomplishments. They built massive pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs, believing this would allow their bodies to live forever. The dry desert climate helped preserve mummies, who were prepared through careful embalming and wrapping in linen. Some of Egypt's influential inventions included the 365-day calendar, 24-hour day, and early versions of cosmetics, toiletries, scissors, pottery wheels, and timekeeping devices.
In this slide you will find the information of pyramids.
Contents
History
Location
Why pyramids were built?
Who build pyramids?
How Were the Pyramids Built?
Consternation technique
Evolves of Egyptian burial practices
The Pharaoh on Egyptian society
Structure of the great Pyramid of khufu
Great pyramids of Egypt
The Pyramid of Djoser
The Pyramid of Meidum
The Bent Pyramid
The Red Pyramid
The Pyramid of Khufu
The Pyramid of Khafre
The Pyramid of Menkaure
The Pyramid of Sahure
Great Sphinx
The Chambers
The End of the Pyramid Era
Egyptian hieroglyphs
(Pyramid Texts)
Todays pyramid
Wonder facts of pyramid
Unanswered facts of pyramids
The document provides information about temples in New Kingdom Egypt. It describes how the god Amun-Re became the most powerful deity and his main sanctuaries were located at the Karnak and Luxor temple complexes in Thebes. The Karnak temple complex, one of the largest religious sites in the world, consisted of large courtyards and hypostyle halls connected by processional pathways. Over centuries, pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Thutmoses III, Seti I, and Ramses II added structures, decorations, and monuments to honor Amun-Re at the Karnak and Luxor temple sites.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history and geography. It discusses the nine periods of ancient Egyptian history from 3200 BCE to 332 BCE. It also describes Egypt's geography, including the Nile River valley, deserts, climate regions, and natural resources. Finally, it covers Egyptian cultural practices like mummification, hieroglyphic writing systems, and important gods and goddesses.
Ancient Egypt had a thriving civilization along the Nile River from around 3000-2500 BC. The Egyptians built massive pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza, to serve as tombs for pharaohs. Everyday life was organized around religion, with gods like Ra and rituals like mummification of the dead. The absolute monarchy was ruled by pharaohs considered divine beings, while hieroglyphics and art provided insights into Egyptian culture, mythology, and way of life.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization. It discusses the geography of Egypt, noting the Nile River flowed north and divided the country into Upper and Lower Egypt. It also describes the three main periods or kingdoms of ancient Egypt: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Additionally, it covers Egyptian architecture including pyramids, tombs, and the Valley of the Kings. The government was led by powerful pharaohs who were seen as both rulers and representatives of the gods. Royal women and symbols of royalty are also outlined.
PPT on Best monument of the world and you will find the description of 7 wonders of the world and You will also find the India's best monument with little description.
#7 Shocking facts about indian monument
this ppt is designed by prateek soni #architecture_student
The document details an archeology group's mission trip to Egypt to study the Egyptian pyramids. It describes their travel to Egypt, arrival in Cairo, and visit to the pyramids of Khufu. It provides information about how the pyramids were constructed, including the materials used and the large number of workers involved. It also notes some key facts about the pyramids, such as their purpose as royal tombs and the ancient Egyptians' burial practices.
The document discusses pyramids, noting that Egypt has more pyramids than any other country. It specifically describes the Great Pyramid of Giza, the oldest pyramid in the world located near Cairo, which stands 146.5 meters tall and was built as the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu. The pyramids were constructed to serve as tombs for kings and pharaohs, with the three large pyramids at Giza built for Khufu, Khephren, and Mycerinus. Large pyramids can also be found in other parts of the world, such as Guatemala.
The pyramids were built as burial places and monuments for pharaohs. It was believed that pharaohs needed certain items to succeed in the afterlife, so they were buried with treasures. The largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza, stood as the tallest structure in the world for 3,800 years and took at least 20,000 workers over 23 years to build using 2.3 million blocks weighing 5.9 million tons.
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs and other royalty. They believed the pharaohs would need their possessions in the afterlife. It is estimated that around 20,000-30,000 laborers worked for many years to construct the pyramids. The pyramids contained burial chambers and treasures for the deceased pharaoh. Egyptians may have chosen the pyramid shape because it resembled the Ben Ben stone in early temples and symbolized the pharaoh's connection with the gods. The first pyramid was built at Saqqara as a tomb for Pharaoh Djoser.
The Great Sphinx of Giza was carved from limestone during the reign of Pharaoh Khafre around 4,600 years ago and stands guard behind Khafre's pyramid. The Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs and their queens starting before the Old Kingdom, with the three largest at Giza constructed over three generations for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. While it was once believed that slaves built Khufu's pyramid, it was actually constructed by 100,000 workers during the Nile's annual flooding. The Pyramid of Saqqara was the first to be built out of stone blocks rather than mudbrick and served as the prototype for later
The Egyptian civilization was shaped by its geography along the Nile River. The yearly flooding of the Nile provided fertile soil for agriculture and determined Egypt's agricultural cycle. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as the absolute ruler considered a living god. Religion permeated all aspects of Egyptian life. The Egyptians built massive pyramids and temples out of stone as burial monuments and places of worship. Hieroglyphic writing and mummification of the dead were other defining aspects of ancient Egyptian culture. Over time, foreign powers like the Persians, Greeks, and Romans came to control Egypt, culminating in the Arab conquest in 639 CE that marked the end of ancient Egyptian civilization.
The document discusses the mystery of why the Pyramids of Egypt were built. It provides details on some of the major pyramids constructed, including the locations and rulers who commissioned them, ranging from the earliest Step Pyramid built by Pharaoh Djoser to the largest Great Pyramid built by Pharaoh Khufu. Ancient Egyptians believed the pyramids symbolized the journey of the pharaoh's soul from mortal king to the gods Osiris and Horus in the afterlife.
The document provides details about the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. It was built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu over a 10-20 year period around 2560 BCE. At an original height of 481 feet, it was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. The pyramid contains several chambers, including the King's Chamber located near the top, which has a flat roof supported by nine huge granite blocks. It took around 23 years and over 2 million stone blocks weighing an average of 2.5 tons each to complete the Great Pyramid of Giza.
The document summarizes several ancient Egyptian pyramids built from earliest to latest, including the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid built by Snefru, and the largest Great Pyramid of Giza built for Khufu. It describes the sizes and some architectural features of each pyramid discussed. The last pyramid mentioned is the pyramid of Pepi II, which contains pyramid texts carved on the walls.
The document discusses the major male Pharaohs who ruled ancient Egypt. It provides details about several influential Pharaohs including Menes, the first king who unified upper and lower Egypt; Tuthmosis III, known for his military conquests; Akenaton, who tried to establish a monotheistic religion; Djoser, whose vizier Imhotep designed the step pyramid; Ramesses II, a prolific builder; Khufu, who constructed the Great Pyramid of Giza; and Tutankhamun, whose intact tomb was discovered. The Pharaohs ruled with absolute power and were responsible for maintaining order and tradition in Egypt according to the goddess Ma'at.
The document provides information about the Great Pyramids of Egypt, including their history, construction, and appearances. It discusses how the pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs between 2580 BC to 1700 BC. Their construction involved leveling the site, cutting stone blocks, and building ramps to move materials into place over many years using shifts of 100,000 workers. The three main types - true, bent, and stepped - have different shapes and were constructed through various periods over thousands of years as monuments and tombs in ancient Egypt.
King Tutankhamen is one of the most famous pharaohs due to his intact tomb being discovered in 1922. As a young boy, he became pharaoh after his father Akhenaten's death and restored traditional Egyptian religion. Some evidence suggests Tut was murdered, with high officials Ay and Horemhab having motives. After the tomb's discovery, some deaths led to speculation of a "mummy's curse", though most had rational explanations. The tomb revealed much about Tut's brief rule and Egyptian culture during that time.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history, including details about important periods like the Old Kingdom when the pyramids were built and pharaohs had absolute power. Key aspects of Egyptian civilization are explained such as the importance of the Nile River, polytheistic religious beliefs, and the practice of mummification to preserve bodies for the afterlife. A timeline outlines the major periods of ancient Egypt from unification under King Narmer to later domination by the Romans.
The Great Pyramids of Giza are located just south of Cairo in Egypt. Built around 2540 BC, the largest pyramid, known as the Great Pyramid of Giza, was the tallest man-made structure for over 3,800 years and took approximately 20 years to construct. The pyramids were built as elaborate burial sites for pharaohs based on the ancient Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife. Today, the pyramids remain one of the most famous tourist attractions in Egypt.
Ancient egypt (Great Pyramid Khufu's pyramid)E-pul Kr
Daily life in ancient Egypt revolved around the Nile River. The annual flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and allowed for good harvests. Most Egyptians were farmers who lived in mudbrick homes in villages along the Nile. They grew their own food and traded with others. The ancient Egyptians also built large pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs. The largest of these pyramids, known as the Great Pyramid, was built at Giza for the pharaoh Khufu. It took around 20 years and a large workforce to construct the pyramid using stones weighing 2-4 tons each that were dragged into place up ramps.
Ancient Egypt had many unique customs, traditions, and accomplishments. They built massive pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs, believing this would allow their bodies to live forever. The dry desert climate helped preserve mummies, who were prepared through careful embalming and wrapping in linen. Some of Egypt's influential inventions included the 365-day calendar, 24-hour day, and early versions of cosmetics, toiletries, scissors, pottery wheels, and timekeeping devices.
In this slide you will find the information of pyramids.
Contents
History
Location
Why pyramids were built?
Who build pyramids?
How Were the Pyramids Built?
Consternation technique
Evolves of Egyptian burial practices
The Pharaoh on Egyptian society
Structure of the great Pyramid of khufu
Great pyramids of Egypt
The Pyramid of Djoser
The Pyramid of Meidum
The Bent Pyramid
The Red Pyramid
The Pyramid of Khufu
The Pyramid of Khafre
The Pyramid of Menkaure
The Pyramid of Sahure
Great Sphinx
The Chambers
The End of the Pyramid Era
Egyptian hieroglyphs
(Pyramid Texts)
Todays pyramid
Wonder facts of pyramid
Unanswered facts of pyramids
The document provides information about temples in New Kingdom Egypt. It describes how the god Amun-Re became the most powerful deity and his main sanctuaries were located at the Karnak and Luxor temple complexes in Thebes. The Karnak temple complex, one of the largest religious sites in the world, consisted of large courtyards and hypostyle halls connected by processional pathways. Over centuries, pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Thutmoses III, Seti I, and Ramses II added structures, decorations, and monuments to honor Amun-Re at the Karnak and Luxor temple sites.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history and geography. It discusses the nine periods of ancient Egyptian history from 3200 BCE to 332 BCE. It also describes Egypt's geography, including the Nile River valley, deserts, climate regions, and natural resources. Finally, it covers Egyptian cultural practices like mummification, hieroglyphic writing systems, and important gods and goddesses.
Ancient Egypt had a thriving civilization along the Nile River from around 3000-2500 BC. The Egyptians built massive pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza, to serve as tombs for pharaohs. Everyday life was organized around religion, with gods like Ra and rituals like mummification of the dead. The absolute monarchy was ruled by pharaohs considered divine beings, while hieroglyphics and art provided insights into Egyptian culture, mythology, and way of life.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization. It discusses the geography of Egypt, noting the Nile River flowed north and divided the country into Upper and Lower Egypt. It also describes the three main periods or kingdoms of ancient Egypt: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Additionally, it covers Egyptian architecture including pyramids, tombs, and the Valley of the Kings. The government was led by powerful pharaohs who were seen as both rulers and representatives of the gods. Royal women and symbols of royalty are also outlined.
PPT on Best monument of the world and you will find the description of 7 wonders of the world and You will also find the India's best monument with little description.
#7 Shocking facts about indian monument
this ppt is designed by prateek soni #architecture_student
The document details an archeology group's mission trip to Egypt to study the Egyptian pyramids. It describes their travel to Egypt, arrival in Cairo, and visit to the pyramids of Khufu. It provides information about how the pyramids were constructed, including the materials used and the large number of workers involved. It also notes some key facts about the pyramids, such as their purpose as royal tombs and the ancient Egyptians' burial practices.
The document discusses pyramids, noting that Egypt has more pyramids than any other country. It specifically describes the Great Pyramid of Giza, the oldest pyramid in the world located near Cairo, which stands 146.5 meters tall and was built as the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu. The pyramids were constructed to serve as tombs for kings and pharaohs, with the three large pyramids at Giza built for Khufu, Khephren, and Mycerinus. Large pyramids can also be found in other parts of the world, such as Guatemala.
Population pyramids display a population's age and sex composition using horizontal bars to represent the numbers or proportions of males and females in each age group or cohort. They reveal details about a population such as patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration. Pyramids can have three general profiles: rapid growth shown by a large youth population; slow growth with a smaller youth population; or zero growth with equal numbers in each age range tapering at older ages.
Pyramids and architecture by minnie and airMinnie2000
There are 138 pyramids that have been discovered in Egypt. The most famous pyramid is the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the ancient world's seven wonders. Other notable Egyptian architectures discussed include the Luxor Temple and Karnak Temple, both located along the Nile River. The document provides information about Egyptian pyramids and other architectural structures as important parts of ancient Egypt's civilization.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on wheat production. Researchers found that higher temperatures and changing precipitation patterns due to climate change will significantly reduce wheat yields across major wheat-producing regions by the end of the century. Reductions in wheat production are projected to range from 6-27% depending on future greenhouse gas emissions and efforts to adapt farming techniques to new climate conditions.
Egyptian PYRAMIDS 101 - From The Construction Methodology Up To Their Purposes Norman Imperial
From the races of off-world humans, the zero-point methodology of cutting the stones up to putting the mortar, stacking them up together, the length of time of building them, the chief entity who directed to build them, up to their purpose and the proceeding events that followed after they were built, and their relation to the same building complex in Cydonia plain, Mars.
Most of all, the "after shock" of all those events that we are still enduring & bearing up to this very day.
The seven ancient wonders of the world are: 1) the Great Pyramid of Egypt, the oldest surviving member, located near Cairo; 2) the Hanging Gardens of Babylon built in Babylon for one of King Nebuchadnezzar II's wives; 3) the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, an ivory statue created by Phidias that was destroyed by fire in 462 AD; 4) the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus that had a marble sanctuary and tile roof before being destroyed by fire; 5) the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus built to hold the remains of King Mausolus and damaged by an earthquake; 6) the Colossus of Rhodes
The document summarizes the evolution of burial practices in ancient Egypt, from simple desert burials to elaborate mummification and pyramid construction. It traces how burial methods progressed from natural mummification of "ginger men" to the construction of mastabas, step pyramids, true pyramids like the Red and Great Pyramids of Giza, and ultimately to the perfection of mummification to preserve the body and allow the soul to live on eternally. It also shows how each new form of burial was an attempt to outdo previous methods and satisfy the pharaohs' desires for grandeur and eternity.
Discussion of types of pyramids as they developed through Ancient Egypt to the common pyramid we think of today--and how they were built and used as tombs
The three most important pyramids of Egypt are the Pyramids of Giza: the Great Pyramid of Cheops, the pyramid of Chephren, and the pyramid of Mykerinos. They were built as tombs for pharaohs and are located near Cairo in the Giza plateau. The pyramids, especially the Great Pyramid of Cheops, are among the most famous and impressive structures ever built and are a major tourist destination, though tourism has decreased recently due to security concerns.
The document discusses the pyramids of Egypt and theories about their construction. It states that the pyramids were built from the inside out using scaffolding and ropes, and were made of rubble and other materials. However, some engineers believe it is unlikely humans alone could have built the pyramids and theorize they may have had help from aliens or more advanced beings, since human minds at the time could not have accomplished such work.
In ancient Egypt during the Old Kingdom, pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs. The first pyramid, the Step Pyramid, was constructed around 5,000 years ago. Pyramids were huge structures with interior rooms and courtyards that took many years to build. Cities grew around pyramids under construction to house workers and their families who were paid with food and clothing from the pharaoh. After completion, pyramids required guards and traps to protect the large tombs from thieves attracted by the wealth inside, though many tombs were still successfully robbed.
The Great Pyramid of Giza was built around 2560 BC as a tomb for the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu. It was constructed over a 20-year period using over 2 million stone blocks, some weighing over two tons. When completed, it was the tallest human-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. The pyramid is precisely oriented to the four cardinal directions and built with incredibly precise measurements and stonework. It remains one of the largest and oldest man-made structures still standing today.
There are between 81 and 112 pyramids located throughout Egypt. Most pyramids are found in northern or southern Egypt, and it took an average of 27 years to construct each pyramid. The largest and oldest pyramid is the Great Pyramid of Giza, built for Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC. It is the only surviving structure of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Other notable pyramids include the mostly ruined pyramid of Djedefre at Abu Rawash, the earliest step pyramid at Saqqara built under Djozer, and the pyramids at Dahshur including the Black Pyramid built for Amenemhet III.
During the Middle Kingdom (2175-1541 BCE):
- Thebes became the new capital and Egypt was reunited under its rule. Egypt expanded its territory by annexing Nubia and established trade routes.
- Pharaohs like Amenemhat I and the 12th dynasty built large temples and public works projects. They conquered Nubia and established a golden age of literature and craftsmanship.
- Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife changed - common people were now believed to have an afterlife alongside the pharaoh, which influenced Judaism and Christianity. This period marked the peak of Egypt's power before its decline.
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt lasted from around 2030 to 1640 BCE. After a period of decentralization following the Old Kingdom, two kings helped regain order and centralize power under the pharaoh once more. Egypt engaged in increased trade during this period and a new writing system was developed. The economy was based on agriculture along the fertile Nile River valley. Art from this period depicted more realistic human figures and stories from Egyptian mythology and the afterlife. Architecture consisted primarily of simpler pyramids and temples. Eventually, foreign influences weakened royal power, leading to the Second Intermediate Period.
The document provides an overview of important landmarks and sites in Egypt, including the Pyramids of Giza, the Great Sphinx of Giza, cities like Cairo and Alexandria, and various temples and tombs from ancient Egyptian civilization such as the Temple of Hatshepsut, the Valley of the Kings where King Tut's tomb is located, the Colossi of Memnon statues, and the massive temples at Karnak and Medinet Habu.
The Great Pyramid of Giza was commissioned by Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC to serve as his tomb. It took over 20 years and the labor of thousands of workers to construct the pyramid out of over 2 million stone blocks. At 481 feet tall, it was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Located on the Giza plateau near modern-day Cairo, the pyramid now serves as a major tourist attraction and site of archaeological study.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian culture such as geography, society, and artifacts found in King Tut's intact tomb. The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, providing fertile soil and access to trade. Egyptian society was divided into classes like the royal family, nobles, and slaves. King Tut's tomb, discovered in 1922, contained hieroglyphs providing insight into Egyptian language and culture, as well as well-preserved artifacts like jewelry, decorative arts, and mummified remains.
Egypt is located in Northern Africa, bordered by Libya, Sudan, and Israel. The Nile River runs through Egypt and has helped form the country's dry climate and sandy environment. Egypt has a long history dating back thousands of years, with early dynasties and kingdoms leaving behind famous structures like the pyramids. Today, Egypt has a majority Muslim population and a republican government that is working to rebuild after years under an oppressive former leader impacted the economy.
. These Pharaonic
engineering wonders were created by highly skilled engineers
and craftsmen who worked tirelessly to create structures that
would last for thousands of years.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest of the three pyramids located on the Giza Plateau near Cairo, Egypt. It was built as a tomb for the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC and took over 20 years to construct using over 2 million stone blocks and a workforce of 100,000 people. The pyramid was precisely aligned and had internal chambers. It was originally cased in smooth white limestone blocks, giving it a shiny appearance. The Great Pyramid remains an architectural marvel and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The Great Pyramid of Giza was built as a tomb for the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC. It took approximately 20 years and a large workforce to construct the pyramid out of stone blocks that were transported from quarries. While some legends claimed it was built by slaves, it was more likely constructed by paid workers. The pyramid was precisely aligned and had internal chambers. It remains the only surviving structure of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World.
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The document provides details about the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. It was built as a tomb for the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu during the 4th dynasty. It took over 20 years and a workforce of 100,000 to build the pyramid. The pyramid was constructed out of limestone and was originally covered in polished white casing stones, though many have been removed. It remains one of the largest structures ever built and a remarkable feat of engineering.
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The document discusses ancient monumental structures like Egyptian pyramids, Mesopotamian ziggurats, and pyramids in pre-Columbian South America. It notes that while they differed in construction methods, all were significant to their cultures' religious beliefs and marked the status of upper classes. Egyptian pyramids were tombs for pharaohs, while ziggurats in Mesopotamia were temples believed to be homes for gods. Over 90 pyramids were built in Egypt between 2500-1500 BC using massive stones. Ziggurats used sun-dried and kiln-fired bricks in Mesopotamian cities from around 2000 BC as temples to patron gods.
1. Ancient lists of the Seven Wonders of the World were first compiled by Greek historians in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC, though the structures dated back to 2700 BC.
2. The only structure that still remains is the Great Pyramid of Giza, built around 2560 BC as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu. It was estimated to take 20 years and 100,000 workers to construct out of 2 million stone blocks.
3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built around 600 BC by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II to please his homesick Median wife. They were a series of tiered gardens supported by arched brick vaults and
The Red Pyramid was built as the burial site of Pharaoh Snofru, founder of the 4th Dynasty, making it one of the oldest pyramids in Egypt. It was originally cased in white limestone but is now a reddish color after the stone was quarried. The interior contains three chambers that can be visited via electric lighting. The Bent Pyramid nearby has a unique shape where the angle changes part way up and was Snofru's final resting place. Modern historians believe Snofru built multiple pyramids not due to structural concerns but as part of maintaining resources and infrastructure for future pharaohs' burial sites.
The Great Pyramid of Giza was built as a tomb for the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC. It was constructed over a 20 year period using 2.3 million limestone blocks weighing 5,500 pounds each, placed by workers at a rate of 800 blocks per day. The pyramid stood as the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Located on the Giza plateau near Cairo, the pyramid is one of ancient Egypt's most famous structures and continues to be a major tourist attraction today, remarkably well preserved after nearly 3,500 years.
Architecture Of The Great Pyramid Of Giza Concept And ConstructionCarrie Cox
1. The document discusses the architecture and construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt.
2. It argues that the pyramid's design and location were based on symbolic connections to stars and constellations as well as practical geological and structural factors.
3. The pyramid's stone blocks were extracted from higher levels of the Giza plateau and transported down to the construction site, utilizing natural slopes and pathways. Its massive weight was safely distributed through the plateau's underlying geological axis.
The document discusses how the Egyptian pyramids and burial practices evolved over time. It begins with mastaba tombs, which were low brick structures that housed possessions for pharaohs. The pyramids developed from mastabas, becoming large stone structures like the iconic Giza pyramids. The pyramids served religious purposes, allowing pharaohs' spirits to ascend to the heavens. Later, pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings to make tombs harder to rob. The document examines various pharaohs' pyramids and provides details on their construction and alignment with astronomical phenomena. It poses questions about how the pyramids were built and speculates on possible methods.
The pyramids of Giza are the oldest surviving monuments of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world located in Egypt and were built around 2580 BC as royal tombs for pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty. The largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, stands 146 meters tall and has a base of over 230 meters, making it an impressive engineering feat for its time. Along with the smaller pyramids of Khafra and Mykerinus, the Giza pyramids were part of a vast complex of structures that also included the famous Great Sphinx.
- The ancient Egyptians built pyramids and mastabas to house the bodies and possessions of pharaohs and other elites to use in the afterlife.
- Imhotep designed the Step Pyramid of Djoser, the first pyramid, which was built out of stone mastabas.
- Later, the Great Pyramids of Giza were constructed, including the massive Pyramid of Khufu, as elaborate tombs for pharaohs like Khufu and Khafre during the Old Kingdom.
Pyramids were massive tombs built by the ancient Egyptians for their pharaohs. They were constructed out of stone blocks, with limestone used for the core and granite for interior chambers. The pyramids were precisely oriented and included hidden burial chambers. As techniques improved over time, pyramids evolved from mastaba tombs to stepped pyramids, then to bent and true pyramid designs. The earliest pyramid was the Step Pyramid of Djoser built around 2630 BC, while the largest was the Great Pyramid of Giza built for Khufu around 2560 BC.
The document summarizes each of the seven ancient wonders of the world. It describes the Great Pyramid of Giza as the largest pyramid built with over 2 million stones. It details the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, said to be built by King Nebuchadnezzar II to please his homesick wife from the mountains, using advanced irrigation. It discusses the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, rebuilt several times and known for its towering columns. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, built by Phidias, was considered the most impressive artistic work in Greece. The Colossus of Rhodes stood over 30 meters tall in the harbor. The Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the first, guided ships
The three largest pyramids in Egypt were built by Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. The oldest and largest, the Great Pyramid of Giza, was built around 2560 BC as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu. Khafre, who built the second largest pyramid, may have also carved the Sphinx. It took around 100,000 people 20 years to build the Great Pyramid, which contains descending passageways, a grand gallery, and chambers for the king and queen.
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Pyramids of egypt presentation report
1. The great pyramids of Egypt
Group members:
Shoaib Ahmed
Umar Farooq Khan
Muhammad Dawood Suleman
Nadir Abrar
2. 1
Acknowledgment
We would like to thanks and express our deepest appreciation to all
those who helped and provided us the possibility to complete this
report.
First of all the internet remained the constant source of knowledge
many websites, articles, and Wikipedia helped a lot in motivating and
inspiring throughout the research on topic,
Enlightening the books like “The great pyramid” by john romer,
“Secrets of the great pyramid” by Peter Tompkins and “The Giza
Power Plant: Technologies of Ancient Egypt” book by Christopher
Dunn, these books include the Recounts the fascinating discoveries
made by explorers, adventurers, and scientists about the Great
Pyramid of Cheops, including the stunning recent assertions that the
ancient structure was used as a geometric tool to measure the outside
world.
Finally the video documentary of BBC and National Geographic
channel on great pyramids of Egypt was the ultimate source of
interesting facts and history knowledge
3. 2
Executive summery
This report is prepared to show the historical importance and
abundant knowledge about world’s ancient site the great pyramids of
Egypt their construction and purpose they served.
It is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts
of Cairo, Egypt. This complex of ancient monuments includes the
three pyramid complexes known as the Great Pyramids, the
massive sculpture known as the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a
workers' village and an industrial complex. It is located approximately
9 km west into the Libyan Desert from the Nile river at the old town
of Giza.
The three primary pyramids on the Giza plateau were built over the
span of three generations by the rulers Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure
and these three pyramids are known with these rulers’ names. Each
pyramid was part of a royal mortuary complex that also included a
temple at its base and a long stone causeway
The purpose of pyramids of Giza and others are thought to have been
constructed to house the remains of deceased Pharaohs who ruled
over Ancient Egypt, It's theorized the pyramid not only served as a
tomb for the Pharaoh, but also as storage for the various items he
would need in the afterlife. "The people of Ancient Egypt believed that
death on Earth was the start of a journey to the next world. The
embalmed body of the King was entombed underneath or within the
pyramid to protect it and allow his transformation and ascension to
the afterlife.
4. 3
Index
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Findings
3.0 The great pyramids of Egypt
3.1 pyramid of Khufu
3.2 pyramid of Khafre
3.3 pyramid of Menkaure
4.0 The Sphinx
5.0 Workers’ village
6.0 Construction theories of pyramids
6.1 Purpose of construction
7.0 Bibliography
5. 4
1.0 Introduction
The purpose of this report is to provide abundant awareness and
historical background of worlds’ ancient site “great pyramids of Egypt”,
history about their construction, purpose and who built them and when
these massive monuments were constructed.
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures
located in Egypt were constructed during 2500 BC, As of November
2008, there are sources citing both 118 and 138 as the number of
identified Egyptian pyramids. Most were built as tombs for the
country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle
Kingdom periods
The last remaining of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, the great
pyramids of Giza are perhaps the most famous and discussed structures
in history. These massive monuments were unsurpassed in height for
thousands of years after their construction and continue to amaze and
enthrall us with their overwhelming mass and seemingly impossible
perfection. However, these represent an apogee in the development of
the royal mortuary complex; these massive monuments are of much
importance to Egypt’s history and culture, if we analyze and think deeply
from the heights of these pyramids, forty centuries look down on us.
This report basically is the profound of the subtopics of “great pyramids
of Egypt” like pyramid of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, The Sphinx and
workers’ village, their historical background some facts and construction
process is compiled in a systemic manner.
6. 5
2.0 Findings
From the starting of the explorations on these pyramids many
scientists and history researchers defines the main facts and reasons
behind their pyramid structure and whole construction phase, their
shape is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the
Egyptians believed the earth was created, The shape is thought to be
representative of the descending rays of the sun and most pyramids
were faced with polished and highly reflective white limestone, in
order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance
and are created in such a way that In spite of the enormous heat
outside, the temperature inside the pyramids actually stays relatively
constant, around 20 Celsius (60 F).
It’s a historical fact that until the Lincoln Cathedral was built in
England in 1311, the Great Pyramid of Giza held the title for the
world´s tallest man-made structure. It held the record for an
incredible and unparalleled 3871 years.
There was an attempt to destroy the Giza pyramids in the 12th
century. Al-Aziz, a Kurdish ruler and the second Ayyubid Sultan of
Egypt, tried to demolish them but had to give up because the task was
too big. However, he did succeed in damaging Menkaure's Pyramid
where he left a large vertical gash in its north face.
7. 6
3.0 The great pyramids of Egypt
3.1 Pyramid of Khufu
3.1.0 History and description
It is known as The Great Pyramid of Giza or Pyramid of Cheops it is
the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid
complex. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,
and the only one to remain largely intact.
It was constructed during the rule of Khufu pharaoh in 2560 BC and
was completed over time period of 20 years, its height is 146.5 meters
(481 ft.), each base side is 440 cubits, 230.4 meters (755.9 ft.) long. The
mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tones. The volume,
including an internal hillock, is roughly 2,500,000 cubic meters
(88,000,000 cu ft.).
Based on above estimates, building the pyramid in 20 years would
involve installing approximately 800 tons of stone every day.
Additionally, since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks,
completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average
of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night.
The pyramid remained the tallest man-made structure in the world for
over 3,800 years, unsurpassed until the 160-metre-tall (520 ft.) spire
of Lincoln Cathedral was completed in 1300. The accuracy of the
pyramid's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an
average error of only 58 millimeters in length. The base is horizontal
and flat to within ±15 mm (0.6 inch).
8. 7
3.1.1 Material and construction
The Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks. The
largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the "King's" chamber,
weigh 25 to 80 tones; mostly stones were carried by boat either up or
down the Nile River to the pyramid, It is estimated that 5.5 million
tons of limestone, 8,000 tons of granite and 500,000 tons of mortar
were used in the construction of pyramid, at completion the Pyramid
was surfaced by white "casing stones" blocks of highly polished
white limestone.
The Greeks believed that in construction slave labor was used, but
modern discoveries suggest that it was built instead by tens of
thousands of skilled workers, consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men,
divided into five clans of 20,000 men each, which may have been
further divided according to the skills of the workers.
3.1.2 Interior of pyramid
The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is 17 meters vertically
above ground level and 7.29 meters east of the center line of the
pyramid, the whole interior of pyramid is consisted of two
chambers namely King’s chamber and Queen’s chamber and a
grand gallery.
The King’s chamber is 10.47 meters long and 5.234 meters wide It
has a flat roof 5.82 meters above the floor. The King's Chamber is
entirely faced with granite. The Queen's Chamber is exactly half-
way between the north and south faces of the pyramid and
measures 5.75 meters long, 5.23 meters wide , and has a pointed
roof with an apex 6.23 meters above the floor. The Grand Gallery
continues the slope of the Ascending Passage, but is 8.6 meters
high and 46.68 meters long. At the base it is 2.06 meters wide.
9. 8
3.2 Pyramid of Khafre
3.2.0 History and description
The Pyramid of Khafre or of Chephren is the second-tallest and
second-largest of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza and the tomb
of the Fourth-Dynasty pharaoh Khafre (Chefren), who ruled from
2558 to 2532 BC, Khafre was the son of Khufu.
The pyramid has a base length of 215.5 m and rises up to a height of
136.4 meters the pyramid is made of limestone blocks weighing more
than 2 tons each. The slope of the pyramid rises at a 53° 10' angle.
Like the Great Pyramid, Khafre’s pyramid is built on an outcrop of
rock into which the subterranean chambers are cut. The bottom
course of the cladding was pink granite, but the higher sections are
clad in Tura limestone, some of which is still in place. It was first
explored in modern times by Giovanni Belzoni on March 2, 1818, when
the original entrance was found on the north side of the pyramid and
the burial chamber was visited. Belzoni had hopes of finding an intact
burial. However, the chamber was empty except for an
open sarcophagus and its broken lid on the floor.
The first complete exploration was conducted by John Perring in 1837.
In 1853, Auguste Mariette partially excavated Khafre's valley temple,
and, in 1858, while completing its clearance, he managed to discover a
diorite statue
3.2.1 Material and construction
In the construction the rock outcropping was used in the core. Due to
the slope of the plateau, the northwest corner was cut 10 mtr out of the
rock subsoil and the southeast corner is built up.
The pyramid is built of horizontal courses. The stones used at the
bottom are very large, but as the pyramid rises, the stones become
10. 9
smaller, becoming only 50 cm thick at the apex. The courses are rough
and irregular for the first half of its height but a narrow band of
regular masonry is clear in the midsection of the pyramid. At the
northwest corner of the pyramid, the bedrock was fashioned into
steps. Casing stones cover the top third of the pyramid, but
the pyramidion and part of the apex are missing.
The bottom course of casing stones was made out of pink granite but
the remainder of the pyramid was cased in Tura Limestone.
3.2.2 Interior of pyramid
Two entrances lead to the burial chamber, one that opens 11.54 m up
the face of the pyramid and one that opens at the base of the pyramid.
These passageways do not align with the centerline of the pyramid, but
are offset to the east by 12 m. The lower descending passageway is
carved completely out of the bedrock, descending, running horizontal,
then ascending to join the horizontal passage leading to the burial
chamber.
There is a subsidiary chamber, equal in length to the long King's
Chamber of Khufu pyramid that opens to the west of the lower
passage, the purpose of which is uncertain. It may be used to store
offerings or to store burial equipment; the upper descending passage
is clad in granite and descends to join with the horizontal passage to
the burial chamber, the burial chamber was carved out of a pit in the
bedrock. The roof is constructed of gabled limestone beams. The
chamber is rectangular 14.15 m by 5 m and is oriented east-west.
11. 10
3.3 Pyramid of Menkaure
3.3.0 History and description
The Pyramid of Menkaure, located on the Giza Plateau in the
southwestern outskirts of Cairo, Egypt, is the smallest of the three
main Pyramids of Giza. It is thought to have been built to serve as the
tomb of the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Menkaure the son of
Khafre pharaoh, constructed in 2510 BC. Its height is 65 meters; its
base is 102.2 by 104.6 meters and has a volume of 235,183 cubic meters
with the slope angle 51°20'25.
The pyramid's date of construction is unknown, because Menkaure's
reign has not been accurately defined, but it was probably completed
in the 26th century BC. It lies a few hundred meters southwest of its
larger neighbors, the Pyramid of Khafre and the Great
Pyramid of Khufu in the Giza.
3.3.1Material and construction
It was constructed of limestone and granite. The first sixteen courses
of the exterior were made of red granite. The upper portion was cased
in the normal manner with Tura limestone. Part of the granite was left
in the rough. Incomplete projects such as this pyramid
help archaeologists understand the methods used to build pyramids
and temples. South of the pyramid of Menkaure are three satellite
pyramids that are each accompanied with a temple and have a
substructure. The southernmost is the largest and a true pyramid. Its
casing is partly of granite, like the main pyramid, and is believed to
have been completed due to the limestone pyramidion found close by.
12. 11
3.3.2 Temple complex
In the mortuary temple the foundations and the inner core were made
of limestone. The floors were begun with granite and granite facings
were added to some of the walls. The foundations of the valley temple
were made of stone. George andrew Reisner an American archeologist
estimated that some of the blocks of local stone in the walls of the
mortuary temple weighed as much as 220 tons, while the heaviest
granite ashlars imported from Aswan weighed more than 30 tons
During excavations of the temples Reisner found a large number of
statues mostly of Menkaure alone and as a member of a group. These
were all carved in the naturalistic style of the old kingdom with a high
degree of detail evident
3.3.3 Attempted demolition
At the end of the twelfth century al-Malek al-Aziz Othman ben
Yusuf, Saladin's son and heir, attempted to demolish the pyramids,
starting with Menkaure's. The workmen whom Al-Aziz had recruited
to demolish the pyramid found it almost as expensive to destroy as to
build. They stayed at their job for eight months. They were not able to
remove more than one or two stones each day at a cost of tiring
themselves out utterly. Some used wedges and levers to move the
stones, while others used ropes to pull them down. When a stone fell,
it would bury itself in the sand, requiring extraordinary efforts to free
it. Wedges were used to split the stones into several pieces, and a cart
was used to carry it to the foot of the escarpment, where it was left.
13. 12
4.0 The Sphinx
The Great Sphinx of Giza or just Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a
reclining or couchant sphinx (a mythical creature with a lion's body
and a human head) that stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank
of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx is generally believed
to represent the face of the Pharaoh Khafra.
It is the largest monolith statue in the world, standing 73.5 meters
(241 ft.) long, 19.3 meters (63 ft.) wide, and 20.22 m (66.34 ft.) high. It
is the oldest known monumental sculpture, and is commonly believed
to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the
reign of the Pharaoh Khafra (c. 2558–2532 BC).
4.0.1 Construction
The Sphinx is a monolith carved down into the bedrock of the plateau
which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other
monuments in the area. Because of its geological history,
the nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers of widely
differing quality offering unequal resistance to erosion, mostly due to
wind and windblown sand, which explains the uneven degradation of
the body of the Sphinx. The floor of the Sphinx depression and lowest
part of the body including the legs is solid, hard rock. Above this, the
body of the lion up to its neck is a heterogeneous zone with friable
layers that have suffered considerable disintegration.
Basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was
built, by whom, and for what purpose. These questions have resulted
in the popular idea of the “Riddle of the Sphinx”alluding to the
original Greek legend of the Riddle of the Sphinx.
14. 13
5.0 Workers’ village
The work of quarrying, moving, setting, and sculpting the huge
amount of stone used to build the pyramids might have been
accomplished by several thousand skilled workers, unskilled laborers
and supporting workers. Bakers, carpenters, water carriers, and others
were also needed for the project.
Along with the methods utilized to construct the pyramids, there is
also wide speculation regarding the exact number of workers needed
for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek
historian Herodotus visited Giza in 450 BC, he was told by Egyptian
priests that "the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to
build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time." Evidence
from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working
in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid.
The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside
which Mark Lehner and his team have discovered a town where the
workers on the pyramids were housed. This town is located to the
southeast of the Khafre and Menkaure complexes. Among the
discoveries at the workers' village are communal sleeping quarters,
bakeries, breweries and kitchens (with evidence showing that bread,
beef and fish were staples of the diet), a hospital and a cemetery
(where some of the skeletons were found with signs of trauma
associated with accidents on a building site).
The workers' town discovered appears to date to the middle 4th
dynasty (2520–2472 BC), after the accepted time of Khufu and
completion of the Great Pyramid. According to Lehner and the AERA
team;
"The development of this urban complex must have been quite rapid.
All of the construction probably happened in the 35 to 50 years that
spanned the reigns of Khafre and Menkaure, builders of the Second
and Third Giza Pyramids".
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6.0 Construction theories of pyramids
Most construction theories are based on the idea that the pyramids
were built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and
lifting them into place. The disagreements center on the method by
which the stones were conveyed and placed and how possible the
method was.
In building the pyramids, the architects might have developed their
techniques over time. They would select a site on a relatively flat area
of bedrock—not sand—which provided a stable foundation. After
carefully surveying the site and laying down the first level of stones,
they constructed the pyramids in horizontal levels, one on top of the
other.
For the Great Pyramid of Giza, most of the stone for the interior seems
to have been quarried immediately to the south of the construction
site. The smooth exterior of the pyramid was made of a fine grade of
white limestone that was quarried across the Nile. These exterior
blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and
dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks
remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle
Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest
away for building projects in the city of Cairo.
To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing
stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have
marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of the pyramid wall and
trimmed the surfaces carefully so that the blocks fit together. During
construction, the outer surface of the stone was smooth limestone;
excess stone has eroded as time has passed.
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6.1 Purpose of construction
The pyramids of Giza and others are thought to have been constructed
to house the remains of the deceased Pharaohs who ruled over Ancient
Egypt. A portion of the Pharaoh's spirit called his ka was believed to
remain with his corpse. Proper care of the remains was necessary in
order for the "former Pharaoh to perform his new duties as king of the
dead." It's theorized the pyramid not only served as a tomb for the
Pharaoh, but also as storage for the various items he would need in the
afterlife. "The people of Ancient Egypt believed that death on Earth
was the start of a journey to the next world. The embalmed body of the
King was entombed underneath or within the pyramid to protect it
and allow his transformation and ascension to the afterlife.
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7.0 Bibliography
1.“The great pyramid” book by john romer,
2. “The Giza Power Plant: Technologies of Ancient Egypt” book by
Christopher Dunn,
3. National Geographic channel; (i) Documentary on great pyramids of
Egypt. (ii) Inside of the great pyramid of Giza.
4. The History channel; (i) Egypt; beyond the pyramids.
(ii) Engineering of ancient Egypt-How pyramids are built.
5. BBC channel, Building the great pyramid.
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex
7. http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/Ghizawhy.htm
8. http://www.crystalinks.com/greatpyramid.html
9. http://discoveringegypt.com/pyramids-temples-of- egypt/pyramids-
of-giza/
10. http://www.unmuseum.org/kpyramid.htm
11. http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/the-egyptian-
pyramids