Cara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak Hamil
efficiency of various power plants
1. Power Plant
Efficiency Of Various Power Plants
Submitted To:-
Mr. Kamal Arora
DEAN
Career Point University,
Kota
Career Point University
Submitted By:-
Radhika Chittora (K11755)
B.Tech , 5th sem , EE
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• EFFICIENCY OF POWER PLANT
• TYPES OF EFFICIENCY
1. HEAT EFFICIENCY
2. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
3. OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
• TYPES OF POWER PLANTS
1. THERMAL POWER PLANT
2. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
3. HYDRO POWER PLANT
4. OTHER RENEWABLE PLANT
BENEFITS OF IMPROVING EFFICIENCY
REFERENCES
3. POWER PLANTS
A power plant or a power generating station, is
basically an industrial location that is utilized for
the generation and distribution of electric power in
mass scale, usually in the order of several 1000
Watts.
A power generating station has to not only take
care of efficient generation but also the fact that the
power is transmitted efficiently over the entire
distance.
4. EFFICIENCY OF POWER PLANTS
In general terms, efficiency is the output of a process compared to the
input.
The electric power plant efficiency η is defined as the ratio between
useful electricity output from the generating unit, in a specific time unit,
and the energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit, within
the same time.
In power plant we have three types of efficiency:-
1.Heat rate (energy efficiency)
2.Operational efficiency:- it is of two types:- 1. Capacity factor
2. Load factor
3.Economic efficiency
5. HEAT RATE
Heat rate is a term commonly used in power stations to indicate
the power plant efficiency. The heat rate is the inverse of the efficiency:
a lower heat rate is better.
Overall thermal performance or energy efficiency for a power plant for
a period can be defined as
φhr = H / E
where
φhr = heat rate (Btu/kWh, kJ/kWh)
H = heat supplied to the power plant for a period (Btu, kJ)
E = energy output from the power plant in the period (kWh)
6. To express the efficiency of a generator or power plant
as a percentage, divide the equivalent Btu content of a
kWh of electricity (which is 3,412 Btu) by the heat rate.
For example, if the heat rate is 10,500 Btu, the efficiency
is 33%. If the heat rate is 7,500 Btu, the efficiency is
45%.
EXAMPLE
7. OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
Operational efficiency is the ratio of the total electricity produced
by the plant during a period of time compared to the total potential
electricity that could have been produced if the plant operated at
100 percent in the period.
Operational efficiency can be expressed as
μoe = (100) E / E100%
where
μeo = operational efficiency (%)
E = energy output from the power plant in the period (kWh)
E100% = potential energy output from the power plant operated at
100% in the period (kWh)
8. Capacity Factor
The capacity factor for a power plant is the ratio between average load and rated
load for a period of time and can be expressed as
μcf = (100) Pal / Prl
where
μcf = capacity factor (%)
Pal = average load for the power plant for a period (kW)
Prl = rated capacity for the power plant (kW)
Load Factor
Load factor for a power plant is the ratio between average load and peak
load and can be expressed as
μlf = (100) Pal / Ppl
where
μlf = load factor (%)
Ppl = peak load for the power plant in the period (kW)
9. Economic Efficiency
Economic efficiency is the ratio between production
costs, including fuel, labor, materials and services, and
energy output from the power plant for a period of time.
Economic efficiency can be expressed as
φee = C / E
where
φee = economic efficiency (cents/kW, euro/kW, ...)
C = production costs for a period (cents, euro, ..)
E = energy output from the power plant in the
period (kWh)
10. TYPES OF POWER PLANTS
Conventional electric power plant:-
• Thermal power generation.
• Nuclear power generation.
• Hydro-electric power generation.
• Coal power plant.
Non-conventional electric power plant:-
• Wind power plant.
• Solar power plant.
• Geothermal power plant.
• Tidal power plant.
11. THERMAL POWER PLANT
Principle of operation: It works on Modified Rankine Cycle.
Location: It is located at a site where coal, water and transportation facilities
are available easily. It is located near load centers.
Requirement of Space: Need a large space due to coal storage, turbine,
boiler and other auxiliaries.
Efficiency: Overall efficiency is least compared to other plants. (30%-32%)
Fuel Used: Coal (mostly) or oil.
Availability of Fuel: Coal reserves are present all over the world. However, coal is non-
renewable and limited
To increase the thermal efficiency, the coal is used in the boiler in powder form.
Cost of Fuel: High. Coal is heavy and has to be transported to the plant.
Initial Cost of Plant: Lower than Hydroelectric and Nuclear power plants.
Running Costs: Higher than Hydroelectric and Nuclear power plants.
12. Principle of operation: Potential energy of water is converted to Kinetic
energy and used to rotate a turbine.
Location: Located where a large amount of water can be collected easily in a
reservoir by constructing a dam. Usually in a hilly area at high altitude.
Requirement of Space: Very large space required. A dam is huge.
Efficiency: As high as 85% to 90%
Fuel Used: Water
Availability of Fuel: Availability of water is unreliable because it depends on
the weather (rainfall.)
Cost of Fuel: Water is free.
Initial Cost of Plant: Very high. Construction of a dam and
reservoir is expensive.
Running Costs: Zero, because no fuel is needed
HYDRO POWER PLANT
13. Principle of operation: Thermonuclear fission.
Location: Located away from heavily populated areas.
Requirement of Space: Requires minimum space compared to other plants of the
same capacity.
Efficiency: Higher than Thermal Power Station. About 55%
Fuel Used: Uranium (U235) and other radioactive metals.
Availability of Fuel: Deposits of nuclear fuel are present all over the world. Also,
uranium can be extracted from sea water, but it’s a complicated and complex
process.
Cost of Fuel: Fuel (uranium) itself isn’t too costly. However, if enriched uranium is
used, then the cost of fuel increases considerably. A small amount of fuel is used, so
transportation costs are less.
Initial Cost of Plant: Highest. A nuclear reactor is complex
and requires the most skilled engineers.
Running Costs: Small amount of fuel used, so running cost
is low
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
14. OTHER RENEWABLE POWER
PLANTS EFFICIENCIES
Wind turbines – overall efficiency of 30-45%.
Geothermal power plant – uses rankine cycle
with steam temperature at saturation point. It
usually achieve 35% efficiency.
Biomass & biogas plants – have efficiency of
45%.
Solar power plant- can achieve upto 20% but
change in whether & moving path if sun makes it
achieve 12% annually.
Tidal power plant - have efficiency of 80 to
90% which us better compared to other
16. Benefits of improving
efficiency
Better power plant efficiency reduces consumption
of fuel, which in turn reduces emissions, so saving
are also achieved in the cost of emission
allowances.
Power plant availability have direct impact to
production, unplanned failures will decrease the
production and at the same time the plants'
profitability.
Energy production costs can be significantly
reduced by improving energy efficiency of the
power plant. This has direct impact on fuel
consumption which account for half of production
costs.
