1. Electrical energy results from the flow of electric charge. It is the ability to do work or apply force to move an object. Electrical energy may be either potential or kinetic energy, but is usually encountered as potential energy stored due to the relative positions of charged particles or electric fields. 2. Energy intensity is a measure of energy inefficiency calculated as units of energy per unit of GDP. High intensities indicate a high cost to convert energy into GDP, while low intensities indicate a lower cost. 3. Nuclear reactors contain and control nuclear chain reactions that produce heat through fission. This heat is used to make steam that spins a turbine to create electricity. Control rods are used to control the fission rate of nuclear

1. V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur
Department of Chemical Engineering
CH8092 Energy Technology
2-Marks
Unit-I ENERGY
1. What is energy?
Electrical energy is a form of energy resulting from the flow of electric charge. Energy is the
ability to do work or apply force to move an object. In the case of electrical energy, the force is
electrical attraction or repulsion between charged particles. Electrical energy may be either
potential energy or kinetic energy, but it's usually encountered as potential energy, which is
energy stored due to the relative positions of charged particles or electric fields. The movement
of charged particles through a wire or other medium is called current or electricity.
2. Generalize the Global Energy scenario of conventional energy.
3. Write about the availability of conventional energy sources in India.

2. 4. Write about the potential of various Renewable energy sources in India.
5. Write about sector wise energy consumption in India.
Sector MW Total
Central Sector 98,547 25.1%
State Sector 1,04,384 26.5%
Private Sector 1,90,459 48.4%
Total 3,93,389 100.0%
6. Define Energy Intensity.
Energy intensity is a measure of the energy inefficiency of an economy. It is calculated as units
of energy per unit of GDP. High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting
energy into GDP. Low energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost of converting energy into
GDP.
7. What are the units of energy?
 Barrel of oil.
 Calorie.
 Horsepower.
 Joule (J)
 Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
 Kilowatt (kW)
 Megajoule (MJ)
 Megawatt (MW)
8. How is energy converted from one form to another?

3. 9. How do we calculate efficiency of energy conversion?
In order to calculate efficiency, you need to apply the following formula:
η = Eout / Ein * 100%
where:
 η is the efficiency (expressed as a percentage),
 Eout is the energy output (in Joules), and
 Ein is the energy input (also in Joules).
10. What are the general classifications of energy?
 Potential energy
 Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position.
 Kinetic energy
 Kinetic energy is the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and
objects.
11. What are primary and secondary energy sources?
12. Differentiate Commercial & Non-Commercial Energy.

4. Commercial energy is energy which is available to the users at some price. Non-commercial
energy is energy which is available free of cost to the users. For example, coal, petroleum,
natural gas and electricity. For example, fire wood, agricultural waste, cow dung.
13. Write about Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy
Differences between Renewable and Non-renewable Resources
Following are major differences between renewable and non-renewable resources.
Renewable Resources Non-renewable Resources
Depletion
Renewable resources cannot be
depleted over time
Non-renewable resources deplete over time
Sources
Renewable resources include sunlight,
water, wind and also geothermal
sources such as hot springs
and fumaroles
Non-renewable energy includes fossil fuels such
as coal and petroleum.
Environmental Impact
Most renewable resources have low
carbon emissions and low carbon
footprint
Non-renewable energy has a comparatively
higher carbon footprint and carbon emissions.
Cost
The upfront cost of renewable energy is
high. – For instance, Generating
electricity using technologies running
on renewable energy is costlier than
generating it with fossil fuels
Non-renewable energy has a comparatively
lower upfront cost.
Infrastructure Requirements
Infrastructure for harvesting renewable
energy is prohibitively expensive and
not easily accessible in most countries.
Cost-effective and accessible infrastructure is
available for non-renewable energy across most
countries
Area Requirements
Requires a large land/ offshore area,
especially for wind farms and solar
farms
Comparatively lower area requirements
14. What is meant by Conventional & Non-Conventional Energy?
Difference between Conventional and Non-conventional Sources of Energy
Conventional Sources of Energy Non-conventional sources of energy
These sources of energy are also known as a
non-renewable source of energy
These sources of energy are also known as
a renewable source of energy
They find both commercial and industrial
purposes
They are mainly used for household
purposes

5. These can be considered to be one of the
reasons for the cause of pollution
These are not responsible for the cause of
pollution
Coal, fossil fuels are two examples
Wind, solar energy and Biomass two
examples
15. What is energy crisis?
The energy crisis is the concern that the world’s demands on the limited natural resources that
are used to power industrial society are diminishing as the demand rises. These natural resources
are in limited supply. While they do occur naturally, it can take hundreds of thousands of years
to replenish the stores.
16. What are the causes of energy crisis?
1. Overconsumption
2. Overpopulation
3. Poor Infrastructure
4. Unexplored Renewable Energy Options
5. Delay in Commissioning of Power Plants
6. Wastage of Energy
7. Poor Distribution System
8. Major Accidents and Natural Calamities
9. Wars and Attacks
17. Write the methods to mitigate Energy Crisis?
In order to prevent an energy crisis, it is also crucial that we consume less energy by improving
and modernising energy infrastructure such as smart grid solutions, and smart cities. It is also
important that we replace old devices by energy efficient solutions, such as replacing traditional
light bulbs by LEDs.
18. Write about Energy Conservation.
Energy conservation is the effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using less of an
energy service. This can be achieved either by using energy more efficiently (using less energy
for a constant service) or by reducing the amount of service used (for example, by driving less).
Unit –II: CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
1. Define steam rate and heat rate.
Steam Rate:
The actual steam rate is the amount of steam, in kg or lbs per hour, required to produce one unit
of power based on the actual turbine efficiency.
Heat Rate:
The heat rate is the entire amount of energy required by an electric generator or power plant to
create one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity. It is the rate of input necessary to generate unit
power. The ratio of thermal inputs to electrical output is also known as the heat rate.
2. Illustrate the function boiler and turbine.
The boiler generates steam at high pressure and high temperature. The steam turbine converts the
heat energy of steam into mechanical energy. The generator then converts the mechanical energy
into electric power.

6. 3. Why the preparation of coal is necessary?
Remove inorganic material (ash) – thus reducing ash handling in coal plants. Increase the heating
value of coal. Reduce the transportation cost per unit weight of coal. Meet customers'
specifications.
4. Why majority of coal based thermal power plants are located near Seashore?
The reason behind the presence of coal-based thermal power plants to be near the seashore is,
that the water availability is in abundance which is essentially required as the coal-based thermal
power plants function over a water boiler which needs water to form steam which is converted
into the thermal energy.
5. Generalize the necessity of feed pump in thermal power plant.
A feed pump is a specific type of pump primarily used to pump feedwater into industrial boilers
for steam generation. The steam can be used to rotate a turbine or other machine rotors. Feed
pumps raise the pressure so feedwater can enter the boiler.
6. Define superheated steam.
Superheated steam is an extremely high-temperature vapor generated by heating the saturated
steam obtained by boiling water. Superheated steam is now drawing attention in the food,
medical, and other industries where cleaning, disinfection, and drying play a crucial role.
7. Mention few turbines that are widely used in hydro electric power stations.
Turbines used in hydroelectric power plants fall into two categories: Impulse and Reaction
based. Impulse based turbines include Pelton and cross-flow turbines. Reaction based turbines
include three subtypes: Francis turbine, propeller turbine (bulb turbine, Straflo turbine, Kaplan
turbine types), and kinetic turbine.
8. Classify the hydro electric turbines with respect to high medium and low head.
Though there is no rule regarding water head height but below 30 meters is considered as low
head,above 30 meters to 300 meters is called medium head and above 300 meters is known as
high head hydro electric power plant.
9. Analyze the three main factors of power output of hydroelectric plant.
Power Out put of a hydro plant primarily depends upon the following factors
1. Available head
2. Discharge
3. Efficiency
10. Define the function of surge tank in hydro plants.
Surge tanks are applied in hydropower plants with long water conduits to reduce pressure forces
during the acceleration of the large water masses. They are constructed as intermittent water
reservoirs close to the turbines, either with open access to atmospheric air or as a closed volume
filled with pressurized air.
11. Explain the function of nuclear reactor.
Nuclear reactors are the heart of a nuclear power plant. They contain and control nuclear chain
reactions that produce heat through a physical process called fission. That heat is used to make
steam that spins a turbine to create electricity.
12. Classify the nuclear reactors.

7. Main types of nuclear reactor
 Pressurised water reactor (PWR)
 Boiling water reactor (BWR)
 Advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR)
 Light water graphite-moderated reactor (LWGR)
 Fast neutron reactor (FNR)
 Operable nuclear power plants
13. Explain the requirements of fission process.
Fission occurs when a neutron slams into a larger atom, forcing it to excite and spilt into two
smaller atoms—also known as fission products. Additional neutrons are also released that can
initiate a chain reaction. When each atom splits, a tremendous amount of energy is released.
14. Name the three moderators used in nuclear power plants.
Usually, heavy water, graphite, deuterium, and paraffin, etc. can act as moderators. These
moderators are rich in protons. When fast-moving neutrons collide head-on with the protons of
moderator substances, their energies are interchanged and thus the neutrons are slowed down.
15. List the function of control rods with example.
Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to control the rate of fission of the nuclear fuel –
uranium or plutonium. Their compositions include chemical elements such as boron, cadmium,
silver, hafnium, or indium, that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves
fissioning.
16. Summarize the function of cooling tower.
A cooling tower serves to dissipate the heat into the atmosphere instead and wind and air
diffusion spreads the heat over a much larger area than hot water can distribute heat in a body of
water.
17. Integrate to provide for safety of nuclear power plant.
A cooling tower serves to dissipate the heat into the atmosphere instead and wind and air
diffusion spreads the heat over a much larger area than hot water can distribute heat in a body of
water.
18. Evaluate the purpose of reprocessing of nuclear waste?
Reprocessing is a series of chemical operations that separates plutonium and uranium from other
nuclear waste contained in the used (or “spent”) fuel from nuclear power reactors. The separated
plutonium can be used to fuel reactors, but also to make nuclear weapons.
19. Describe the advantages of nuclear power plant.
The advantages of nuclear power are:
 One of the most low-carbon energy sources.
 It also has one of the smallest carbon footprints.
 It's one of the answers to the energy gap.
 It's essential to our response to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions.
 Reliable and cost-effective.

8. 20. Define ‘CANDU’ reactor.
The CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) is a Canadian pressurized heavy-
water reactor design used to generate electric power.
Unit-III NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
1. Discuss the role of renewable source.
Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources
minimize environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on
current and future economic and social societal needs. Sun is the source of all energies.
2. Summarize the Renewable energy sources.
The most popular renewable energy sources currently are: Solar energy; Wind energy; Hydro energy;
Tidal energy; Geothermal energy; Biomass energy.
3. Define Solar Radiation.
Solar radiation, often called the solar resource or just sunlight, is a general term for the electromagnetic
radiation emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy, such
as heat and electricity, using a variety of technologies.
4. Express the advantage of solar concentrators.
Advantages solar concentrators
 Less solar cell material is required to capture the same or even more amount of radiation as a non-
concentrating energy system. The entire system can be cost effective due to fewer cell materials, low
cost optics, and increased output.
5. Describe the Solar Thermal Power Plant.
Solar thermal power plants are electricity generation plants that utilize energy from the Sun to heat a
fluid to a high temperature. This fluid then transfers its heat to water, which then becomes
superheated steam.
6. Define Solar Pond.
A solar pond is a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. The saltwater
naturally forms a vertical salinity gradient also known as a "halocline", in which low-salinity water
floats on top of high-salinity water.
7. Point out the importance of solar energy in the presentday.
The sun provides more than enough energy to meet the whole world's energy needs, and unlike
fossil fuels, it won't run out anytime soon. As a renewable energy source, the only limitation of
solar power is our ability to turn it into electricity in an efficient and cost-effective way
8. What is meant by energy plantations?
Technically speaking, energy plantation means growing select species of trees and shrubs which are
harvestable in a comparably shorter time and are specifically meant for fuel. The fuel wood may be
used either directly in wood burning stoves and boilers or processed into methanol, ethanol and
producer gas
9. List main Components of Wind Power Plant.
The major parts are the tower, rotor, nacelle, generator, and foundation or base. Without all of these,

9. a wind turbine cannot function.
10. Draw the block diagram of Wind power plant.
11. Express the Equation for the Maximum output power (Pm) of wind turbine.
Power output is calculated as follows: power = [(air density) times (swept area of blades) times
(wind speed cubed)] divided by 2. The area is in meters squared, air density is in kilograms per
meters cubed and wind speed is in meters per second.
Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air Density x Velocity3
12. Define tip speed ratio (TSR).
The Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) is an extremely important factor in wind turbine design. TSR refers to the
ratio between the wind speed and the speed of the tips of the wind turbine blades.
13. Compare the VAWT and HAWT.
HAWT:
 Axis of rotation is parallel to the air stream.
 Less noisy
 Nacelle carrying gear train, controls and generator had to be mounted on top of the tower.
VAWT:
 Axis of rotation is perpendicular to the air stream
 More Noisy
 Gear train, controls and generator can be located at ground level.
14. List the two important wind turbine generator installations.
Profiling the top five wind power farms operating in India
 Muppandal Wind Farm: 1,500MW
 Jaisalmer Wind Park: 1,064MW
15. Summarize the details of wind energy generation in our Country.
Wind power accounts for nearly 10% of India's total installed power generation capacity and
generated 62.03 TWh in the fiscal year 2018–19, which is nearly 4% of total electricity
generation.
16. Explain ocean wave energy and state its advantages.

10. Environment-friendly energy source: Wave energy does not emit greenhouse gasses when generated,
as fossil fuels do. The turbines generate electricity through the power of waves, making them
pollution-free, renewable energy sources.
17. State the advantage of ‘closed cycle’ OTEC system with‘open cycle’ system.
Advantages of closed cycle gas turbine over open cycle gas turbine: (i) It has higher thermal
efficiency for the same minimum and maximum temperature limits and for the same pressure ratio.
(ii) Since the heating is external, any kind of fuel even solid fuel having low calorific value may be
used.
18. What are the different economic and environmental considerations of tidal power plant?
Beside a significant reduction of CO2 emissions, tidal energy also contributes to a reduction in the
emission of all other types of greenhouse gas, such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).
These gases are released during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, to
produce power.
19. Define Geothermal Energy.
Geothermal energy is heat within the earth. The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo
(earth) and therme (heat). Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source because heat is
continuously produced inside the earth. People use geothermal heat for bathing, to heat buildings, and
to generate electricity.
20. Explain the merits and demerits of Geothermal Energy.
Advantages of Geothermal Energy
 There are plenty of hot springs and natural pools across the world that emit geothermal energy. The
water from such a natural source of geothermal energy is commonly used for bathing, warmth, and
cooking.
 GHPs powered heating, and air-conditioning systems are more efficient as they use 25 to 50% less
electricity than conventional systems. Ultimately, there is a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions as
well.
 Many buildings, sidewalks, and parking lots are heated using geothermal energy.
 Also, known as a green source of energy because it does not release hazardous greenhouse gases.
Thus, it is safe for both environmental and human health.
Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy
 Geothermal energy emits sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide.
 The regions that consist of geothermal plants often experience minor seismic activity.
 The power plants can also damage roadways, buildings, pipelines, and natural drainage systems.
 Land subsidence can also occur in case geothermal energy yielders fail to inject back the extracted
water from the reservoir into the Earth.
Unit-IV –BIO-ENERGY
1. What is Biomass?
Biomass is renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals. Biomass was the largest
source of total annual U.S. energy consumption until the mid-1800s. Biomass continues to be an
important fuel in many countries, especially for cooking and heating in developing countries.
2. Give some of the organic materials used in biomassplant.
Biomass is organic, meaning it is made of material that comes from living organisms, such as
plants and animals. The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, wood, and
waste. These are called biomass feedstocks. Biomass energy can also be a non-renewable energy

11. source.
3. Summarize various biomass feedstock used for bioenergy.
Biomass feedstocks include forest products wastes, agricultural residues, organic
fractions of municipal solid wastes, paper, cardboard, plastic, food waste, green waste,
and other waste. Biomass is a sustainable feedstock for chemicals and energy products.
4. List out all the biomass conversion technologies.
 Biomass Conversion Technologies
 Combustion is the burning of biomass in the presence of oxygen
 Pyrolysis convert biomass feedstocks under controlled temperature and absent oxygen into gas, oil
and biochar (used as valuable soil conditioner and also to make graphene)
5. Discuss about Hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction of the interaction of chemicals with water, leading to the
decomposition of both the substance and water. Reactions of hydrolysis are possible with salts,
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, etc.
6. What is meant by Hydrogenation?
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and other compounds and
elements. Hydrogenation is used in many applications such as the food industry, petrochemical
industry and the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.
7. Define the term solvolysis.
Solvolysis is a type of nucleophilic substitution (SN1/SN2) or elimination where the nucleophile is a
solvent molecule. Characteristic of SN1 reactions, solvolysis of a chiral reactant affords the
racemate.
8. Define biocrude.
Bio-crude is a liquid biofuel produced by biomass solvent liquefaction: pressurized, liquid phase
thermal processing of biomass to form a liquid.
9. What is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal
fats, or recycled restaurant grease. Biodiesel meets both the biomass-based diesel and overall
advanced biofuel requirement of the Renewable Fuel Standard.
10. Define the term gasifier.
Gasifiers are efficient energy converters yielding 70% of the energy in waste fuel as cold gas. The
gas produced has a Btu value of around 150 Btu/scf (standard cubic foot).
11. Discuss gasification and liquefaction of solid fuels.
Gasification of solid fuels is the transformation of combustible substance into the gaseous fuel,
which is the result of the impact of the gasifying medium on the fuel, at high temperature and under
atmospheric or increased pressure.
Liquefaction is the process of converting solid coal into liquid fuels. The main difference between
naturally occurring petroleum fuels and coal is the deficiency of hydrogen in the latter: coal contains
only about half the amount found in petroleum.
12. Name the constituents of biogas.
Biogas is usually made up of around 50-70% methane (CH4) and 25-45% carbon dioxide (CO2),

12. with other gases such as hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), water vapor (H2O), nitrogen
(N2), oxygen (O2), ammonia (NH3) making up the rest.
13. Write down the classification of biogas plant.
Biogas plants basically are two types. This mainly consists of a digester or pit for fermentation and a
floating drum for the collection of gas. Digester is 3.5-6.5 m in depth and 1.2 to 1.6 m in diameter.
14. Describe fixed dome type biogas plant.
Fixed dome type biogas plant
The fixed dome type bio gas plant consists of a closed underground digester tank made up of bricks
which has a dome shaped roof also made up of bricks. This dome shape roof of the digester tank
functions as gas holder and has an outlet pipe at the top to supply gas to homes.
15. What are the phases involved in generation of biogasfrom biomass.
The biogas plant process involves five stages, namely pretreatment of raw materials, AD,
biogas purification, biogas utilization, and posttreatment of digestate.
16. Discuss the role of fermentation process in generation ofbiogas.
In the biogas reactor, microbial action begins and the biomass enters a gradual process of
fermentation. In practice this means that microbes feed on the organic matter, such as proteins,
carbohydrates and lipids, and their digestion turns these into methane and carbon dioxide.
17. Name the six factors affecting biogas production.
The main factors in the production of biogas have been identified as: 1) Sublayer composition; 2)
Temperature inside the digester; 3) Retention time; 4) Working pressure of the digester; 5)
Fermentation medium pH; 6) Volatile fatty acids (VFA).
18. Why site selection is important for installation of biogas?
Selection of construction sites are mainly governed by the following factors: • The site should
facilitate easy construction works. gas leakage, draining condensed water from pipeline etc. The site
should guarantee plant safety. sinking of structure.
19. List the application of biogas.
The biogas may be applied in direct combustion systems (boilers, turbines, or fuel cells) for
producing space heating, water heating, drying, absorption cooling, and steam production. The gas
used directly in gas turbines and fuel cells may produce electricity.

13. 20. Discuss about integrated gasification.
An integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a technology using a high pressure gasifier to
turn coal and other carbon based fuels into pressurized gas—synthesis gas (syngas). It can then
remove impurities from the syngas prior to the power generation cycle. Some of these pollutants,
such as sulfur, can be turned into re-usable byproducts through the Claus process. This results in
lower emissions of sulfur dioxide, particulates, mercury, and in some cases carbon dioxide.
Unit-V ENERGY CONSERVATION
1. Illustrate various energy conservation acts.
An Act to provide for efficient use of energy and its conservation and for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto. 1. Short title, extent and commencement. This Act may be called
the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
2. Discuss about the importance of energy conservation.
Energy conservation is incredibly important for several reasons. Along with reducing our reliance on
non-renewable energy resources (like fossil fuels), it also helps save you money on energy costs,
including utility bills and other energy bills.
3. Give the objectives of energy management.
The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and
utilisation, throughout the organization and: To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting
production & quality. To minimise environmental effects.
4. Discuss the term energy accounting.
Energy accounting is a system used to measure, analyze and report the energy consumption of
different activities on a regular basis. This is done to improve energy efficiency, and to monitor the
environment impact of energy consumption.
5. What is an energy demand?
Energy demand is the term used to describe the consumption of energy by human activity. It drives
the whole energy system, influencing the total amount of energy used; the location of, and types of
fuel used in the energy supply system; and the characteristics of the end use technologies that
consume energy.
6. How Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) facilitatesenergy efficiency programs in India?
The mission of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to assist in developing policies and
strategies with a thrust on self-regulation and market pri nciples, within the overall
framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 with the primary objective of reducing
energy intensity of the Indian economy.
7. How a nation benefits from Energy Efficiency programs?
 Energy efficiency helps to reduce costs.
 Reduced risk.
 Improving brand reputation.
 Energy efficiency can improve working conditions for employees.
 It's good for the planet.
 Being efficient can help with compliance.
8. Discuss the basis aim of Energy Security for anycountry.
Energy security is a goal that many countries are pursuing to ensure that their economies

14. function without interruption and that their people have access to adequate, reliable and
affordable supplies of modern and clean energy
9. Discuss the energy policy.
Energy Policy is established worldwide as the authoritative journal addressing those issues of energy
supply, demand and utilization that confront decision makers, managers, consultants, politicians,
planners and researchers.
10. Justify the components of the energy managementprogram to ensure the success.
An energy management system (EnMS) allows an organisation to plan, manage, measure, and
continually improves the energy performance of its facilities and comprises the following
components:
 Roles and responsibility
 Energy policy
 Energy objectives and energy targets
 Energy efficiency improvement plan
 Monitoring, measurement and analysis
11. Give the role of energy audit.
An energy audit is usually conducted to understand how energy is used within the plant and to find
opportunities for improvement and energy saving. Sometimes, energy audits are conducted to
evaluate the effectiveness of an energy efficiency project or program.
12. Examine the need for energy auditing.
Energy Audit needs to be done to Identify Energy saving Opportunities in a facility or areas with
excess use of Energy compared with set up standards. Energy audit is a effective tool of energy
management to use Energy Effectively and Efficiently.
13. Explain the types of energy audits.
Types of Energy Audit:
 Preliminary audit: Preliminary audit is carried out in the limited time say within 10 days and it
highlights the energy cost and wastages in the major equipment's and processes.
 Detailed (Comprehensive) Energy Audit
 Overall system audit
 Functional audit
 Utility Audit
 Modernization audit
14. Explain the difference between preliminary energyaudit and detailed audit.
Preliminary Energy audit:
The Preliminary Energy Audit focuses on the major energy suppliers and demands usually
accounting for approximately 70% of total energy. It is essentially a preliminary data
gathering and analysis effort. It uses only available data and is completed with limited
diagnostic instruments.
Detailed Energy audit:
Energy Audit is defined as “the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy
including submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy
efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.

15. 15. What are the areas that need to be focused during preaudit phase?
College/school/area unless they are revised. Post-PARs are 60 days after the end of the PAR
period that make a change to cost distribution (or revised PARs) should be forwarded to the
designated pre-auditor for the -college/school/area. PARs that are more than 60 days late but
do not make a change are referred to as Late PARs and do not require pre-audit.
16. Illustrate the baseline data should be collected for adetailed energy audit.
The audit team should collect the following baseline data: Technology, processes used and
equipment details. Capacity utilisation. Amount & type of input materials used.
17. List out some of the instruments and metering used inEnergy Auditing.
S.N
o
Name of the Instrument Intended Use
1 Steam Trap Monitor Used for performance evaluation of steam Traps
2 U-Tube Manometer Used for measurement of differential pressure
3 Digital Manometer Used for measurement of differential pressure
18. What do you understand from Energy- Benchmarking?
Energy benchmarking means assessing and analyzing the energy and water use of a building and
then comparing it to the building's past performance, similar buildings, or modeled simulations of a
reference building at a certain standard.
19. Give the basic principle of material and energybalance.
Material and energy balances can be worked out quantitatively knowing the amounts of
materials entering into a process, and the nature of the process. 2. Material and energy
balances take the basic form Content of inputs = content of products + wastes/losses +
changes in stored materials.
20. Draw the components of material and energy balanceof a process or unit operation.
Energy In = Energy Out + Energy Stored
ΣER = ΣEP + ΣEW + ΣEL + ΣES
where
ΣER = ER1 + ER2 + ER3 + ……. = Total Energy Entering
ΣEp = EP1 + EP2 + EP3 + ……. = Total Energy Leaving with Products
ΣEW = EW1 + EW2 + EW3 + … = Total Energy Leaving with Waste Materials
ΣEL = EL1 + EL2 + EL3 + ……. = Total Energy Lost to Surroundings
ΣES = ES1 + ES2 + ES3 + ……. = Total Energy Stored

16. V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur
Department of Chemical Engineering
CH8092 Energy Technology
13-Marks
Unit -I
1. Discuss in detail about Global primary energy reserves and consumption
2. Explain in detail about Indian Energy Scenario in terms of Energy supply and consumption.
3. What is meant by renewable energy sources? Explain in detail these energy sources with
special references to Indian context.
4. Discuss in detail about long term energy scenario for India.
5. Explain the significance of energy consumption as prosperity.
6. Discuss in detail about various forms of energy with its common units.
7. Discuss in detail about Energy Units and its conversions.
8. What are the methods of direct and indirect energy conversion? Describe in detail.
9. Define the following terms with three examples for each
a) Primary and Secondary Energy.
b) Commercial and Non-commercial Energy.
c) Renewable and Non-renewable Energy.
d) Conventional and Non-conventional Energy.
10. What are the conventional and unconventional energy sources? Explain them in detail.
11. What are the advantages and limitations of renewable energy sources? Explain them in detail.
12. Explain in detail about the fossil fuel usage and it is crisis in the world.
13. Explain in detail about causes & preventive measures of energy crisis.
14. What are the conclusions on alternative energy strategies?
Unit -II
15. Explain the important components of a steam power station.
16. Explain with a neat sketch the various parts of a steam power plant.
17. Draw the schematic diagram of a modern steam power station and explain its operation.
18. Discuss the merits and demerits of a steam power plant.
19. Discuss the merits and demerits of a hydro-electric plant.
20. A steam power station spends Rs. 30 lakhs per annum for coal used in the station. The coal
has a calorific value of 5000 kcal/kg and costs Rs. 300 per ton. If the station has thermal
efficiency of 33% and electrical efficiency of 90%, find the average load on the station.
21. A run-of-river hydro-electric plant with pondage has the following data: Installed
capacity=10MW; Water head,
H=20m, Overall efficiency, ηoverall= 80%; Load
factor=40%.
(i) Determine the river discharge in m3/sec required for
the plant.
(ii) If on a particular day, the river flow is 20 m3/sec,
what load factor can the plant supply?
22. What is nuclear fission and fusion? Explain with a neat sketch the various parts of a nuclear
reactor.
23. Discuss the factors for the choice of site for a nuclear power plant.
24. An atomic power reactor can deliver 300 MW. If due to fission of each atom of 235U92, the
energy released is 200 MeV, calculate the mass of uranium fissioned per hour.
25. Give the comparison of steam power plant, hydro
electric power plant, diesel power plant and nuclear
power plant on the basis of operating cost, initial cost,

17. efficiency, maintenance cost and availability of source of
power.
26. Discuss the types of combustion processes.
27. Discuss the Types of Fluidized Bed Combustion.
Unit –III
28. Explain in detail about the construction of solar cell, solar module and solar array.
29. Discuss in detail about the principle of Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) conversion.
30. Classify different types of solar collectors and explain any one in detail.
31. Enlist various domestic and industrial applications of solar energy.
32. What is Wind power and derive the equation of power in Wind.
33. Summarize the working principle of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).
34. Explain about the various Types of Wind Power Plants (WPPs).
35. Classify the various types of rotor used in the wind turbine
36. Explain in detail about the pitch control and Yaw control.
37. Discuss in detail the ocean wave energy conversion and its applications.
38. Explain the methods of utilization of tidal energy.
39. Enlist different geothermal resources and explain heat extraction from hot dry rocks.
Unit-IV
40. What is the meaning of biomass? Further, discuss its multipurpose utilization.
41. Discuss different biomass conversion technologies in detail.
42. Explain two stage thermo-chemical transformation of wood to methanol.
43. Discuss in detail about chemical conversion of biomass.
44. Define gasification. Discuss about various zones occurring during gasification process.
45. Describe gasification of solid fuels and give detail classification of gasification process
46. List out the classification of biogas plants and explain any two with neat sketch.
47. Give the properties of biogas and explain the utilization of biogas.
48. Discuss the basic steps involved in biogas generation from biomass.
49. Differentiate between the following methods of biogas generation
i. Pyrolysis
ii. Combustion.
50. Discuss the following methods of biogas generation
i. Gasification
ii. Anaerobic Digestion.
51. What is meant by wet fermentation & dry fermentation?
52. List Indian types of biogas plant explain any one.
53. Describe in detail the various factors affecting biogas generation.
UNIT-V
54. Elaborate the terms energy management & energy audit.
55. Briefly discuss about the conservation.
56. Write short notes on Energy conservation Act, 2003.
57. Elaborately discuss about energy conservation act, 2001 and its features.
58. Discuss the various steps in management program.
59. Compile energy management and forecasting methodology.
60. Discuss about energy security and energy policy.
61. Explain some of the strategies to meet future energy requirements.
62. Discuss the manners and intervals of time for conduct of energy audit as per Bureau of
Energy Efficiency (BEE) regulations.
63. Justify the Methodology for detailed energy audit process.
64. Elaborately explain about various instruments and monitoring systems used for auditing.

18. 65. Discuss about Benchmarking and Plant energy performance.
66. Discuss about the energy balance of a system.
67. Discuss in detail about thermal energy management system.

19. V.S.B. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
FERMENTATION ENGINEERING
UNIT 1
1.Define Fermentation
Any of a group of chemical reactions that split complex organic compounds into relatively
simple substances, especially the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by
yeast.
2. Expand NADH.
NADH stands for "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)." This
chemical occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in the chemical process that generates
energy NADH is used for improving mental clarity, alertness, concentration, and memory; as
well as for treating Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
3.Name the five major groups of commercially important fermentations
Those that produce microbial cells (or biomass) as the product.
(ii) Those that produce microbial enzymes.
(iii) Those that produce microbial metabolites.
(iv) Those that produce recombinant products.
(v) Those that modify a compound which is added to the fermentation — the transformation
process
4. What is Baker’s yeast?
Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and
other bakery products, serving as a leavening agent which causes the bread to rise (expand and
become lighter and softer) by converting the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon
dioxide and ethanol. Baker's yeast is of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae
5.What are the sources of microbial enzymes?

20. Enzymes can be obtained from three different sources: plants, animals, and
microorganisms. Some commercial enzymes such as papain, bromelain (bromelin) ficin, and
malt diastase are derived from plant sources. In the animal body, the highest accumulation of
enzymes is in the glands.
6. Name the two major processes of commercial production of microbial
biomass.
The commercial production of microbial biomass may be divided into two major
processes:
 The production of yeast to be used in the baking industry
 The production of microbial cells to be used as human food or animal feed (single-cell
protein).

7. Expand DNA.
DNA, which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that supplies the genetic
instructions that tell living creatures how to develop, live and reproduce.
8. Write the primary products of microbial metabolism.
The decomposition products and the polymeric products formed during the process, such
as polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and esters, are called primary metabolites. The
common primary metabolites are amino acids, nucleosides, and the enzyme or coenzyme.
9. Write about recombinant proteins
Recombinant proteins are commonly used to produce pharmaceutical products, protein-
based polymers for drug delivery, antibodies and enzymes for disease treatment, protein
scaffolds for tissue engineering, as well as for a myriad of other uses
10. Define the term Dilution rate.
The rate of nutrient exchange is expressed as the dilution rate D. At steady state,
the specific growth rate μ of the micro-organism is equal to the dilution rate D. The dilution rate
is defined as the flow of medium per unit of time, F, over the volume V of culture in the
bioreactor.
D=F/V
11. Write about metabolite productivity.
Accordingly we define the ratio of flux to transit time as a performance index of

21. productivity in metabolic systems: it measures the efficiency with which stocks are
administered, and facilitates comparison of a pathway in different steady states or in different
tissues or organisms.
12. Write the comparison of the performance of the different operational modes
of an animal cell fermentation.
Operational
mode
Cell no
(10-6)
Product
yield(mg/day)
(mg/month) Length of
runs
Batch 3 100 200 7
Semi
continuous
3 200 200 21
Feed batch 6 100 600 14
Continuous
culture
30 200 1200 100
13.What is Fed batch culture?
Fed-batch culture is, in the broadest sense, defined as an operational technique in
biotechnological processes where one or more nutrients (substrates) are fed (supplied) to the
bioreactor during cultivation and in which the product(s) remain in the bioreactor until the end of
the run.
14.What is fixed volume fed batch culture.
Fixed volume fed-batch. In this type of fed-batch, the limiting substrate is fed without
diluting the culture. The culture volume can also be maintained practically constant by feeding
the growth limiting substrate in undiluted form, for example, as a very concentrated liquid or gas
(ex. oxygen)

22. 15. Write the application of fed batch culture.
Amino Acids
Glutamic Acid, Lysine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan,
Alanine
Antibiotics
Candidin and candihexin;
Cephalosporin C, Chlorotetracycline, Griseofulvin,
Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Baker’s yeasts
Enzymes
Cellulase, Galactosidase, Isoamylase, Protease, β–
amylase, α–amylase, β–Galactosidase, β–Glucanase,
β–Glucosidase
16. Expand ELISA
ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunoassay. It is a commonly used laboratory test to detect
antibodies in the blood. An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system when it
detects harmful substances, called antigens.
17. Expand DNA and RNA
A) DNA stands forr deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA stands for ribonucleic acid.
B) DNA is considered as the genetic material of living organisms.
18. What is dried cultures
DRIED CULTURES: Dried soil cultures have been used widely for culture
preservation, particularly for sporulating mycelial or-ganisms. Moist, sterile soil
may be inoculated with aculture and incubated for several days for some growthto
occur and then allowed to dry at room temperaturefor approximately 2 weeks. The
dry soil may be storedin a dry atmosphere or, preferably, in a refrigerator.
19. Write the recombinant proteins licensed for therauptic use.
To produce the first recombinant protein therapeutic use is, humulin (human insulin)
20.What is lyophilization?
LYOPHILIZATION
Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, involves the freezing of a culture followed by its
drying under vacuum,results in sublimation of the cell water. Thetechnique

23. involves growing the culture to the maximumstationary phase and resuspending
the cells in a protective medium such as milk, serum or sodium glutamine.
UNIT II
1. What are the three major classes of sensor?
There are three main classes of sensor:
 Sensors which penetrate into the interior of thefermenter, e.g. pH electrodes, dissolved-
oxygen
 electrodes.
 Sensors which operate on samples which arecontinuously withdrawn from the fermenter,
e.g.exhaust-gas analysers.
 Sensors which do not come into contact with thefermentation broth or gases, e.g.
tachometers,load cell
2. What is redox potential
It is a measure of the oxidation-reduction potential of abiological system and can be
determined as a voltage(mV), the value in any system depending on the equi-librium of:
Reduced form <= Oxidized form + electron(s)
3.Write about mass spectrometers
The mass spectrometer can be used for on-line analysis since it is very versatile and has a
response time of less than 5 seconds for full-scale response and taking about 12 seconds for a
sample stream. It allows for monitoring of gas partial pressures (02' CO2, CH4, etc.), dissolved
gases (02' CO2, CH4, etc.) and volatiles (methanol, ethanol, acetone, simple organic acids
4. What are the four basic components of a control loop?
 A measuring element.
 A controller.
 A final control element.
 The process to be controlled.
5. Write about data logging.
The simplest task for a computer is data loggingPrograms have been developed so
that by referenceto the real-time clock, the signals from the appropriatesensors will be

24. scanned sequentially in a predeterminedpattern and logged in a data storeTypically,
this maybe 2- to 60-second intervals, and the data is printed out on a visual display
unit.
6.How dissolved oxygen is measured?
Dissolved oxygen levels can be measured by a basic chemical analysis method
(titrationmethod), an electrochemical analysis method (diaphragm electrode method),
and a photochemical analysis method (fluorescence method). The diaphragm electrode
method is the most widely used method.
7. Write about enzyme electrodes.
The enzyme electrode is a miniature chemical transducer which functions by
combining an electrochemical procedure with immobilized enzyme activity. This particular model
uses glucose oxidase immobilized on a gel to measure the concentration of glucose in biological solutions
and in the tissues in vitro.
8. Write about data analysis.
Because a computer can undertake so many calcula-tions very rapidly, it is possible to
design programs toanalyse fermentation data in a number of ways. Alinked main-frame
computer may be used for part ofthis analysis as well as the dedicated small computer.
9. Write about near infra-red spectroscopy.
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is based on the absorption of electromagnetic (EM)
radiation at wavelengths in the range 780 to 2,500 nm. The light interacts with the sample and the
detector measures its transmittance and absorbance
10. Draw a feedforward control loop.

25. 11 Draw the diagram of a fermenter with a temperature – controlled heating jacket.
12. Write about the gateway sensors.
A gateway is like a bridge between your sensors and your network. Since sensors
can use all manner of wireless frequencies and topologies but your corporate network tends
to be TCP/IP based, something needs to connect them together
13.Draw the diagram of a adaptive control.

26. 14. Draw a cascade feedback control loop.
15. What are the three distinct areas of computer function?
computer generally consists of several different parts, each with its own specific set of tasks to perform, a
desktop computer can be broken down into three main parts: the monitor, the system unit, and the
keyboard, all of which are essential to any functional desktop computer
16. Write the four main types of the automatic control loop.
There are four primary elements:
o the controller, the torque device (brake, clutch, or drive),
o the tension measurement device
o the measurement signal
17. Write about ion-specific sensors.
An ion-selective electrode (ISE), also known as a specific ion electrode (SIE), is a
transducer (or sensor) that converts the activity of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an
electrical potential. The voltage is theoretically dependent on the logarithm of the ionic activity,
according to the Nernst equation.
18. Write the possible methods of measuring process variables.
In industrial process control, the PROCESS VARIABLE or PV is measured by a sensor or instrument in
the field and acts as an input to a controller, which takes action based on the value of it. Common process
variables include – level, flow, temperature, density, PH(acidity or alkalinity), mass, conductivity etc.

27. 18. Draw the defection type paramagnetic oxygen analyzer.
19. DRAW DIAPHRAGM PUMP
20 Draw the diagram of thermal mass flowmeter.

28. UNIT III
1. Write the choice of recovery process of Fermentation products.
Product recovery and purification, such as centrifugation, chromatography,
crystallization, dialysis, drying, electrophoresis, filtration, precipitation, etc., are essential
finishing steps to any commercial fermentation process. ... Higher yields or productivities were
obtained by means of product recovery techniques.
2. Draw the stages in the recovery of product from a harvested fermentation
broth.
3. Write a short note on Foam separation technique in separation and purification of
fermentation products
Product recovery and purification, such as centrifugation, chromatography,
crystallization, dialysis, drying, electrophoresis, filtration, precipitation, etc., are essential
finishing steps to any commercial fermentation process.

29. 4. Draw the diagram of a simple filtration apparatus.
5. Write the equation of Kozeny’s constant.
6. Define Stoke’s law.
Stokes' law is a law in physics that states that the force that resists a sphere's fall in
a viscous fluid is directly proportional to the velocity of the sphere, the radius of the
sphere, and the viscosity of the fluid. It is a measurement of the length from the center of
the sphere to any point on its surface.
7. What is bio flocculant?
Bioflocculation is defined as a process in which mediation of flocculants is achieved in
the presence of microorganisms or biodegradable macromolecular flocculants released by
microorganisms In addition, they are considered inducers of microbial aggregation and biofilm
formation.
8. Write the use of polyelectrolytes.
They are thus often used as thickeners, emulsifiers, conditioners, clarifying agents, and
even drag reducers. They are used in water treatment and for oil recovery. Many soaps,
shampoos, and cosmetics incorporate polyelectrolytes. Furthermore, they are added to many
foods and to concrete mixtures (superplasticizer).

30. 9. Write the uses of Basket centrifuge.
Basket centrifuges are useful for separating mouldmycelia or crystalline compounds.
The centrifuge ismost commonly used with a perforated bowl lined witha filter bag of
nylon, cotton, et. A continu-ous feed is used, and when the basket is filled with the
filter cake it is possible to wash the cake before remov-ing it. The bowl may suffer from
blinding with soft biological materials so that high centrifugal forces can-not be used
10.Write the uses of centrifuge,
Centrifuge may be expensive when com-pared with a filter it may be essential when:
 Filtration is slow and difficult.
 The cells or other suspended matter must be obtained free of filter aids.
 Continuous separation to a high standard of hygiene is required
11. Write the chemical methods of cell disruption.
Chemical Methods for Cell Disruption
 Osmotic Lysis. ...
 Surfactants. ...
 Chaotropic Agents. ...
 High-pressure Homogenization. ...
 BEE International: Meeting the Need for Mechanical Cell Disruption.
12. Write the process of coagulation.
coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a
liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of
blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair
13. What is freezing and thawing of microbial cells
Freeze-thaw weathering is a process of erosion that happens in cold areas where ice
forms. A crack in a rock can fill with water which then freezes as the temperature drops. ...
When the temperature rises again, the ice melts, and the water fills the newer parts of the crack.
14. What is meant by ultrasonication method of cell disruption
In mechanical methods, ultrasonic treatment can disintegrate fibrous, cellulosic
materials into fine particles and break the walls of the cell structures. Among the disruption
protocols for bacterial cells, sonication is one of the most effective at a laboratory

31. 15.What is the purpose of ultra sonication
U ltrasonication is commonly used for cleaning and removing rusts. Mechanisms of
cavitation and bombardment with ultrasonic waves enable this method to be used for cleaning
solid deposits. Cavitation releases heat and energy, which increases temperature that eases the
dislodging of deposition by loosening them
16. Define distribution or partition coefficient.
A partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is the ratio of concentrations
of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium ..... This ratio is
therefore a comparison of the solubilities of the solute in these two liquids
17. Draw the diagram of basket centrifuge.
18. Write the three stages of Distillation process.
The process that relies on a cycle of heating, vaporization, condensing and cooling. A
liquid of a lower boiling point will vaporize before a liquid of higher boiling point. The vapor is
then collected in a condenser where it cools, returning to its liquid phase for collection.
19. Write the six types of chromatographic techniques..
 Liquid Chromatography,
 Gas Chromatography,
 Thin-Layer Chromatography
 Paper Chromatography.
 Ion chromatography
 Cation chromatography

32. 20. Write the simplest ways of conserving heat.
o Turn Off Lights and Electronics When You Aren't Using Them. ...
o Replace Traditional Light Bulbs with LEDs. ...
o Get a Smart Thermostat. ...
o Ensure Your Home is Properly Insulated. ...
o Put Decorative Lights on a Timer. ..
UNIT IV
1. Draw the oxygen sag curve.
2. Expand BOD.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of oxygen consumed by
bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under aerobic
(oxygen is present) conditions at a specified temperature
3. Expand COD.
COD is defined as the amount of oxygen equivalents consumed in the chemical oxidation of
organic matter by strong oxidant (e.g., potassium dichromate).
4. What do you mean by spray irrigation?
Sprinkler/spray irrigation is the method of applying water to a controlled manner
in that is similar to rainfall. The water is distributed through a network that may consist of
pumps, valves, pipes, and sprinklers. Irrigation sprinklers can be used for residential,
industrial, and agricultural usage
5. What do you mean by landfilling?
landfill site, also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump, or dumping ground, is
a site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form

33. of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste with daily, intermediate and

34. final covers only began in the 1940s. In the past, refuse was simply left in piles or thrown
into pits; in archeology this is known as a midden.
6. What is meant by incineration
Incineration is the high-temperature burning (rapid oxidation) of a waste. It is also
known as controlled–flame combustion or calcination and is a technology that destroys
organic constituents in waste materials. New techniques are developed for this burning
process, used as energy-generating methods
7. What do you mean by disposal of sewage?
Sewage is disposed of in several ways, mainly two: removal in a waterborne sewer
systems (sewerage) or disposed via an on-site sanitation system (pit latrines or septic
tanks). The former has become standard practice in built-up areas, most cities and industrial
complexes.
8. Write about anaerobic digesters.
Anaerobic digestion is a process through which bacteria break down organic
matter such as animal manure, wastewater biosolids, and food wastes—in the absence of
oxygen. . Multiple organic materials can be combined in one digester, a practice called co-
digestion
9. Write about anaerobic Filters.
An anaerobic filter is a fixed-bed biological reactor with one or more filtration chambers in
series. As wastewater flows through the filter, particles are trapped and organic matter is degraded
by the active biomass that is attached to the surface of the filter material
10.Write some types of anaerobic digesters
 Anaerobic activated sludge process
 Anaerobic clarigester
 Anaerobic contact process

35.  Anaerobic expanded-bed reactor
 Anaerobic fluidised bed
 Anaerobic lagoon
11.Define anaerobic clarigester
The anaerobic clarigester is a form of anaerobic digester. It is regarded as being the
ancestor of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion (UASB) anaerobic digester.[1]
A
clarigester treats dilute biodegradable feedstocks and separates out solid and hydraulic (liquid)
retention times. A diagram comparing the UASB, anaerobic clarigester and anaerobic contact
processes can be found
12. Write about up-flow anerobic sludge blankets
Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket technology also known as UASB reactor is a form of
anaerobic digester which used in wastewater treatment. UASB reactor is a methane-producing
digester, which uses an anaerobicprocess and forming a blanket of granular sludge and is processed
by the anaerobic microorganisms
13. What are amino acid wastes?
Metabolic products of amino acids (urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other nitrogenous
products) are excreted in the urine; nitrogen is also lost in feces, sweat, and other body secretions
and in sloughed skin, hair, and nails.
.
14. What is are tpes of fuel alcohol
Various alcohols are used as fuel for internal combustion engines. The first four aliphatic
alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol) are of interest as fuels because they can be
synthesized chemically or biologically, and they have characteristics which allow them to be used
in internal combustion engines

36. 15. What do you mean by Fluidized bed systems?
Fluidized beds are used as a technical process which has the ability to promote high levels
of contact between gases and solids. ... Extremely high surface area contact between fluid and
solid per unit bed volume. High relative velocities between the fluid and the dispersed solid phase
16. What is the incineration process?
Incineration is a method of treating waste which involves the combustion of the organic
substances found in waste materials During the process of incineration, the organic component
of these compounds is destroyed and any chlorine present is converted into HCl
17.What are rotating drums?
Rotary Vacuum Filter Drum consists of a cylindrical filter membrane that is partly sub-
merged in a slurry to be filtered. ... As the drum rotates through the slurry, the liquid
is sucked through the membrane, leaving solids to cake on the membrane surface while the drum is
submerged.
18.Draw schematic diagram of aeration system

37. 19 Define an activated sludge process
The activated sludge process is a means of treating both municipal and industrial
wastewater. The activated sludge process is a multi-chamber reactor unit that uses highly
concentrated microorganisms to degrade organics and remove nutrients from wastewater, producing
quality effluent.
20.What is meant by anaerobic lagoons
An anaerobic lagoon is a deep impoundment, essentially free of dissolved oxygen,
that promotes anaerobic conditions. The process typically takes place in deep earthen basins, and
such ponds are used as anaerobic pretreatment systems. Anaerobic lagoons are not aerated, heated,
or mixed.
UNIT V
1.Comment on Trophophase and Idiophase.
In secondary metabolism two phases are apparent: trophophase and idiophase. Trophophase
is the growth phase of the culture; idiophase is the time when the secondary metabolites are formed.
The success of the idio-phase is dependent on the trophophase.
2. Write the principle of centrifugation
The principle of the centrifugation process is to force the denser particles to the bottom and the
lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly
3. How Fermentation process are classified?
Fermentation types are classified into different classes based on various aspects like based
on feeding substrate to fermenter, based on need of supply of aeration, based on need of light etc.
a.Batch fermentation b. Continuous fermentation c. Fed-batch fermentation.

38. 4. Write the uses of bulk chemicals.
Bulk chemicals or commodity chemicals are used in healthcare, food processing,
chemicals, fertilizer, construction, and automobiles industries among others.
5. Write about fine chemicals.
Fine chemicals are complex, single, pure chemical substances, produced in limited
quantities in multipurpose plants by multistep batch chemical or biotechnological processes. They
are described by exacting specifications, used for further processing within the chemical industry
and sold for more than $10/kg (see the comparison of fine chemicals, commodities and specialties).
6. Write the examples for price microbial and animal-cell products
7. Draw animal cell

39. 8 .How Avermectin is produced?
The avermectins are a group of related, 16-member, naturally occurring or semisynthetic
macrocyclic lactone endectocides. They are produced from the fermentation products of the soil-
dwelling actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis, and effectively control a wide variety of both
endo- and ectoparasites
9. Write the formula for overall productivity.
Overall employee labor productivity is calculated by dividing the goods and services
produced by the total hours a company's employees during a certain period of time. For
example, suppose a manager wants to calculate the productivity of all the employees at their
company
10.What are the three types of sterilization
Three primary methods of medical sterilization occur from high temperature/pressure
and chemical processes.
 Plasma Gas Sterilizers. ...
 Autoclaves. ...
 Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide Sterilizers
11.Write the 5 main components of cell culture base medium
A typical culture medium is composed of a complement of amino acids, vitamins,
inorganic salts, glucose, and serum as a source of growth factors, hormones, and attachment
factors. In addition to nutrients, the medium also helps maintain pH and osmolality.
12.Define air sterilization
Air sterilization is one method of effectively killing microbes of all kinds, especially
bacteria, viruses and molds on heat-resistant materials Our hot air sterilization program is based

40. on DIN 58947 and ensures that the incubation chamber is disinfected at a temperature of at least
180 degrees Celsius.
13. List the industrially useful microorganisms.
o Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast for brewing and bread-making)
o Escherichia coli (bacteria for recombinant proteins and others)
o Aspergillus niger (fungus for manufacturing citric acid and enzymes)
o Clostridium butyclicum (bacteria used in soured milk and cheese
14. Write the uses of amino acids
The human body uses amino acids to make proteins to help the body:
 Break down food.
 Grow.
 Repair body tissue.
 Perform many other body functions.
15. Write a note on the commercial production of vitamins.
Currently there are some vitamins that are almost exclusively produced
by microorganisms, such as vitamin B2 and B12. Vitamins C and A are produced both chemically
and microbiologically and certain others such as Vitamin D, K, B3 and B5 have at least one or more
microbial enzymatic step
16. What are the microbes produces amylases.
Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens are known to be good producers of thermostable α-amylase, and these have
been widely used for commercial production of the enzyme for various applications

41. 17. Compare biopesticides with conventional pesticides. Give an example for each.
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals,
plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal
applications and are considered biopesticides
conventional pesticides are all active ingredients other than biological pesticides and
antimicrobial pesticides. ... Wood preservative and anti-foulant products that do not have
antimicrobial uses and agricultural fungicide and aquatic herbicide products are either classified as a
conventional or a biochemical pesticide
1 8. Discuss in brief about microbes used in bioremediation.
Bacteria, archaea and fungi are typical prime bioremediators . The application of
bioremediation as a biotechnological process involving microorganisms for solving and removing
dangers of many pollutants through biodegradation from the environment
1 9. Write a short note on bio preservatives.
The most commonly used bio-preservatives are bacteriocins, essential oils, herbs and spices,
vinegar, fermentation and sugar and salt. They exhibit growth inhibition of various
microorganisms when added at different concentrations so as to preserve food product
20. What are the common preservatives.
 20. sorbic acid, sodium sorbate, sorbates: cheese, wine, baked goods, and more.
 benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, benzoates: jams, salad dressing, juices, pickles,
carbonated drinks, soy sauce, and more.
 sulfur dioxide, sulfites: fruits, wines, and more.
 nitrites, nitrates: meats
CH 8009 – FERMENTATION ENGINEERING
16 MARKS QUESTION BANK
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO FERMENTATION PROCESSES 9
Microbial biomass – Microbial Enzymes – Microbial metabolites – Recombinant
products – Transformation Process – Microbial growth kinetics – Isolation and
preservation and improvement of industrially important microorganism.
1. Name some eight commercial applications of enzymes with industry,
application, enzyme and source.

42. 2. Write the number of sources of the growth of a microbial culture.
3. Write the interrelationships between primary and secondary metabolism.
4. Write the stages in the chronological development of the fermentation Industry.
5. Write the six component parts of a fermentation process.
6. Write a generalized schematic representation of a typical fermentation process.
7. Write about batch culture in Microbial Growth Kinetics.
8. Write about the growth of a typical microbial culture in batch conditions.
9. Write about the growth of a typical microbial culture in continuous conditions.
10.Draw the diagrammatic representation of chemostats with feedback.
11.Compare the batch and continuous culture in industrial processes.
12.Write about the continuous culture and biomass production.
13.Write about the isolation methods utilizing selection of the desired
characteristics.
14.Briefly write enrichment cultures using solidified media.
15.Write about the antibacterial compounds used in selective media for the isolation
of actinomycetes.
16.Name the substrates selective for actinomycetes.
17.Name the substrates selective for antibiotic-producing actinomycetes.
18.Write the guidelines for overproduction media.
19.Write briefly about the preservation of industrially important micro-organisms.
20.Write about the storage of microorganisms at reduced temperature.
21.Write about the storage of microorganisms in a dehydrated form.
22.Write about the quality control of preserved stock cultures.
23.Write about the selection of induced mutants synthesizing improved levels of
primary metabolites.
24.Draw the diagram of biosynthesis of glutamate by C. glutamicum.
25.Write briefly about the isolation of mutants which do not produce feedback
inhibitors or repressors.
26.Write the use of the penicillin selection method for the isolation of auxotropic
mutants of C. glutamicum.
27.Write the control of the aspartate family of amino acids in C. glutamicum.
28.Write about the control of biosynthesis of arginine in C. Glutamicum.
29.Draw a neat diagram of the control of the aspartate family of amino acids in
Escherichia coli.
30.Briefly write the isolation of induced mutants producing improved yields of
secondary metabolites where directed selection is difficulty to apply.
31. Draw a schematic flow diagram of biosynthesis of benzyl penicillin and lysine
in Penicillium chrysogenum.

43. 32.Write the application of the parasexual cycle.
33.Write the application of protoplast fusion techniques.
34.Write the application of recombinant DNA techniques.
35.Write the biosynthesis route to cephalosporin actremonium.
36.Write the improvement of industrial strains by modifying properties other than
the yield of product.
37.Write the structure of actinorhodin, structure of medermycin, mederhodin.
38.Write the structure of granaticin, structure of dihydrogranaticin, structure of
dihydrogranatirhodin.
UNIT II INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL 9
Measurement of process variables – Temperature and its control – Flow measurement and
control –Gases and Liquids – Pressure measurement and control – Control analysis –
Control System –Combination of Control Systems – Computer application in fermentation
technology.
1. Draw the simple positive filtering infrared analyzer.
2. Write about the pH measurement and control.
3. Write the online analysis of other chemical factors.
4. Write about Proportional, Integral, Derivative, Proportional Integral, Proportional Derivative
and Proportional Integral Derivative control.
5. Draw the simplified layout of computer-controlled fermenter with only one control loop.
6. Draw the diagrammatic representation of a supervisory setpoint control system for
fermenters.
7. Draw the diagram of a two-layer neural network.
UNIT III RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION OF FERMENTATION PRODUCTS
9
Removal of Microbial cells – Foam Separation – Precipitation Filtration – Different
Filtration process – Centrifugation – Different centrifuge cell description – Different
methods – Solvent recovery – Superfluid extraction – Chromatography – Membrane
processes – Drying – Crystallization – Wholegrowth processing.
1. Draw the flow sheet containing the recovery and partial purification of Penicillin
G.
2. Draw the flow sheet of purification of cephamycin C, sequential ion exchange process.
3. Draw the flowsheet of recovery and purification of citric acid.
4. Draw the flowsheet of purification of micrococcal nuclease.
5. With a neat diagram explain the working principle of Plate and Frame Filter press.
6. Write a short note on Pressure Leaf Filters.
7. Write a short note on Rotary Vacuum Filters.
8. Write a short note on Cross-flow filtration or tangential Filtration

44. 9. Draw the diagram of Sharples Super-Centrifuge.
10.Draw the diagram of a solid-bowl scroll centrifuge.
11.Draw the lateral section of a multi chamber centrifuge.
12.Draw the lateral section of disc-bowl centrifuge with nozzle discharge.
13.Draw the lateral section of disc-bowl centrifuge with intermittent discharge.
14.Draw the details of homogenizer valve assembly.
15.Draw the diagram of a co-current flow extraction system.
16. Draw the diagram of a counter-current extraction system.
17. Draw the diagram of a batch distillation plant with a tray or perforated-plate column.
18.Draw the diagram of a continuous distillation plant with a tray or perforated-plate column.
19. Write the methods available for two phase aqueous extraction.
20.Write a short note on two phase aqueous extraction.
21.Write a short note on supercritical fluid extraction.
22. Write a short note on Adsorption chromatography.
23.Write short notes on
UNIT IV EFFLUENT TREATMENT 9
Strength of fermentation effluent – Treatment and disposal – Treatment Processes –
Physical, chemical and biological – Aerobic process – Anaerobic treatment.
1. Write about the dissolved oxygen concentration as an indicator of water quality.
2. What are the factors to investigate in a site survey?
3. Write the treatment and disposal of effluents.
4. Write the range of effluent-disposal methods.
5. Name the different treatment processes.
6. Write a short note on tricking filters.
7. Write a short note on biologically aerated filters.
8. Write a short note on rotating biological contactors.
9. Write a short note on activated sludge process.
10.Draw the deep-shaft effluent treatment plant.
11.Write a short note on aerobic treatment.
12.Draw the schematic diagram of a multistage UNOX system.
13.Write a short note on distilleries.
UNIT V FERMENTATION ECONOMICS 9
Introduction – Isolation of microorganisms of industrial interest – Strain improvement –
Market potential – Plant and equipment – Media – Air sterilization – Heating and cooling –
Recovery costs.
1. Write the number of basic objectives are commonly used in developing a successful
process.

45. 2. Write about the isolation of micro-organisms of potential industrial interest.
3. Write about strain improvement.
4. Write a short note on criteria for strain improvement.
5. Write the process of air sterilization.
6. Write the fermentation process of heating and cooling process.