EFFECT OF SHEEP WOOL FIBER ON FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 05, May 2019, pp. 190-199, Article ID: IJCIET_10_05_021
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
EFFECT OF SHEEP WOOL FIBER ON FRESH
AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF FIBER
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Rayed Alyousef1*, Khaled Aldossari1, Omar Ibrahim1, Haretha Al Jabr1, Hisham
Alabduljabbar 1, Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed1 and Ayesha Siddika2
1Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,
Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942 Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
2Department of Civil Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna-6600,
Bangladesh
*Corresponding author Rayed Alyousef: r.alyousef@psau.edu.sa
Received 2 May 2019
Received in Revised 8 May 2019
Accepted 10 May 2019
ABSTRACT
Fiber reinforced cementitious composites are gaining attention in construction
industry because of the high strength, ductility and energy absorption capacity.
Concrete production is still under consideration to improve the sustainability and
environmentally safety. Therefore, natural fiber reinforced concrete is the good
alternative. Although sheep wools are producing a huge amount of waste, which can
be utilized as building material in concrete if properly recycled. The addition of sheep
wool in concrete mix was not very new, it has been used for insulation purposes. In
this research the mechanical properties of sheep wool fiber reinforced concrete
(SWFRC) were investigated. Total sixty cylindrical specimens and prisms were tested
in this experiment to assess the fresh and hardened properties of SWFRC. The aim
study was fulfilled by the results obtained from the split tensile test and flexural test.
The weak tensile strength of concrete was enhanced by the addition of high tensile
sheep wool and the cracks bridging effect of smooth and elastic fibers were worked to
enhance the ductility and flexural capacity of concrete. Meanwhile, the compressive
strength reduction due to addition of sheep wool in concrete can be minimized by
proper treatment, which must need to investigate correspondingly.
Keywords: Sheep Wool Fiber; Concrete; Workability; Compressive Strength;
Flexural and Splitting Tensile Strength;

Rayed Alyousef, Khaled Aldossari, Omar Ibrahim, Haretha Al Jabr, Hisham Alabduljabbar,
Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed and Ayesha Siddika
Cite this Article: Rayed Alyousef, Khaled Aldossari, Omar Ibrahim, Haretha Al Jabr,
Hisham Alabduljabbar, Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed and Ayesha Siddika, Effect of
Sheep Wool Fiber on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(5), 2019, pp. 190-199.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely used construction material, which is weak in tension and flexural
capacity. In modern construction industry, concrete are being manufactured and used with
very high compressive strength. But the brittleness of concrete increases with increase in
compressive strength of it [1]. To enhance the ductility, energy absorption capacity and strain
control capacity different types of fibers are being used in concrete. Yet, fiber reinforced
concrete (FRC) is one of the sustainable concretes comprised fibrous materials that used to
enhance its structural integrity and serviceability performance. Fibers with end anchorage and
high aspect ratio were found to have improved effectiveness on the properties and
applications of FRC as reported by different researchers [2]. There are many types of fibers
can be used in cementitious matrix to improve the tensile strength, ductility, impact
resistance, toughness, control drying shrinkage and cracking resistance of it; such as steel
fibers, glass fibers; synthetic carbon, basalt fibers, aramid, polyester, polypropylene,
polypropylene, nylon fibers; natural fibers as like bamboo, hemp, banana, human hair, animal
wool fiber [1–5]. Today the main purpose of construction industries are to make concrete
economically sustainable and ecofriendly with certain amount of desired strength. The
challenge of reducing the environmental impact and energy consumptions by the concrete
structures from the construction to demolition are now the point of attention by researchers;
therefore new materials and technologies are being proposed by researchers [6, 7].
Production of artificial fibers causes a huge carbon emission and cause hazard to environment
[8]. Additionally the CO2 emission and energy consumptions by concrete can reduce when
strength and toughness of it increase [2]. Therefore, the natural fibers from different waste
sources are being recycled now-a-days in an eco-friendly way and gaining attention of the
research community. Natural fibers can be classified as lignocellulosic, mineral and protein
fibers; where the uses of protein fibers such as hair or wool derived from animal are very
limited as reinforcement in cement-based matrix [9–11]. In average, sheep generally produces
2.3-3.6 kg of raw wool annually, which needed to trim off for their health care [12, 13]. This
waste needed special sterilization treatment before disposed openly. Meanwhile, it is a good
way to recycle the sheep wool fibers (SWF) as engineering materials, because after some
treatment it provide significant mechanical properties as other generally practiced fibers.
Wools are possessing high elastic modulus as reported around 1-4 GPa, which is comparable
to any plastic fibers generally used in cementitious mixture [2]. Generally sheep wool
contains around 80% keratinous proteins, in which the content of sulfur is around 3%. The
presence of high sulfur resulting high strength of the SWF because of high di-sulfide bond
strength [14]. As reported in the study of Cardinale et al. [12], the uses of SWF in cement
mortar panel significantly increases the thermal insulation. Authors used 2%, 5% and 7%
SWF in that panel and suggested 2% SWF content of dry raw materials as optimum content in
terms of workability, mechanical property and thermal insulation. The report also reveals that
mortar containing high SWF content requires more water to bring workability, therefore the
reduction in mechanical strength takes place. Fiore et al. [9] conducted research on the
performance of cement mortar with varying SWF length and pretreatment process. The
authors reported that the SWF having length 1 mm and less just act as filler in mortar; and the
SWF with 6 mm length reinforcing the mortar and causes an improved compressive strength.
The SWF having high length causes agglomeration in mortar and having poor adhesion with

Effect of Sheep Wool Fiber on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete
cement paste the mortar strength greatly reduced. Additionally proper pretreatment improved
the fiber characteristics and helpful to improve the mortar strength. As observed from the
study of Fantilli et al. [2], the replacement of 1% cement by wool fiber resulted an 18% and
23% increase in flexural capacity of mortar when the fibers were non-treated and treated with
atmospheric plasma respectively. In both cases the authors reported a 300% increased fracture
toughness of mortar. Therefore addition of SWF in cementitious mixture can improve its
ductility. Another advantage of SWF is being flexible in nature it fills the void spaces
between particles within concrete, where the stiff fibers create voids by pushing particles
away to take space for itself [3]. After investigation on concrete road made by human hair
reinforced concrete it was reported [15, 23] that the total 3% cost saving can be possible per
lane per km of concrete road when 0.8% human hair was used in that concrete. The report
also reveals around 12% increased compressive strength of that human hair reinforced
concrete. Providing the advantages of SWF in concrete technology as a FRC would generate
value to the product, with effective cost and socio-economic impacts to the local communities
where sheep wool is produced. In this study, it is aimed to use sheep’s wool as a fiber
reinforcing material in concrete to investigate the influence of SWF on the fresh and hardened
properties of FRC. Expecting that the addition of SWF in concrete will make a contribution to
the performance of concrete by crack bridging; and to environment by reducing a huge
amount of waste. The effect of different fibers on the properties of self-compacting concrete,
results reported that the Fibers have a negative effect on fresh properties of the FR-SCC mix.
The reduction varies with the increasing of the fiber content and with the type. Basalt fiber
decreased significantly the fresh properties of developed concrete, basalt fiber can absorb
some water of mixing, and hence decreased the capability of concrete mix to flow more [24].
A recent study presented on the use of different CRMs and steel fibers on SCC, the finding
was found to substantially enhance the splitting tensile strength for all the SFR-SCC samples,
and provides higher compressive strength of up to 19% at 28 days, furthermore, reported
higher flexural strength by up to 13% around the 28 days improve durability of SFR‒SCC
[25].
2. METHODOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL WORKS
2.1. Material selection and specimen preparation
The concrete specimens were prepared using ordinary Portland cement, natural sand and
crushed stone chips. The ratio of the content were kept constatnt for all member which was 1:
2.1: 3.85 respectively with the water-cement ratio 0.5. Cement used in this study fulfils the
requirements as per ASTM C150 [16]. However, the fine aggregates having fineness
modulus, bulk density, water absorption, and specific gravity with values as of 3.35, 1531
kg/m3
, 1.12% and 2.60 respectively. Crushed stone of maximum size 20 mm was used in
specimen preparation with the bulk density, water absortion and specific garvity as of 1367
kg/m3
, 2.41% and 2.53 respectively. Normal tap water used to prepare all specimens.
The properties of SWF used in this study are as presented in Table 1. Sheep wool fiber
reinforced concrete (SWFRC) specimens were prepared with addition of 0%, 0.5%, 1%,
1.5%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 6% SWF by weight of cement in the mix of concrete. The specimen
ID with different SWF content is shown in Table 2.

Table 1 The properties of SWF
Property Value
Wool fiber diameter 95 to 130 µm
Fiber length ~ 70 mm
Aspect ratio 550 – 650
Tensile strength ~ 390 MPa
Ultimate Tensile Strain 50.2%
Figure 1 Raw materials for concrete specimens
Table 3 Specimen ID and SWF content
Specimen ID % of SWF addition
N 0
F1 0.5
F2 1.0
F3 1.5
F4 2.0
F5 3.0
F6 4.0
F7 6.0
2.1. Experimental tests
Workability of the concrete mixture examined in accordance with the standard of ASTM C
143 [17] to find the slump value of all concrete mixes. Cylindrical specimens of 150 mm
diameter and 300 mm height were prepared for compressive strength test and the test was
performed after curing the specimens for 7, 14 and 28 days following the standards of ASTM
C 39 [18]. Meanwhile, flexural strength test of prism beam specimens of 150 mm × 150 mm
× 700 mm was performed for all types of concrete in accordance with ASTM C78 [19]. In
order to measure the split tensile strength, test was conducted on cylindrical specimens of 150
mm diameter and 300 mm height following ASTM C 496 [20].

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Workability
The slump value observed after testing all the specimens are represented in Fig. 3. The slump
value of the SWFRC concrete were too small compred to the normal concrete. Addition of
SWF causes a huge demand of water for making the concrete mixture workable. It was
generally happened due to the high specific surface area and fineness of SWF, it absorbed
more amonut of water to come in a flow with the normal concrete paste. Therefore, the
workability of concrete decreased. Worakbility in SWFRC decrases with the increasing
amonut of SWF in the mix. As observed from the study and the Fig. 3, the addition of SWF
beyond 2% was made concrete not-workable. This negative phenomenon can be minimized
by the addition of superplasticizer of required amount.
Figure 3 Slump value of different concrete specimens
3.2. Mechanical performance
3.2.1. Compressive strength
The result observed form compressive strength test is represent in Fig. 4. It was found 30.77
MPa compressive strength in the control concrete after 28 days curing. The results showed a
significant drop in compressive strength after addition of SWF in concrete; which is in
agreement with most of the researches conducted on SWF reinforced cementitious composites
[9, 10, 14]. Regardless the fiber content and other factors, the larger reduction in compressive
strength of SWFRC was observed for long curing period. It indicated that the strength gaining
capability of SWFRC with curing time is less than the ordinary concrete. Though for SWF
content more than 3% caused an opposite trend of reduction with curing time. Around 5.2%-
79.7% compressive strength reduction observed after 7 days curing of SWFRC with SWF
content 0.5%-6%. In addition the reduction found for 14 days and 28 days curing time were
14.95-77.3% and 22.0%-67.1% respectively for the SWF content 0.5%-6%. As observed in
the slump test results, the addition of SWF caused a significant reduction in slump value,
which found nearly unworkable when the SWF content around 4%. The available water
content was not sufficient to complete the full strength gaining reactions of cement during
mixture and after casting also. Therefore, the strength dropped unexpectedly. Another
important cause behind this phenomenon is the fiber adhesion and fiber length. The adhesion
between SWF and cement paste is very low; a several defects and voids were observed in the
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
N F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Slumpvalue,mm
Speciemn ID

SWFRC, which is generally increased with increase in content and size of SWF [9].
Meanwhile another research [14] reported that the adhesion between the cement paste and
SWF is sufficient to add in mortar for construction purpose. However, SWF produced balling
and agglomeration when added in concrete beyond the optimum level of content and size of
it. That causes a large defect within interfacial zone of concrete matrix and consequently the
strength drooped swiftly. Considering the compressive strength test results the optimum value
of SWF addition is 2% in this case. Because after that further addition of SWF causing an
undesirable strength dropping which cannot be adoptable in construction.
Figure 4 Compressive strength of sheep wool FRC
3.2.2. Splitting tensile strength
Generally, split tensile strength is greatly depending on compressive strength of concrete. In
this experiment addition of SWF caused a great variation in the trend of changes in
compressive strength and split tensile strength. A wide varieties of result obtained after slit
tensile test. The result is shown in Fig. 5. As observed initially the addition of SWF in
concrete causes a decreasing trend in tensile strength of concrete; the cause of reduction is the
poor adhesion and low bond strength between the fibers and cement paste. But beyond 1%
when more fibers were added to the concrete it becomes stronger in tension. It because the
SWF started to concentrate together and can take larger tensile load when concrete tends to
split under compression. As observed in this experiment, addition of 0.5% SWF was resulted
a 12.7% reduced tensile strength of SWFRC after 28 days cutting; where the reduction values
showed a decreasing trend with further addition of SWF, up to 9.2% reduction for 1.5% SWF
content. Further the addition of SWF was resulting an increased tensile strength; which was
observed 4.4%-32.7% growth of strength than the ordinary concrete (N0%) for addition of
2%-3% SWF. This increasing trend echoes current researches outcomes on concrete with
SWF [21]. This trend were also similar for the 7 days and 14 days curing period as shown in
Fig. 5; though the early tensile strength development of SWFRC is observed much lower than
the ordinary concrete. Beyond the optimum level of addition of SWF, the agglomeration of
fibers makes the loss in bonding strength significantly and causes a loss in strength. In
accordance with the tensile test results the addition of SWF in concrete should between 2%-
3% of cement content.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
N F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Compressivestrength,MPa
Speciemn ID
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

Figure 5 Split tensile strength of sheep wool FRC
3.2.3. Flexural strength
Flexural strength of different concrete specimens are shown in Fig. 6. The results showing
that, the flexural strength of concrete generally getting improve with addition of SWF in it, as
well the other fibers does [2, 8, 22]. Up to 20.8% increased flexural strength was observed for
the specimens with SWF content up to 2%. This increasing trend of flexural strength is
prominent for early stage of curing. When the amount of SWF in concrete exceed 2% the
decreasing trend in strength was started. As observed in the flexural test, the crack bridging
capacity of fibers are very helpful to enhance the deflection capacity without fracture, which
means the improvement in ductility occurs with addition of fibers. The increased content of
fiber are also capable to carry more tensile force along the soffit of the flexural test specimens
and bridges the cracks up to a reliable limit of load. This enhances the flexural strength with
increasing content of SWF in concrete. But when the SWF content exceed 3% in concrete, the
reverse results observed. A 6.3% and 35.4% strength reduction observed in the specimen with
4% and 6% SWF content respectively. Although the specimen with 0.5% showing a little
drop in ultimate load; this was happened because of poor no-uniform distribution of fibers
within concrete, which made concrete weak along any specific plane and capacity get
reduced. Overall, the flexural capacity of concrete increases with SWF content in it, the SWF
addition level should maintain below 3% to get the best result.
Figure 6 Flexural strength of sheep wool FRC
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
N F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Splittensilestrength,MPa
Speciemn ID
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Flexuralstrength,MPa
Speciemn ID

Figure 7 Failure characteristics of SWFRC specimens
3.3. Discussion on Failure characteristics
After observing the failure mode of the specimens under bending test, it was clearly
concluded that the brittle state of normal concrete under concentrated load can be transfer into
ductile failure mode by addition SWF in the concrete mix. The more amount of SWF causes
more ductility in specimens, because the SWF has crack bridging effect and high tensile
strength, which can transfer the concrete stress into a long path. Therefore, ultimately the
beam specimens can deflect more without cracking significantly. Again, the crack bridging
effect of SWF caused a great reduction in the width of cracks, which also helps to easy
transmission of tensile stresses along the axis of specimens up to a certain limit. Therefore,
addition of SWF is improving the ductility of concrete.
4. DISCUSSION TO IMPROVE THE HARDENED PROPERTIES
Concrete generally characterized by the compressive strength after 28 days curing. In this
experiment it was reveals that the addition of SWF in concrete worsen the compressive
strength of concrete, though it improved the split tensile and flexural capacity to some extent.
Therefore, the reason behind this reduction must be need to analyze and proper treatment
should address to enhance the performance of SWFRC concrete under compression. As
observed form the previous researches [2], any pretreatment can improve the characteristic of
SWF extensively; which can be helpful to enhance the mechanical performances. However, in
this experiment the addition of SWF causes a reduction in cement content per cubic meter of
concrete mixture, because no ingredient was replaced by the SWF. Therefore, the additional
SWF takes some spaces that occupied by the other content of the mixture. If a portion of fine
sand can be replaced by the SWF, it will not affect upon the content of cement. Therefore,
binding action will remain same as the ordinary concrete, that will reduce the amount of
strength reduction caused by addition of SWF and expecting some increment will also take
place. Additionally some admixtures can be used to improve workability of SWFRC instead
of high water-cement ration, because it causes reduction in strength [12, 21].
5. CONCLUSION
The presents study was carried out to investigate the performance of sheep wool fiber
reinforced concrete. After conducting the research and investigating the previous researches
some conclusion can be drawn as follows:

• Workability of concrete decreases with the content of sheep wool fibers in it. The reduction
take places due to high specific surface area of fibers and which consume a huge percent of
water. To enhance the workability authors recommend to use admixtures.
• Mechanical performance of the sheep wool fiber reinforced concrete is like most of the natural
fiber reinforced concrete as observed from literature reviews; therefore if the reduction in
compressive strength can be minimize to an optimum level, the uses of sheep wool in concrete
will be beneficial.
• Though a reduced compressive strength observed in concrete with sheep wool, the tensile
strength and flexural capacity increased to some extent by addition of sheep wool in concrete.
The optimum level of addition of sheep wool fiber in concrete can be declared as 2-3% of
cement content based on this experimental results. In this experiment, up to 32.7% split tensile
strength and 20.8% flexural strength enhancement was observed by the addition of SWF in
concrete.
The sheep wool is not a waste, it can be used as construction materials, because it contains
the similar properties of traditionally used natural fibers. Sheep wool can improve the thermal
insulation, and it can be used in mortar for plaster purpose also. Meanwhile, a small measure
can improve the performance of sheep wool fiber reinforced concrete greatly. Researches on
the SWF treatment and guidelines for uses in concrete is needed to enhance the effectiveness
of it as a construction material.
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EFFECT OF SHEEP WOOL FIBER ON FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

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