The document discusses the out-of-plane behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) frames with contained masonry infill subjected to seismic forces. It presents results from a finite element analysis of RC frames with different configurations: bare frames, frames with plain masonry infill, and frames with contained masonry infill wrapped in steel wires. The analysis determined the natural frequencies of the frames under different configurations and aspect ratios. It found that frames with contained masonry infill had the highest natural frequencies, followed by frames with plain masonry infill, with bare frames having the lowest natural frequencies.
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...IDES Editor
Steel moment resisting frame with open first storey
(soft storey) is known to perform well compared with the RC
frames during strong earthquake shaking. The presence of
masonry infill wall influences the overall behavior of the
structure when subjected to lateral forces, when masonry infill
are considered to interact with their surrounding frames the
lateral stiffness and lateral load carrying capacity of structure
largely increase. In this paper, the seismic vulnerability of
building with soft storey is shown with an example of G+10
three dimensional (3D) steel frame. The open first storey is
an important functional requirement of almost all the urban
multi-storey buildings, and hence, cannot be eliminated.
Hence some special measures need to be adopted for this
specific situation. The under-lying principle of any solution
to this problem is in increasing the stiffness’s of the first
storey such that the first storey stiffness is at least 50% as
stiff as the second storey, i.e., soft first storeys are to be avoided,
and providing adequate lateral strength in the first storey. In
this paper, stiffness balancing is proposed between the first
and second storey of a steel moment resisting frame building
with open first storey and brick infills as described in models.
A simple example building is analyzed by modeling it with
nine different methods. The stiffness effect on the first storey
is demonstrated through the lateral displacement profile of
the building.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
1) The document analyzes the seismic response of a multi-storey reinforced concrete building equipped with different steel bracing systems.
2) A 7-storey building model was created and linear analysis was conducted to compare the responses of an unbraced building model and models with X, V, and inverted V bracing systems.
3) The results showed that all bracing systems reduced displacement, drift, shear forces, and bending moments compared to the unbraced building, with the X bracing system providing the largest reductions in structural response.
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A comparative study of the effect of infill walls on seismic performance of reiIAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study on the effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings. It summarizes different approaches to modeling infill walls as equivalent diagonal struts, including elastic analysis, ultimate load, plastic analysis, and finite element analysis approaches. The key findings are that infill walls reduce displacements and time period while increasing base shear. Modeling the strength and stiffness of infill walls is important for accurately analyzing seismic behavior, as ignoring infill walls can lead to unconservative design of soft-story buildings.
Street Light Automatic Intensity ControllerIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of the seismic performance of buildings with different types of vertical stiffness irregularities at various floor levels. Seven building models were analyzed using the SAP 2000 software. One model served as the basic model while the other six models incorporated stiffness irregularities at different floors. The methods used in the analysis were the static method and response spectrum method. The goal of the study was to understand how vertical stiffness irregularities impact a building's fundamental time period during an earthquake.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a study that used pushover analysis to predict seismic damage in a six-story reinforced concrete building. Pushover analysis was used to generate base shear-displacement curves and determine performance levels of immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. The analysis found that under moderate shaking, the building would experience immediate occupancy level damage with minor plastic hinging in beams and columns. Under strong shaking, the building reached the life safety level with more extensive plastic hinging throughout the structure. The study demonstrated how pushover analysis can evaluate seismic performance and estimate damage levels in reinforced concrete buildings.
1) The document reviews several expressions proposed by researchers to calculate the equivalent width of diagonal struts used to model masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames.
2) It applies these expressions to a sample one-bay one-story RC frame and analyzes the results using ABAQUS software to validate the modeling approach.
3) The study finds that the Paulay and Priestley expression, which defines the equivalent strut width as one-fourth the diagonal length of the infill panel, provides an average value that gives a reasonably accurate model for further analysis of RC infilled frames.
Dynamic Response of High Rise Structures Under The Influence of Shear WallsIJERA Editor
This study presents the procedure for seismic performance estimation of high-rise buildings based on a concept of the capacity spectrum method. In 3D analytical model of thirty storied buildings have been generated for symmetric buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool ETABS. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of concrete core wall & shear wall at different positions during earthquake, seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic and non-linear static procedure has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing Equivalent static, response spectrum method as well as pushover method has also been performed to determine capacity, demand and performance level of the considered building models. From the below studies it has been observed that non-linear pushover analysis provide good estimate of global as well as local inelastic deformation demands and also reveals design weakness that may remain hidden in an elastic analysis and also the performance level of the structure. Storey drifts are found within the limit as specified by code (IS: 1893-2002) in Equivalent static, linear dynamic & non-linear static analysis.
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...IDES Editor
Steel moment resisting frame with open first storey
(soft storey) is known to perform well compared with the RC
frames during strong earthquake shaking. The presence of
masonry infill wall influences the overall behavior of the
structure when subjected to lateral forces, when masonry infill
are considered to interact with their surrounding frames the
lateral stiffness and lateral load carrying capacity of structure
largely increase. In this paper, the seismic vulnerability of
building with soft storey is shown with an example of G+10
three dimensional (3D) steel frame. The open first storey is
an important functional requirement of almost all the urban
multi-storey buildings, and hence, cannot be eliminated.
Hence some special measures need to be adopted for this
specific situation. The under-lying principle of any solution
to this problem is in increasing the stiffness’s of the first
storey such that the first storey stiffness is at least 50% as
stiff as the second storey, i.e., soft first storeys are to be avoided,
and providing adequate lateral strength in the first storey. In
this paper, stiffness balancing is proposed between the first
and second storey of a steel moment resisting frame building
with open first storey and brick infills as described in models.
A simple example building is analyzed by modeling it with
nine different methods. The stiffness effect on the first storey
is demonstrated through the lateral displacement profile of
the building.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
1) The document analyzes the seismic response of a multi-storey reinforced concrete building equipped with different steel bracing systems.
2) A 7-storey building model was created and linear analysis was conducted to compare the responses of an unbraced building model and models with X, V, and inverted V bracing systems.
3) The results showed that all bracing systems reduced displacement, drift, shear forces, and bending moments compared to the unbraced building, with the X bracing system providing the largest reductions in structural response.
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A comparative study of the effect of infill walls on seismic performance of reiIAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study on the effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings. It summarizes different approaches to modeling infill walls as equivalent diagonal struts, including elastic analysis, ultimate load, plastic analysis, and finite element analysis approaches. The key findings are that infill walls reduce displacements and time period while increasing base shear. Modeling the strength and stiffness of infill walls is important for accurately analyzing seismic behavior, as ignoring infill walls can lead to unconservative design of soft-story buildings.
Street Light Automatic Intensity ControllerIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of the seismic performance of buildings with different types of vertical stiffness irregularities at various floor levels. Seven building models were analyzed using the SAP 2000 software. One model served as the basic model while the other six models incorporated stiffness irregularities at different floors. The methods used in the analysis were the static method and response spectrum method. The goal of the study was to understand how vertical stiffness irregularities impact a building's fundamental time period during an earthquake.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a study that used pushover analysis to predict seismic damage in a six-story reinforced concrete building. Pushover analysis was used to generate base shear-displacement curves and determine performance levels of immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. The analysis found that under moderate shaking, the building would experience immediate occupancy level damage with minor plastic hinging in beams and columns. Under strong shaking, the building reached the life safety level with more extensive plastic hinging throughout the structure. The study demonstrated how pushover analysis can evaluate seismic performance and estimate damage levels in reinforced concrete buildings.
1) The document reviews several expressions proposed by researchers to calculate the equivalent width of diagonal struts used to model masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames.
2) It applies these expressions to a sample one-bay one-story RC frame and analyzes the results using ABAQUS software to validate the modeling approach.
3) The study finds that the Paulay and Priestley expression, which defines the equivalent strut width as one-fourth the diagonal length of the infill panel, provides an average value that gives a reasonably accurate model for further analysis of RC infilled frames.
Dynamic Response of High Rise Structures Under The Influence of Shear WallsIJERA Editor
This study presents the procedure for seismic performance estimation of high-rise buildings based on a concept of the capacity spectrum method. In 3D analytical model of thirty storied buildings have been generated for symmetric buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool ETABS. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of concrete core wall & shear wall at different positions during earthquake, seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic and non-linear static procedure has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing Equivalent static, response spectrum method as well as pushover method has also been performed to determine capacity, demand and performance level of the considered building models. From the below studies it has been observed that non-linear pushover analysis provide good estimate of global as well as local inelastic deformation demands and also reveals design weakness that may remain hidden in an elastic analysis and also the performance level of the structure. Storey drifts are found within the limit as specified by code (IS: 1893-2002) in Equivalent static, linear dynamic & non-linear static analysis.
The document proposes research to analyze the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings with and without masonry infill panels through dynamic analysis and comparison of methods. The research aims to demonstrate the importance of including infill walls in seismic design by comparing bare frame structures to partially and fully infilled frames using analytical and computer models. The results could help reduce risks of collapsed structures in earthquakes by providing a better understanding of how infill walls affect structural behavior.
Influence of Modeling Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of Multi-Storeyed...ijsrd.com
Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Code approaches to seismic design of masonry infiled rc framesBinay Shrestha
Masonry infill (MI) increases the initial stiffness of reinforced concrete RC frames. Behavior of MI is difficult to predict because of significant variations in material properties and because of failure modes that are brittle in nature.
Study of variations in dynamic stability of tall structure corresponding to s...ijceronline
Construction of tall buildings, both residential and commercial are in insistance. In case of tall structure high lateral forces develops due to earthquake load and wind load are crucial. Thus the effects of lateral loads needs consideration for strength and stability of the structures. In tall buildings, lateral loads are critical as it increases drastically after a certain height of the structure. Shear wall systems are one of the most commonly used dynamic load resisting systems in high-rise buildings which help in achieving strength and stability along with economy. In this study, an attempt has been carried out to check the dynamic stability of a tall residential structure by applying variations symmetric arrangement of the shear wall. The Case study of a 26 storied RCC structure situated in Pune region of Maharashtra, India has been carried out. The effect of location of shear wall on dynamic behaviour of building is analysed using ETABS software using response spectrum method for earthquake analysis and IS875 (III) for wind analysis. The proposed position of shear wall gives the effective results as compare to other position.
Effectiveness of Shear Wall-Frame Structure Subjected to Wind Loading in Mult...ijceronline
This document analyzes the effectiveness of different shear wall configurations in an 8-story building subjected to wind loading. Three models are analyzed: an exterior wall frame case (Model 1), a middle interior wall frame case (Model 2), and a core shear wall case (Model 3). Results show that Model 3 performed best, with the lowest maximum lateral deformation, storey drift index, bending moment, and shear forces. Model 3 also had the core shear wall taking on the majority of loads. The document concludes that Model 3 provided the most lateral stiffness and rigidity to the structure against wind loads.
Effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of the multistoried buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract The most commonly used structural system in our country for almost all types of building are multi-storey reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills. Therefore it is essential to understand the seismic behaviour of these structures when subjected to lateral forces. Several research works has been done on the masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames in the past decades. Mortar is used as a binder in normal brick construction in order to create continuous structural form and to bind together the individual units in brickwork. In the present study, analysis has been carried out by considering the increase in height of building from five to ten storied by using finite element software ANSYS 14.5. The seismic analysis of multi-storeyed building frames with infill walls and without infill walls are conducted. 3D analysis will give more realistic values of deflection and stresses. Since this type of study is not feasible in terms of analysis time taken, 2D model was adopted for the present study. A three bay two dimensional building frame is considered with the number of stories varying from 5 storied to 10 storied. The loading applied is as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. Equivalent diagonal strut method is adopted for modelling infill walls. The results showed that there is considerable decrease in deflection when infills are used in RC frames. Key Words: Deflection , Equivalent diagonal strut method, lateral load, Solid brick infills, Storey drift
IRJET-Effective Location Of Shear Walls and Bracings for Multistoried BuildingIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the effectiveness of different structural configurations for resisting lateral loads in a 10-story building subject to seismic activity. Two structural models are considered: a normal building frame and a dual system with shear walls and bracings placed at the building corners. Both models are analyzed using time history analysis in STAAD-Pro. Results show that the dual system experiences significantly less lateral deflection, with displacements reduced by 86-89% compared to the normal frame building. Additionally, the dual system sees only minor reductions in maximum shear force and bending moment compared to the normal frame building. Therefore, the dual system with corner shear walls and bracings provides greatly enhanced seismic performance over a normal framed building.
IRJET - Study on Lateral Structural System on Different Height on Asymmet...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using different lateral load resisting structural systems (shear walls and bracing) in asymmetric buildings of varying heights located in a high seismic zone. Finite element models of bare frame, shear wall, and braced configurations were created and analyzed using software. Placement of shear walls and bracing at the core or corners resulted in lower displacements and drifts compared to bare frames. Taller buildings benefited more from these lateral systems. Shear walls and bracing effectively resist earthquake forces and improve building performance.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
This document analyzes the lateral load performance of different reinforced concrete frame models of a 12-story building using structural analysis software. Eight models are considered: a bare frame, fully infilled frame, frames infilled except the ground floor, and frames with shear walls, core walls or bracing in different configurations. Dynamic analysis shows fundamental periods are lowest for models with shear walls or bracing. Base shear and story drifts are highest for the bare frame and reduced by over 60% for infilled models. Models with ground soft-first story have increased drift, but shear walls or bracing can reduce drift by over 80% compared to the bare frame. Story displacements also decrease significantly with infilling or lateral load resisting elements.
Effect of modeling of infill walls on performance of multi story rc buildingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of modeling masonry infill walls in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. Three models of an 8-story building were analyzed: a bare frame, a frame with infill excluding the ground floor to create a soft story, and a frame with full infill. Nonlinear static pushover analysis was performed on the models. The results showed that modeling full infill improved seismic performance by increasing base shear and stiffness, distributing plastic hinges elastically throughout the structure. The bare frame and soft-story structure had plastic hinges form in the life safety to collapse prevention range, indicating poorer performance, while the full infill structure remained elastic. Therefore, modeling infill walls more
Non-Linear Static Analysis of G+6 Storeyed RC Buildings with Openings in Infi...IJERA Editor
Masonry infill walls are commonly used in the RC frame structure buildings. Openings are inevitable part of the infill walls. Openings in infill walls significantly decrease the lateral strength and stiffness of RC frames. In the present study two-dimensional seven storeyed reinforced concrete (RC) building models are considered with of (5%, 25%, and 35% openings Bare frame and soft storey buildings are modeled considering special moment resisting frame (SMRF) for medium soil profile and zone III. Concrete block infill walls are modeled as pin-jointed single equivalent diagonal strut. Pushover analysis is carried out for both default and user defined hinge properties as per FEMA 440 guidelines using SAP2000 software. Results of default and user defined hinge properties are studied by pushover analysis. The results of ductility ratio, safety ratio, global stiffness, and hinge status at performance point are compared with the models. Authors conclude that as the percentage of openings increases, vulnerability increases in the infill walls. The user-defined hinge model is better than the default-hinge model in reflecting nonlinear behavior. The misuse of default-hinge properties may lead to unreasonable displacement capacities for existing structures. However, if the default-hinge model is preferred due to simplicity, the user should be aware of what is provided in the program and should avoid the misuse of default-hinge properties.
This document summarizes a thesis analyzing the seismic performance of a 13-story building model with and without shear walls. Two models are considered: a bare frame structure and a shear wall frame structure. Both models are analyzed using ETABS software under wind and earthquake loading conditions in Seismic Zone III. The results show that the shear wall structure performs much better in terms of limiting lateral displacement, storey drift, and increasing stiffness and strength. It is concluded that the shear wall frame structure provides more reliable performance against lateral loads.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this study, Non-linear response of concrete with differential value of Young’s Modulus is determined by the stress strain expression. The modulus of elasticity is varied throughout to evaluate the non-linear response of concrete structure at a constant load. The modeling of structure is done in STAAD PRO Vi8 software. In this study, single storey-single bay frame is modeled which is subjected to dead load and uniform loads, has been considered for the non-linear response of concrete structures. A structural element such as Column is used for evaluation of the non-linear response of concrete material. From this, deflection of the column element is carried out by using STAAD PRO software with different initial tangent modulus of elasticity at a constant loading.
A Study on Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings with and ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic response of reinforced concrete framed buildings with and without infill walls. It analyzes two buildings, one with 5 stories and one with 9 stories, using different modeling techniques in SAP2000 software. The buildings are modeled as bare frames without infills, with single diagonal struts, double struts, and triple struts to represent the infill walls. Results for parameters like total weight, period, base shear, and modal participation are compared between the different models to understand the effect of including infill walls in the analysis. The goal is to evaluate how masonry infill walls contribute to the seismic resistance of reinforced concrete buildings.
Influence of Openings and Local Soil Conditions on the Seismic Behavior of Tu...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the seismic behavior of tunnel form buildings using response spectrum analysis. Tunnel form buildings are reinforced concrete structures with relatively thin shear walls and flat slabs instead of beams and columns. The study models a 6-story RC wall building to analyze the effects of openings (0%, 6%, 22%, 50%) and soil conditions (bearing capacities of 50, 100, 200, 250) on seismic performance parameters like time period, displacement, drift, and base shear. Response spectrum analysis is performed using ETABS software according to Indian codes. Results show that RC wall buildings have significantly reduced time periods and displacements compared to equivalent RC frame buildings, indicating improved seismic performance.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
Importance of Modeling of Masonry Infill and Effect of Soft Storey on Seismic...ijsrd.com
RC framed high rise buildings are generally designed without considering the structural action of masonry infill walls present. These walls are widely used as partitions and considered as non-structural elements. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear, at intermediate storey level if a storey used as a service storey. The soft storey located in the lower part of the high rise building especially the ground storey is undesirable as it attracts severely large seismic forces. At the same time, the soft storey located in the upper part of the high rise building does not significantly affect. To study the effect of masonry infill and its modeling technique with different soft storey level, 6 Models of R C framed building were analyzed with two different techniques of modeling of masonry infill with one type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. Technique one is showing more strength and stiffness than two and an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
The document proposes research to analyze the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings with and without masonry infill panels through dynamic analysis and comparison of methods. The research aims to demonstrate the importance of including infill walls in seismic design by comparing bare frame structures to partially and fully infilled frames using analytical and computer models. The results could help reduce risks of collapsed structures in earthquakes by providing a better understanding of how infill walls affect structural behavior.
Influence of Modeling Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of Multi-Storeyed...ijsrd.com
Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Code approaches to seismic design of masonry infiled rc framesBinay Shrestha
Masonry infill (MI) increases the initial stiffness of reinforced concrete RC frames. Behavior of MI is difficult to predict because of significant variations in material properties and because of failure modes that are brittle in nature.
Study of variations in dynamic stability of tall structure corresponding to s...ijceronline
Construction of tall buildings, both residential and commercial are in insistance. In case of tall structure high lateral forces develops due to earthquake load and wind load are crucial. Thus the effects of lateral loads needs consideration for strength and stability of the structures. In tall buildings, lateral loads are critical as it increases drastically after a certain height of the structure. Shear wall systems are one of the most commonly used dynamic load resisting systems in high-rise buildings which help in achieving strength and stability along with economy. In this study, an attempt has been carried out to check the dynamic stability of a tall residential structure by applying variations symmetric arrangement of the shear wall. The Case study of a 26 storied RCC structure situated in Pune region of Maharashtra, India has been carried out. The effect of location of shear wall on dynamic behaviour of building is analysed using ETABS software using response spectrum method for earthquake analysis and IS875 (III) for wind analysis. The proposed position of shear wall gives the effective results as compare to other position.
Effectiveness of Shear Wall-Frame Structure Subjected to Wind Loading in Mult...ijceronline
This document analyzes the effectiveness of different shear wall configurations in an 8-story building subjected to wind loading. Three models are analyzed: an exterior wall frame case (Model 1), a middle interior wall frame case (Model 2), and a core shear wall case (Model 3). Results show that Model 3 performed best, with the lowest maximum lateral deformation, storey drift index, bending moment, and shear forces. Model 3 also had the core shear wall taking on the majority of loads. The document concludes that Model 3 provided the most lateral stiffness and rigidity to the structure against wind loads.
Effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of the multistoried buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract The most commonly used structural system in our country for almost all types of building are multi-storey reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills. Therefore it is essential to understand the seismic behaviour of these structures when subjected to lateral forces. Several research works has been done on the masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames in the past decades. Mortar is used as a binder in normal brick construction in order to create continuous structural form and to bind together the individual units in brickwork. In the present study, analysis has been carried out by considering the increase in height of building from five to ten storied by using finite element software ANSYS 14.5. The seismic analysis of multi-storeyed building frames with infill walls and without infill walls are conducted. 3D analysis will give more realistic values of deflection and stresses. Since this type of study is not feasible in terms of analysis time taken, 2D model was adopted for the present study. A three bay two dimensional building frame is considered with the number of stories varying from 5 storied to 10 storied. The loading applied is as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. Equivalent diagonal strut method is adopted for modelling infill walls. The results showed that there is considerable decrease in deflection when infills are used in RC frames. Key Words: Deflection , Equivalent diagonal strut method, lateral load, Solid brick infills, Storey drift
IRJET-Effective Location Of Shear Walls and Bracings for Multistoried BuildingIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the effectiveness of different structural configurations for resisting lateral loads in a 10-story building subject to seismic activity. Two structural models are considered: a normal building frame and a dual system with shear walls and bracings placed at the building corners. Both models are analyzed using time history analysis in STAAD-Pro. Results show that the dual system experiences significantly less lateral deflection, with displacements reduced by 86-89% compared to the normal frame building. Additionally, the dual system sees only minor reductions in maximum shear force and bending moment compared to the normal frame building. Therefore, the dual system with corner shear walls and bracings provides greatly enhanced seismic performance over a normal framed building.
IRJET - Study on Lateral Structural System on Different Height on Asymmet...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using different lateral load resisting structural systems (shear walls and bracing) in asymmetric buildings of varying heights located in a high seismic zone. Finite element models of bare frame, shear wall, and braced configurations were created and analyzed using software. Placement of shear walls and bracing at the core or corners resulted in lower displacements and drifts compared to bare frames. Taller buildings benefited more from these lateral systems. Shear walls and bracing effectively resist earthquake forces and improve building performance.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
This document analyzes the lateral load performance of different reinforced concrete frame models of a 12-story building using structural analysis software. Eight models are considered: a bare frame, fully infilled frame, frames infilled except the ground floor, and frames with shear walls, core walls or bracing in different configurations. Dynamic analysis shows fundamental periods are lowest for models with shear walls or bracing. Base shear and story drifts are highest for the bare frame and reduced by over 60% for infilled models. Models with ground soft-first story have increased drift, but shear walls or bracing can reduce drift by over 80% compared to the bare frame. Story displacements also decrease significantly with infilling or lateral load resisting elements.
Effect of modeling of infill walls on performance of multi story rc buildingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of modeling masonry infill walls in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. Three models of an 8-story building were analyzed: a bare frame, a frame with infill excluding the ground floor to create a soft story, and a frame with full infill. Nonlinear static pushover analysis was performed on the models. The results showed that modeling full infill improved seismic performance by increasing base shear and stiffness, distributing plastic hinges elastically throughout the structure. The bare frame and soft-story structure had plastic hinges form in the life safety to collapse prevention range, indicating poorer performance, while the full infill structure remained elastic. Therefore, modeling infill walls more
Non-Linear Static Analysis of G+6 Storeyed RC Buildings with Openings in Infi...IJERA Editor
Masonry infill walls are commonly used in the RC frame structure buildings. Openings are inevitable part of the infill walls. Openings in infill walls significantly decrease the lateral strength and stiffness of RC frames. In the present study two-dimensional seven storeyed reinforced concrete (RC) building models are considered with of (5%, 25%, and 35% openings Bare frame and soft storey buildings are modeled considering special moment resisting frame (SMRF) for medium soil profile and zone III. Concrete block infill walls are modeled as pin-jointed single equivalent diagonal strut. Pushover analysis is carried out for both default and user defined hinge properties as per FEMA 440 guidelines using SAP2000 software. Results of default and user defined hinge properties are studied by pushover analysis. The results of ductility ratio, safety ratio, global stiffness, and hinge status at performance point are compared with the models. Authors conclude that as the percentage of openings increases, vulnerability increases in the infill walls. The user-defined hinge model is better than the default-hinge model in reflecting nonlinear behavior. The misuse of default-hinge properties may lead to unreasonable displacement capacities for existing structures. However, if the default-hinge model is preferred due to simplicity, the user should be aware of what is provided in the program and should avoid the misuse of default-hinge properties.
This document summarizes a thesis analyzing the seismic performance of a 13-story building model with and without shear walls. Two models are considered: a bare frame structure and a shear wall frame structure. Both models are analyzed using ETABS software under wind and earthquake loading conditions in Seismic Zone III. The results show that the shear wall structure performs much better in terms of limiting lateral displacement, storey drift, and increasing stiffness and strength. It is concluded that the shear wall frame structure provides more reliable performance against lateral loads.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this study, Non-linear response of concrete with differential value of Young’s Modulus is determined by the stress strain expression. The modulus of elasticity is varied throughout to evaluate the non-linear response of concrete structure at a constant load. The modeling of structure is done in STAAD PRO Vi8 software. In this study, single storey-single bay frame is modeled which is subjected to dead load and uniform loads, has been considered for the non-linear response of concrete structures. A structural element such as Column is used for evaluation of the non-linear response of concrete material. From this, deflection of the column element is carried out by using STAAD PRO software with different initial tangent modulus of elasticity at a constant loading.
A Study on Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings with and ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic response of reinforced concrete framed buildings with and without infill walls. It analyzes two buildings, one with 5 stories and one with 9 stories, using different modeling techniques in SAP2000 software. The buildings are modeled as bare frames without infills, with single diagonal struts, double struts, and triple struts to represent the infill walls. Results for parameters like total weight, period, base shear, and modal participation are compared between the different models to understand the effect of including infill walls in the analysis. The goal is to evaluate how masonry infill walls contribute to the seismic resistance of reinforced concrete buildings.
Influence of Openings and Local Soil Conditions on the Seismic Behavior of Tu...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the seismic behavior of tunnel form buildings using response spectrum analysis. Tunnel form buildings are reinforced concrete structures with relatively thin shear walls and flat slabs instead of beams and columns. The study models a 6-story RC wall building to analyze the effects of openings (0%, 6%, 22%, 50%) and soil conditions (bearing capacities of 50, 100, 200, 250) on seismic performance parameters like time period, displacement, drift, and base shear. Response spectrum analysis is performed using ETABS software according to Indian codes. Results show that RC wall buildings have significantly reduced time periods and displacements compared to equivalent RC frame buildings, indicating improved seismic performance.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
Importance of Modeling of Masonry Infill and Effect of Soft Storey on Seismic...ijsrd.com
RC framed high rise buildings are generally designed without considering the structural action of masonry infill walls present. These walls are widely used as partitions and considered as non-structural elements. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear, at intermediate storey level if a storey used as a service storey. The soft storey located in the lower part of the high rise building especially the ground storey is undesirable as it attracts severely large seismic forces. At the same time, the soft storey located in the upper part of the high rise building does not significantly affect. To study the effect of masonry infill and its modeling technique with different soft storey level, 6 Models of R C framed building were analyzed with two different techniques of modeling of masonry infill with one type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. Technique one is showing more strength and stiffness than two and an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Comparative Study on Dynamic Analysis of Irregular Building with Shear WallsEditor IJCATR
South East Asia including Myanmar is situated in secondary seismic belt. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention of the
effect of earthquake in designing the high-rise building. Shear walls are very common in high rise reinforced concrete building. In this study,
comparative analysis of high-rise reinforced concrete irregular building with shear walls are present. The frame type of proposed building is
used the special RC moment resisting frame. It belongs to seismic zone 4. This is why, seismic forces are essentially considered in the analysis
of this building and shear walls are also provided to resist seismic forces. Structural members are designed according to ACI Code 318-02. The
structure is analysed by using ETABS v 9.7.1 software. Load consideration is based on UBC-97. All necessary load combinations are
considered in shear walls analysis and frame analysis. In addition wind load, seismic load is considered as external lateral load in the dynamic
analysis. In dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used. In this project, study of 14 storey building is presented with some
investigation which is analyzed by changing various location of shear wall for determining parameters like storey drift, storey shear and storey
moment .
Earthquake analysis on 2 d rc frames with different aspect ratios of masonry ...eSAT Journals
This document presents an analysis of earthquake performance of 2D reinforced concrete frames with different configurations of masonry infill and monolithic panels. Modal analysis was conducted on frames with masonry infill modeled as equivalent diagonal struts and monolithic panels modeled as shell elements. Natural frequencies from the analysis matched results from shake table tests, validating the models. Frames were then analyzed for earthquake loading in different seismic zones using equivalent static, response spectrum, and time history methods. Results for displacement, acceleration, and inter-story drift were compared for bare frames and frames with infill or monolithic panels. Infill and monolithic panels increased frame stiffness and decreased displacement compared to bare frames.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Earthquake analysis on 2 d rc frames with different aspect ratios of masonry ...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes earthquake response of 2D reinforced concrete frames with different configurations including bare frames, frames with masonry infill walls modeled as equivalent diagonal struts, frames with monolithic wall panels modeled as shell elements, and frames with soft first stories. Modal analysis was conducted and natural frequencies were validated with shake table tests. Equivalent static, response spectrum, and time history analyses were performed for different seismic zones according to Indian codes. Results for displacement, acceleration, and inter-story drift were compared for different configurations and aspects ratios. Frames with masonry infill and monolithic walls had higher natural frequencies and lower displacement than bare frames due to increased stiffness. Frames with soft first stories showed higher drift in
IRJET- Post Peak Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames with and without in F...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of masonry infill panels, cross bracing, and viscous dampers on the seismic response of reinforced concrete frames. It analyzes a 7-story reinforced concrete building model with and without these elements using nonlinear static analysis. The addition of masonry infill walls, cross bracing, and viscous dampers reduces storey displacements and drift compared to the bare frame model. The equivalent strut method is used to model the infill walls, and cross bracing is modeled using diagonal steel braces. Viscous dampers absorb seismic energy to damp the motion of the building. Nonlinear static pushover analysis is performed using ETABS and SAP2000 software.
Effects of Providing Shear wall and Bracing to Seismic Performance of Concret...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effects of providing shear walls and bracing on the seismic performance of concrete buildings through pushover analysis. Three models are considered: ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) without lateral resistance, braced moment resisting frame (BMRF) with bracing, and wall moment resisting frame (WMRF) with shear walls.
Pushover analysis is performed on the models using software to obtain base shear, storey displacement, and performance point. Results show that providing shear walls and bracing increases base shear at the performance point, reduces storey displacement and drift, and achieves a higher performance state. Global stiffness is also increased. Plastic hinges form more uniformly across storeys in braced and
IRJET- Study of Literature on Seismic Response of RC Irregular StructureIRJET Journal
The document discusses vertical irregularities in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and their effects on seismic response. It first defines vertical irregularities as weaknesses caused by discontinuities in mass, stiffness, or geometry between storeys. Soft stories, where the stiffness suddenly decreases, are one type of vertical irregularity. The document then reviews several previous studies on modeling and analyzing vertically irregular buildings using pushover analysis, which incrementally loads a structure to determine its failure mechanisms. The studies found that soft story buildings absorb energy through overturning and shear deformation. Irregular buildings may have similar seismic performance to regular buildings if properly designed. Quantifying the degree of irregularity can help evaluate seismic vulnerability and retrofitting needs.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Study of Response of Wall Type Pier for Varying Width of Superstru...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic response of wall-type bridge piers with varying superstructure widths. Finite element models of piers were developed in MIDAS Civil for superstructure widths of 8m, 10m, 12.5m, and 16m. Response spectrum analysis was conducted according to Indian codes to obtain bending stresses, natural periods, and modal mass participation. Results showed natural periods decreased for the first two modes as width increased. Stresses also decreased with increasing width. Modal mass participation saw little change with varying width. In conclusion, wider superstructures led to improved seismic performance of wall-type piers.
Seismic Performance Assessment of RCS Building By Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
This document discusses a study that assesses the seismic performance of reinforced concrete steel (RCS) frame buildings compared to ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) buildings through pushover analysis. Two 3-story buildings, one RCS and one RC, were modeled and analyzed. The pushover curves showed that while the base shear capacity was similar, the RCS building behaved linearly until maximum shear capacity and then failed in a soft story mechanism. The RC building formed plastic hinges first in beams and then progressively in columns from lower to upper stories until failure. The study found that RCS buildings may perform better seismically by maintaining strength and stiffness up to maximum load capacity.
Seismic Performance Assessment of RCS Building By Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that assesses the seismic performance of reinforced concrete steel (RCS) frame buildings compared to ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using pushover analysis. RCS buildings combine RC columns for their stiffness and damping properties with steel beams for their lightweight construction. The study designs a 3-story RCS building and RC building without shear walls according to Egyptian building codes. Pushover analysis is used to generate base shear-displacement curves and evaluate member forces, yielding, and inter-story drift under increasing lateral loads to compare the seismic performance of the two building types.
This document summarizes a study that assesses the seismic performance of reinforced concrete steel (RCS) frame buildings compared to ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using pushover analysis. RCS buildings combine RC columns for their stiffness and damping properties with steel beams for their lightweight construction. The study designs a 3-story RCS building and RC building without shear walls according to Egyptian building codes. Pushover analysis is used to generate base shear-displacement curves and evaluate member forces, yielding, and inter-story drift under increasing lateral loads to compare the seismic performance of the two building types.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. . In this study, 3D analytical model of twelve storeyed buildings have been generated for different buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool 'ETABS'. To study the effect of infill, ground soft, bare frame and models with ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls and concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake; seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure.
Effect of Positioning and Configuration of Shear Walls on Seismic Performance...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the seismic performance of RC buildings with different shear wall configurations on both hilly and plain terrain.
2) Five building models are considered: without shear walls, with straight, L-shaped, T-shaped, and channel-shaped shear walls.
3) Response spectrum analysis is performed using ETABS software. Results for fundamental time period, base shear, and story displacements are compared between the models.
Dynamic Analysis of Multi-Storeyed Frame-Shear Wall Building Considering SSIIJERA Editor
The structural system of a high-rise building often has a more pronounced effect than a low rise building on the
total building cost and the architecture aspect of building. Shear walls are lateral load resisting structural
systems which provide stability to structures from lateral loads like wind and seismic Loads. The design of multi
storey building is to have good lateral load resisting System along with gravity load system for safety of
occupant and for better performance of structure even in most adverse condition. The main scope of this project
is to apply class room knowledge in the real world by designing a multi-storied residential building. Shear walls
are more efficient in resisting lateral loads in multi storied buildings. Steel and reinforced concrete shear walls
are kept in major positions of multi storied buildings which are made in consideration of seismic forces and
wind forces. To solve this purpose shear walls are a very powerful structural elements, if used judiciously can
reduce deflections and stresses to a very great extent. Our project contains a brief description of building with
shear wall and without shear wall thoroughly discussed structural analysis of a building to explain the
application of shear wall. The design analysis of the multi storied building in our project is done through
STAAD-PRO, most popular structural engineering software. It is featured with some ultimate power tool,
analysis and design facilities which make it more users friendly.
Analysis and Optimum Design for Steel Moment Resisting Frames to Seismic Exci...IJCMESJOURNAL
The essential purpose of this wander is to develop an Interior Penalty Function (IPF) based estimation to multi-storey steel traces for slightest weight of frames. The frames are proposed for contradicting even impact in view of seismic stacking close by gravity forces. Various structural stems are used for restricting seismic (lateral) forces; however steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) are considered for the present work. The framework solidifies codal courses of action of IS 800-2007, as needs be gets the edges with perfect weight for in-plane moments with lateral support of beam element. Strength and buckling criteria are considered as direct goals close by side constraints in formulating optimization problem. A Software program is made that uses an interior penalty function (IPF) for weight minimization of two-dimensional moment restricting steel encompassed structures. The program uses MATLAB, performs one dimensional interest, and structural design in an iterative technique. The design cases have exhibited that the proposed estimation gives a beneficial instrument to the practicing fundamental algorithm. The program is associated with 6 and 9 storey (4 bays) moment resisting frames (MRFs). The program showed its capacity of optimizing the largeness of two medium size frames. To get part obliges in frames an examination technique must be associated. In the present work Equivalent Lateral Force framework (ELF) and material nonlinear time history analysis (NTH) are associated and perfect qualities gained from both the examinations are contemplated.
Analysis and Optimum Design for Steel Moment Resisting Frames to Seismic Exci...IJCMESJOURNAL
The essential purpose of this wander is to develop an Interior Penalty Function (IPF) based estimation to multi-storey steel traces for slightest weight of frames. The frames are proposed for contradicting even impact in view of seismic stacking close by gravity forces. Various structural stems are used for restricting seismic (lateral) forces; however steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) are considered for the present work. The framework solidifies codal courses of action of IS 800-2007, as needs be gets the edges with perfect weight for in-plane moments with lateral support of beam element. Strength and buckling criteria are considered as direct goals close by side constraints in formulating optimization problem. A Software program is made that uses an interior penalty function (IPF) for weight minimization of two-dimensional moment restricting steel encompassed structures. The program uses MATLAB, performs one dimensional interest, and structural design in an iterative technique. The design cases have exhibited that the proposed estimation gives a beneficial instrument to the practicing fundamental algorithm. The program is associated with 6 and 9 storey (4 bays) moment resisting frames (MRFs). The program showed its capacity of optimizing the largeness of two medium size frames. To get part obliges in frames an examination technique must be associated. In the present work Equivalent Lateral Force framework (ELF) and material nonlinear time history analysis (NTH) are associated and perfect qualities gained from both the examinations are contemplated.
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Out of Plane Behavior of Contained Masonry Infilled Frames Subjected to Seismic Forces
1. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (290-302), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 290
Paper Publications
Out of Plane Behavior of Contained Masonry
Infilled Frames Subjected to Seismic Forces
Syeda Arshika Zain1
, Sowjanya G V2
, L. Sampath Kumar3
1
M.Tech, Student (CADS), 2
Assistant professor, 3
Professor and Head Department of CIVIL
1,2,3
Department of CIVIL, SSIT, Tumkur, India
Abstract: Brick masonry infill although considered as non-structural element largely affects the strength, stiffness
and ductility of the reinforced concrete frames during the application of lateral loads due to wind or earthquake.
Contained masonry refers here to the brick masonry which is used as infill in a reinforced concrete frame, wound
round with 8mm diameter mild steel wires in vertical and horizontal directions and stitched to the brick masonry
as well as to the reinforced concrete frames. This thesis focuses on the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete
structures with contained masonry infill, with a particular interest in the development of rational procedures for
the analysis and design of RC frames with contained masonry infill. The estimation of the natural frequencies
of the structural system is the basic investigation in dynamic analysis of a structure. Therefore the analysis is
primarily to find out the modal frequencies of the structure and to simulate the mathematical model to earthquake
loads. The structure vibrates in different modes when the earthquake takes place. The methodology suggested is to
carry out a detailed study on the influence of contained masonry infill including un-reinforced masonry infill in
multi-storey Reinforced Concrete frames on the fundamental natural frequencies and response due to various
earthquake excitation forces. Numerical Finite element analysis is carried out on two dimensional Reinforced
Concrete Frames under different configurations of contained masonry infill in addition to plain masonry and
bare frames. The RC frames were designed and detailed as per relevant Indian standard codes. The present
work consists of study of the behaviour of five storeyed RC frames infilled with contained masonry and also
infilled with plain masonry, subjected to various earthquake excitation forces. Three types of models are
considered for analysis; five storey frames of 4m wide, 5m wide and 6m wide models having total height of 16m
with plain masonry infill and contained masonry infill are considered.
Keywords: Seismic Behavior, Masonry Infill, Earthquake Excitation Forces.
1. INTRODUCTION
General:
Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames with plain masonry infill panels are one of the most widely used forms of multi-storey
construction. It provides better insulation for the effects such as heat, wind, rain, and extreme climatic conditions and is
having strong fire resistance also. The masonry infills are constructed after the basic frame work of beams, columns and
slabs have gained sufficient strength. They develop a week bond between masonry panel and concrete frame at ends side
surface of the wall. Therefore they are considered as non structural members and the frames are analyzed and designed
considering the masonry as dead mass neglecting the interactions of such panels. This assumption is reasonable and
justifiable for the gravity loads, but the same is not true for the structure with masonry infill panels when subjected to
lateral loads due to earthquake or wind. Under seismic loads, additional stiffness due to masonry infill will modify and
influence the structural response of the RC frames and it significantly alters the dynamic behaviour of the frame.
The internal design forces are dependent on the originating forces which depend on the strength and deformability criteria
of the constituent member elements. The internal design forces depend upon the accuracy of the method employed in their
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analytical determination. Analysing and designing buildings for the static forces are routine work with the use of
affordable computers and specialized programs. On the other hand, dynamic analysis is a time consuming process which
requires additional input information related to mass of structure and also the aspect ratio of the member and an
understanding of structural dynamics for interpretation of analytical results are prerequisite.
The main purpose of linear dynamic analysis is to evaluate the time variation of stresses and deformations in structures
caused by arbitrary dynamic loads. Vibration properties of buildings can be estimated by solving Eigen value problem
given by:
[
Where k and m are the stiffness and mass matrices of buildings respectively, and and are the natural frequency,
mode shape and natural period of buildings respectively, for the mode. Given k and m, the Eigen value problem is to
find positive and corresponding . Buildings can vibrate in different mode shapes, and there can be as many
mode shapes possible as number of dynamic degrees of freedom in the building. Dynamic degrees of freedom in a
structure are the number of independent coordinates in which the structure can undergo motion under dynamic forces.
Depending upon the type of building, only the first few mode shapes may govern the response of the building. Lateral
displacement, u at any point on the buildings during earthquakes can be expressed as a linear combination of all the mode
shapes of buildings as given below:
∑
Where, are the modal coordinates and N is the total number of modes. Shear forces on buildings can be estimated
as stiffness times the lateral displacement. Therefore, mode shapes of building play an important role in estimating the
design base shear for buildings [Kaushik et al (2006)].
Finite element analysis has been carried out on the models and the RC frames are modelled using 2D concrete element,
while the masonry infill is modelled using shell element, and reinforcement bars are modelled using 2D SD section. The
SAP2000 version14 FE software is used for performing the analysis. Three types of frames are analysed namely 4m 1bay
5storey frames, 5m 1bay 5storey frames, and 6m 1bay 5storey frames. Each category consists of bare frame, frame with
plain masonry in all floors, and frame with contained masonry infill in all floors. Contained masonry consists of 8mm
wires in horizontal and vertical in all floors.
2. METHODOLOGY
In the present investigation a simpler procedure for finite element method of analysis of infilled frames which take into
consideration all factors. The finite element idealization is done. Frame members are represented by 2D concrete elements
(beam elements). The reinforcement (which also incorporates creep and plasticity) has uni-axial stiffness only and is
assumed to be smeared throughout the element. Directional orientation is accomplished through user specified angles. The
analysis is carried out using SAP 2000 Ver. 14 Commercially available finite element software.
The following three types of models are considered for analysis
1. One bay 5storey bare RC frame.
2. One bay 5 storey RC frames infilled plain masonry.
3. One bay 5 storey RC frames fully infilled with contained masonry.
DIMENSIONS OF RC FRAME:
Shape and size of the infill:
The infill panels are usually square or rectangular depending on the type of building and spacing of columns. The normal
height of the floor is in the range of 2.5m to 3.0m. The thickness of walls may vary from 100 to 230 mm. In the present
investigation the floor to floor height is maintained at 3.2 m constant and makes the panel height to vary from 2.65m to
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2.75m depending on the size of the beam while the span is varying in the range of 4m to 6m. The beam and column
dimensions are varied as per span length.
Design:
The RC frames comprises of columns and beams. Analysis of the frames is done using SAP 2000 software. Dead load and
earthquake load are considered for analysis.
Dead load (DL):
The dead load is considered as per IS 875-1987 (Part I-Dead loads), “Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures”.
1. Unit weight of Reinforced Concrete = 25 kN/m3
Unit weight of Brick = 19.2 kN/m3
Earthquake Load (EL):
The earthquake load is considered as per the IS 1893-2002(Part 1). The factors considered are
1. Zone factors = 0.10, 0.16, 0.24, 0.36 (zone1-zone 5)
2. Importance factor = 1.0
3. Response reduction factor = 5.0
4. Soil condition = Rock
5. Damping = 5%
For M25 Concrete For Fe-415 Rebar For Brick
Modulus of elasticity, E in kN/m2
2.5 x 107
2.0 x 108
1.5 x 107
Poisson‟s ratio, U 0.2 0.3 0.18
Details of RC frame:
For 4m wide
1. Breadth of Column, b = 0.23 m
2. Depth of Column, d = 0.40 m
3. Breadth of Beam, b = 0.23 m
4. Depth of Beam, d = 0.45 m
For 5m wide:
1. Breadth of Column, b = 0.23 m
2. Depth of Column, d = 0.45 m
3. Breadth of Beam, b = 0.23 m
4. Depth of Beam, d = 0.50 m
For 6m wide:
1. Breadth of Column, b = 0.23 m
2. Depth of Column, d = 0.50 m
3. Breadth of Beam, b = 0.23 m
4. Depth of Beam, d = 0.55 m
5. Thickness of masonry infill, t = 0.23 m
6. Height of masonry infill, h = 3.20 m
7. Height of column, hcol = 3.20 m
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3. MODELLING AND METHODS
Modelling using FE software:
About SAP2000 ver.14:
SAP2000 is a stand-alone finite-element-based structural program for the analysis and design of civil structures. It offers
an intuitive, yet powerful user interface with many tools to aid in the quick and accurate construction of models, along
with the sophisticated analytical techniques needed to do the most complex projects.SAP2000 is object based, meaning
that the models are created using members that represent the physical reality. A beam with multiple members framing into
it is created as a single object, just as it exists in the real world, and the meshing needed to ensure that connectivity exists
with the other members is handled internally by the program. Results for analysis and design are reported for the overall
object, and not for each sub-element that makes up the object, providing information that is both easier to interpret and
more consistent with the physical structure.
Finite Element Steps in Analysis of 2D RC Frames:
In this chapter, analysis of 2D RC frames can be done in two methods, they are:
1. Modal Analysis Method.
2. Response spectrum Analysis Method.
Modal Analysis Method:
Modal analysis is the first and important step of analysis, whether it is analytical or theoretical. Modal analysis is the
study of the natural characteristics of the structures. This analysis characterises the dynamic properties of an elastic
structure by identifying its mode of vibration. The response of the structure is different at each of the different natural
frequencies. These deformation patterns are called mode shapes. Both the natural frequency (which depends on the mass
and stiffness distributions in structure) and mode shapes are used to help the design of structural system mainly for
dynamic applications.
2D RC frames are modelled and the analysis is done considering vibrations in out of plane. The deformed shape obtained
is useful in analysing and knowing the behaviour and structural characteristics of the model. The geometry of 2D RC
frames is developed as per the dimensions. Appropriate material properties and boundary conditions are assigned and
modal analysis is carried out.
Three types of frames are analysed namely 4m 1bay 5storey frames, 5m 1bay 5storey frames, and 6m 1bay 5storey
frames. Each category consists of bare frame, frame with plain masonry in all floors, and frame with contained masonry
infill in all floors. Contained masonry consists of 8mm wires in horizontal and vertical in all floors.
Figure1 showing typical models for 4m, 5m, and 6m 1bay 5storey frames
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a) Bare frame
b) Plane masonry
c) Contained masonry
Under dynamic loading the basic investigation starts with the estimation of natural frequency and mode shapes. The steps
involved in analysis are as follows.
1. Mode shapes:
Mode shapes are the deformed shape of the structure. It plays an important role in identifying the response of the structure
for dead load. Typical Mode shapes for 4m, 5m, and 6m 1bay 5storey frames model with natural frequency is as shown.
Figure 1.a) showing out-of-plane behaviour of RC Bare frame
Figure.1.b)showing out-of-plane behaviour of Plane masonry RC frame
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Figure.1.c) showing out-of-plane behaviour of contained masonry RC frame
Table 1.1: Natural frequencies for RC frame models
Models
Frequency in Hz
Aspect Ratio
1.30 1.68 2.07
Bare Frame 0.3174 0.3005 0.2861
Plane Masonry 0.3372 0.3236 0.3104
Contained Masonry 0.3548 0.3440 0.3337
Response Spectrum Analysis Method:
A response spectrum is simply a plot of the peak or steady-state response (displacement, velocity or acceleration and infill
stress) of a series of oscillators of varying natural frequency, that are forced into motion by the same base vibration or
shock. The resulting plot can then be used to pick off the response of any linear system, given its natural frequency of
oscillation. One such use is in assessing the peak response of buildings to earthquakes. The science of strong ground
motion may use some values from the ground response spectrum (calculated from recordings of surface ground motion
from seismographs) for correlation with seismic damage.
The parameters considered are type of soil, type of construction, the dynamic behaviour of the prototype structure and the
appropriate seismic zone. The earthquake spectrum is an average smoothened plot of maximum acceleration as a function
of frequency or time period of vibration for a specified damping and for a site-specific condition.
4. RESULT AND DISSCUSION
In the present study Linear dynamic analysis is performed to evaluate seismic response of bare, plane masonry frame and
contained masonry frame model.
From this analysis the modal parameters such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and response characteristic such as max
deflection, max acceleration, max masonry stress and max bending moment are carried out and the results are tabulated
and discussion were made.
Modal analysis results:
These are the results obtained from the modal analysis of the structure. These results consist of natural frequencies.
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Table 1.2 Out of plane natural frequency for RC frame models
Models
Frequency in Hz
Aspect Ratio
1.30 1.68 2.07
Bare Frame 0.3174 0.3005 0.2861
Plane Masonry 0.3372 0.3236 0.3104
Contained Masonry 0.3548 0.3440 0.3337
Figure1.2 showing frequency verses aspect ratio for all RC frame models
From above Figure 1.2 it is observed that, as the aspect ratio increases natural frequency decreases due to the increase in
the mass of the frame. The natural frequency of frame Bare Frame decreases when compare to Plane Masonry, whereas
the natural frequency of Contained Masonry frame is more than the frequency of the Bare Frame and Plane Masonry. The
Contained Masonry has the highest natural frequency followed by Plane Masonry, Bare Frame and due to the masonry in
fills and the Containment adds stiffness to the structure. As the stiffness increases in the out-of-plane direction, the natural
frequency increases. Hence it is clearly observed that the Contained Masonry has a role in the earthquake response of the
structure.
Response characteristics results:
Max. Deflection:
Max. Deflection is the structural output result obtained after dynamic analysis of the structure. The masonry infilled RC
frame is analyzed for the different seismic zones as specified by the IS 1893 (part 1):2002. The maximum deflection is
taken from the result. Tables and graphs shown below are the results obtained from response spectrum analysis.
Table 1.3: Maximum deflection Comparison at the point object: 12
Models Aspect ratio
Deflection in mm
Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V
Bare Frame
1.30 15.95 25.51 38.27 57.41
1.68 16.77 26.83 40.24 60.36
2.07 17.44 27.91 41.86 62.80
Plane Masonry
1.30 15.73 25.16 37.74 56.61
1.68 16.36 26.18 39.27 58.91
2.07 17.04 27.27 40.91 61.36
Contained
Masonry
1.30 15.05 24.08 36.12 54.18
1.68 15.45 24.71 37.07 55.60
2.07 15.81 25.29 37.94 56.90
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
0.3000
0.3500
0.4000
1.30 1.68 2.07
FrequencyinHz
Aspect ratio
Bare Frame
Plane Masonry
Contained
Masonry
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Figure 1.3: showing comparison of max. Deflection verses models
From Fig.1.3, it is observed that the deflection in the Bare Frame at the point object 12 is maximum, compared to the
other two conditions (i.e. Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry) which show its criticality in the earthquake resistant
design. As the mass increases, deflection decreases. Also the deflection increases from Zone II to Zone V. This indicates
that the BF is having maximum deflection because of less stiffness. Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry are having
less deflection values because of more stiffness. It is also observer that Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry having
same mass, the deflection in Contained Masonry reduced as compared to Plane Masonry due to additional stiffness added
to the Contained Masonry by containing it. As the aspect ratio increase from 1.30 to 1.68, deflection of the frame
increases by 0.82% in Bare Frame and 0.63% in Plane Masonry, where as it increases by 0.4% in Contained Masonry.
When the aspect ratio changes from 1.68 to 2.07, deflection of the frame increases by 0.67% in Bare Frame and 0.68% in
Plane Masonry, whereas it increases by 0.36% in Contained Masonry. The deflection increases from Zone II to Zone V
with higher percentage in Bare Frame, Plane Masonry, and Contained Masonry respectively. This indicates that the Bare
Frame is having maximum deflection because of less stiffness. Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry are having less
deflection values because of more stiffness. Hence it is clearly observed that the Contained Masonry has a role in the
earthquake response of the structure.
Max. Acceleration:
Table 1.4: Maximum acceleration Comparison at the point object: 12
Models
Aspect
ratio
Acceleration in m/s2
Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V
Bare Frame
1.30 0.1884 0.3015 0.4522 0.6783
1.68 0.1837 0.2939 0.4408 0.6612
2.07 0.1768 0.2829 0.4243 0.6365
Plane Masonry
1.30 0.2443 0.3909 0.5863 0.8794
1.68 0.2393 0.3828 0.5742 0.8614
2.07 0.2364 0.3783 0.5675 0.8512
Contained
Masonry
1.30 0.2481 0.3969 0.5954 0.8930
1.68 0.2442 0.3907 0.5861 0.8792
2.07 0.2436 0.3897 0.5846 0.8769
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Figure 1.4: showing comparison of max. Acceleration verses models
From Fig.1.4, it is observed that the acceleration in the Bare Frame at the point object 12 is less as compared to the other
two conditions (i.e. Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry) which show its criticality in the earthquake resistant design.
As the mass increases, acceleration increases. This indicates that the Bare Frame is having less acceleration because of
less mass. Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry are having higher acceleration values because of more mass. It is also
observer that Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry having same mass, the acceleration in Contained Masonry increased
as compared to Plane Masonry due to additional stiffness added to the Contained Masonry by containing it. As the aspect
ratio increase from 1.30 to 1.68 for Zone II, acceleration of the frame decreases by 0.0047% in Bare Frame and 0.005% in
Plane Masonry, whereas it increases by 0.0039% in Contained Masonry. When the aspect ratio changes from 1.68 to 2.07,
acceleration of the frame decreases by 0.0069% in Bare Frame and 0.0029% in Plane Masonry, whereas it increases by
0.0006% in Contained Masonry. The acceleration increases from Zone II to Zone V with higher percentage in Bare
Frame, Plane Masonry, and Contained Masonry respectively. This indicates that the Contained Masonry is having
maximum acceleration because of more stiffness. Plane Masonry and Bare Frame are having less acceleration values
because of less stiffness. Hence it is clearly observed that the Contained Masonry has a role in the earthquake response of
the structure.
MASONRY STRESS:
Max. Normal stress σx
Table 1.5: Maximum Normal stress σx Comparison
Aspect
ratio
Models
Max. Normal stress σx in kN/m2
Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V
1.30
Plane Masonry 643.21 1029.13 1543.70 2315.55
Contained Masonry 156.74 250.78 376.17 564.25
1.68
Plane Masonry 691.37 1106.19 1659.29 2488.94
Contained Masonry 172.62 276.19 414.28 621.43
2.07
Plane Masonry 924.07 1478.52 2217.78 3326.66
Contained Masonry 206.80 330.88 496.32 744.49
Figure 1.5: showing Max. Normal stress σx verses Aspect ratio of RC bare frame models
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From Fig.1.5, it is observed that the Normal stress σx in the Plane Masonry is high as compared to the Contained Masonry
which shows it‟s criticality in the earthquake resistant design. As the stiffness increases, stress decreases. This indicates
that the Plane Masonry is having higher stress because of less stiffness. As the aspect ratio increase from 1.30 to 1.68 and
from 1.68 to 2.07 for Zone II, stress in the Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry increases. This indicates that the stress
increases as the mass increases. The stress increases from Zone II to Zone V with higher percentage in Plane Masonry and
Contained Masonry respectively. Hence it is clearly observed that the Contained Masonry has a role in the earthquake
response of the structure.
Max. Normal stress σy:
Table 1.6: Maximum Normal stress σy Comparison
Figure 1.6: showing Max. Normal stress σy verses Aspect ratio of RC bare frame models
From Fig.1.6; it is observed that the Normal stress σy in the Plane Masonry is high as compared to the Contained Masonry
which shows it‟s criticality in the earthquake resistant design. As the stiffness increases, stress decreases. This indicates
that the Plane Masonry is having higher stress because of less stiffness. As the aspect ratio increase from 1.30 to 1.68 and
from 1.68 to 2.07 for Zone II, stress in the Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry increases. This indicates that the stress
increases as the mass increases. The stress increases from Zone II to Zone V with higher percentage in Plane Masonry and
Contained Masonry respectively. Hence it is clearly observed that the Contained Masonry has a role in the earthquake
response of the structure.
Max. Shear stress σxy:
Table 1.7: Maximum Normal stress σxy Comparison
Aspect
ratio
Models
Max. Shear stress σxy in kN/m2
Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V
1.30
Plane Masonry 533.00 852.80 1279.20 1918.81
Contained Masonry 218.25 349.20 523.79 785.69
1.68
Plane Masonry 575.11 920.18 1380.27 2070.40
Contained Masonry 240.58 384.92 577.38 866.07
2.07
Plane Masonry 672.97 1076.75 1615.13 2422.69
Contained Masonry 263.72 421.95 632.92 949.38
Aspect
ratio
Models
Max. Normal stress σy in kN/m2
Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V
1.30
Plane Masonry 1205.62 1928.98 2893.48 4340.21
Contained Masonry 842.14 1347.22 2021.13 3031.70
1.68
Plane Masonry 1252.95 2004.73 3007.09 4510.63
Contained Masonry 891.50 1426.39 2139.59 3209.39
2.07
Plane Masonry 1361.16 2177.86 3266.78 4900.17
Contained Masonry 952.11 1523.38 2285.06 3427.60
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Figure 1.7: showing Max. Shear stress σxy verses Aspect ratio of RC bare frame models
From Fig.1.7, it is observed that the Shear stress σxy in the Plane Masonry is high as compared to the Contained Masonry
which shows it‟s criticality in the earthquake resistant design. As the stiffness increases, stress decreases. This indicates
that the Plane Masonry is having higher stress because of less stiffness. As the aspect ratio increase from 1.30 to 1.68 and
from 1.68 to 2.07 for Zone II, stress in the Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry increases. This indicates that the stress
increases as the mass increases. The stress increases from Zone II to Zone V with higher percentage in Plane Masonry and
Contained Masonry respectively. Hence it is clearly observed that the Contained Masonry has a role in the earthquake
response of the structure.
Max. Bending Moment:
Table 1.8: Maximum bending moment M2comparison at the point object: 1
Aspect
ratio
Models
Max. Bending moment M2 in kN-m
Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V
1.30
Bare Frame 2.44 3.90 5.85 8.77
Plane Masonry 6.38 10.21 15.31 22.97
Contained Masonry 4.25 6.79 10.19 15.28
1.68
Bare Frame 2.91 4.66 6.98 10.48
Plane Masonry 7.59 12.15 18.22 27.33
Contained Masonry 5.09 8.14 12.22 18.32
2.07
Bare Frame 3.38 5.41 8.12 12.18
Plane Masonry 9.29 14.86 22.30 33.44
Contained Masonry 6.04 9.57 14.49 21.73
Figure 1.8: showing comparison of Max. Bending moment M2 verses Aspect ratio of RC bare frame models
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From Fig.1.8, it is observed that the moment in the Bare Frame at the point object 1 is less as compared to the other two
conditions (i.e. Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry) which show its criticality in the earthquake resistant design. As
the mass increases, moment increases. This indicates that the Bare Frame is having less moment because of less mass.
Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry are having higher moment values because of more mass. It is also observer that
Plane Masonry and Contained Masonry having same mass, the moment in Contained Masonry decreased as compared to
Plane Masonry due to additional stiffness added to the Contained Masonry by containing it. As the aspect ratio increase
from 1.30 to 1.68 for Zone II, bending moment of the frame increases by 0.0047% in Bare Frame and 0.0121% in Plane
Masonry, whereas it increases by 0.0084% in Contained Masonry. When the aspect ratio changes from 1.68 to 2.07,
bending moment of the frame increases by 0.0047% in Bare Frame and 0.017% in Plane Masonry, whereas it increases by
0.0095% in Contained Masonry. The moment increases from Zone II to Zone V with higher percentage in Bare Frame,
Plane Masonry, and Contained Masonry respectively. This indicates that the Plane Masonry is having maximum bending
moment because of less stiffness. Bare frame and Contained Masonry are having less moment values because of more
stiffness. Hence it is clearly observed that the Contained Masonry has a role in the earthquake response of the structure.
5. CONCLUSION
Present numerical investigation is an attempt to understand the behaviour of RC frames infilled with plain masonry and
RC frames infilled contained masonry under different earthquake excitation forces. The parameters such as panel aspect
ratio, the orientation of containment element in contained masonry such as vertical & horizontal containment in both
directions which influence the behaviour are considered.
Following are the major conclusions
1. The natural frequency of the structure with all cases found to increases from RC bare frame to contained masonry
infilled frame for various earthquake excitation forces.
2. The Lateral deflection of the structure with all cases found to decreases from RC bare frame to contained masonry
infilled frame for various earthquake excitation forces.
3. The joint acceleration of the structure with all cases found to increases from RC bare frame to contained masonry
infilled frame for various earthquake excitation forces.
4. The Masonry stresses of the structure with all cases found to decreases from Plane masonry infilled frame to contained
masonry infilled frame for various earthquake excitation forces.
5. The Max. Bending moment of the structure with all cases found to increase in Plain masonry as compared to bare
frame and contained masonry infilled frame even though contained masonry is having more mass it found to decreases
than Plane masonry infilled frame in all cases.
6. Contained masonry in RC frames alters and influences the strength and stiffness of the RC frame and also it increases
the wall ductility and energy dissipation required during dynamic loading such as earthquake.
Containment eliminates the sudden brittle behaviour typically associated with brick masonry infill, which is a major
seismic hazards problem in earthquake prone regions. In addition, it maintains the wall integrity even after sever damage.
REFERENCES
[1] Armin Mehrani et al. (1996)1 “ the influence of masonry infill panels on the seismic performance of reinforced
concrete frames that were in accordance with code pro visions”, PP. 8
[2] B.ShivaramaSarma,H.G.Sreenath,N.G.Bhagavan,A.Ramachandar Murthy and V.Vimalanandam (2003)2
“Experimental Studies on In-Plane Ductility of Confined Masonry Panels”, PP. 14
[3] Dhanasekar and page (1987)3 “Influence of brick masonry infill properties on the behaviour of infilled frames”,
Proceedings of Institution of the Civil Engineers,Part 2, 593-605, PP. 11
[4] Francisco J.Crisafulli et al (2000)4 presents a general review of the different procedures used for the analysis of
infilled RC frames, PP. 9
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[5] Giselle M Fonseca, Roberto M Silva and Paulo B Lourenco (1996)5 “the behaviour of two masonry infilled RC
frames”, PP. 9
[6] J.R.Riddington (1984)6, “the influence of initial gaps on infilled frame behaviour from an investigation conducted
on a series of six full scale tests on block-work infilled steel frames together with finite element analysis”, PP. 8
[7] J.L.Dawe et al (2001)7„a computer model for predicting infilled RC frame behaviour‟, PP. 9
[8] Kwan and Xia (1995)8 Kwan AKH, Xia JQ [1995]. “Shaking-table tests of large-scale shear wall and infilled frame
models”. Proceedings of Institution of the Civil Engineers, Structures & Buildings, 110:66-77, PP. 13
[9] Klinger et al (1997)9 tested two sets of half scaled models of the so called weak frames and strong frames, PP. 14
[10] Liauw.T.C and Lo.Q.C (1987)10, “On multi-bay infilled frames”, Proc. of Inst. of Civil Engineers, 469-483, PP. 9
[11] Mallick D.V. and Severn R.T., (1968)11, “The Behaviour of Infilled Frames under Static Loading”, the Institution of
Civil Engineers, Proceedings, 39, 639-656, PP. 8
[12] Manos et al. (1994)12 two models of two storey reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infills that were
constructed in 1:9 scale and tested on shaking table with N-S El Centro 1940 based scale excitation along the plane
of infill, PP. 12
[13] Paulay and Priestley (1992)13 mentioned that at low levels of in-plane lateral force, the frame and infill panel act in
a fully composite fashion, as a structural wall with boundary elements, PP. 11
[14] PerumalPillai and Govindan (1994)14 “RC Infilled Frame-RC Plane Frame Interactions for Seismic
Resistance”, PP. 12
[15] RandolphLangenbach, in the “The Seismic Retrofit of Historic Buildings Conference Workbook” (David W. Look,
Editor, Western Regional office of the National Park Service / Federal Emergency Management Agency / Western
Chapter of the Association for Preservation Technology San Francisco, November 18 & 19,1991)15 , PP. 11
[16] Suchanski [90]16 of the Building Research Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria has analyzed the contact forces between the
frame and the infill by assuming their mutual bond to be replaced by the redundant reactions, PP. 10
[17] V.Thiruvengadham (1984)17 “ three models for the evaluation of the first few natural frequencies and associated
mode shapes of infilled frames, a commonly occurring composite structural system formed by the combination of
plane frames and filler walls”, PP. 10
[18] Whitney et. al., [94]18 “the investigation of the first full-scale blast resistant structure tested at Eniwetok”, PP. 9
[19] INDIAN STANDARD CODE AND MANUAL:IS 456-2000 “Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice,”
BIS, New Delhi, India
[20] IS 1893-2002, “Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures”, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings,
Fifth Revision, BIS, New Delhi, India
[21] User‟s manual (2000), Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA.
.