IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Space Vector and Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation of Quasi Z-Source Inverter...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper compares the execution of Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVM) methods for a Quasi Z-source inverter (QZSI) is an another topology got from the standard Z-source inverter (ZSI). The QZSI gets each one of the upsides of the ZSI, which can comprehend buck/boost, inversion and power forming in a singular stage with upgraded trustworthiness. In like manner, the proposed QZSI has the novel purposes of enthusiasm of lower part evaluations and unfaltering dc current from the source. The QZSI highlights a broad assortment of voltage expansion which is reasonable for applications in photovoltaic (PV), as a result of the way that the PV cells yield contrasts comprehensively with temperature and daylight based enlightenment. The working qualities of the proposed course of action is analyzed in inconspicuous component and appeared differently in relation to that of the SPWM and SVM. Speculative examination of voltage help and direction methods for the QZSI in PV is explored in this paper. Amusement of the circuit setup for the previously stated equalization procedures have been taken a gander at in MATLAB/Simulation. Besides, the THD examination of both SPVM and SVM is compared.
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Voltage Stability analysis by using SVC With Fuzzy Logic Controller in Multi ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Power system can be simulated and analyzed based on a mathematical model however; uncertainty still exists due to change of loads and an occurrence of fault. Recently, fuzzy theory highly flexible easily operated and revised, theory is a better choice, especially for a complicated system with many variables. Hence, this work aims to develop a controller based on fuzzy logic to simulate an automatic voltage regulator in transient stability power system analysis. By adding power system stabilizer for tuning of fuzzy logic stabilizing controller there is no need for exact knowledge of power system mathematical model. The fuzzy controller parameters settings are independent due to nonlinear changes in generator and transmission lines operating conditions. Because of that proposed fuzzy controlled power system stabilizer should perform better than the conventional controller. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS), numerous techniques have been proposed in the article. The conventional PSS's effect on the system damping is then compared with a fuzzy logic based PSS while applied to a single machine infinite bus power system.
In this paper, a new approach is proposed for keeping the RMS voltage output constant, the system is supplying by a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a controlled DC motor with variable speed and load. The scheme used in this paper is based on a classical Proportional-Integral regulator wich controls a SPWM switching. A MATLAB Simulink model of the system is developed to maintain the AC voltage at the desired value. Then a comparison is examined between simulation and experimental results using dSPACE board. The results are provided to verify the effectiveness of this approach and it gives very high performance.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This paper discusses about the approach towards effective power oscillation damping, root causes for the genesis of power oscillation and various methodologies adopted to eradicate it.This paper presents an unified approach of FACTS controller installation in order to ensure effective power oscillation damping. The power oscillations, if not controlled within time, may aggravate the entire power system’s functioning and ultimate outcome as blackout. The network congestion has been a matter of serious concern to utility operations due to classical transmission corridors and inadequate controllers’ deployment. The necessity of system regulations demands an adequate controller for matching the power requirement variability and this has been demonstrated with STATCOM control feature. This controller enhances the Available Transfer Capability along with security and reliability. IEEE 14 Bus system is simulated and studied with various scenarios with the help of MATLAB and PSAT to identify various complexities and to resolve these issues so as to enhance the ATC, reliability and security
Influencing Power Flow and Transient Stability by Static Synchronous Series C...ijeei-iaes
In the present world, modern power system networks, being a complicated combination of generators, transmission lines, transformers, circuit breakers and other devices, are more vulnerable to various types of faults causing stability problems. Among these faults, transient fault is believed to be a major disturbance as it causes large damage to a sound system within a certain period of time. Therefore, the protection against transient faults, better known as transient stability control is one of the major considerations for the power system engineers. This paper presents the control approach in the transmission line during transient faults by means of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) in order to stabilize Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system. In this paper, SSSC is represented by variable voltage injection associated with the transformer leakage reactance and the voltage source. The comparative results depict that the swing curve of a system increases monotonically after the occurrence of transient faults However, SSSC is effective enough to make it stable after a while.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Space Vector and Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation of Quasi Z-Source Inverter...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper compares the execution of Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVM) methods for a Quasi Z-source inverter (QZSI) is an another topology got from the standard Z-source inverter (ZSI). The QZSI gets each one of the upsides of the ZSI, which can comprehend buck/boost, inversion and power forming in a singular stage with upgraded trustworthiness. In like manner, the proposed QZSI has the novel purposes of enthusiasm of lower part evaluations and unfaltering dc current from the source. The QZSI highlights a broad assortment of voltage expansion which is reasonable for applications in photovoltaic (PV), as a result of the way that the PV cells yield contrasts comprehensively with temperature and daylight based enlightenment. The working qualities of the proposed course of action is analyzed in inconspicuous component and appeared differently in relation to that of the SPWM and SVM. Speculative examination of voltage help and direction methods for the QZSI in PV is explored in this paper. Amusement of the circuit setup for the previously stated equalization procedures have been taken a gander at in MATLAB/Simulation. Besides, the THD examination of both SPVM and SVM is compared.
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Voltage Stability analysis by using SVC With Fuzzy Logic Controller in Multi ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Power system can be simulated and analyzed based on a mathematical model however; uncertainty still exists due to change of loads and an occurrence of fault. Recently, fuzzy theory highly flexible easily operated and revised, theory is a better choice, especially for a complicated system with many variables. Hence, this work aims to develop a controller based on fuzzy logic to simulate an automatic voltage regulator in transient stability power system analysis. By adding power system stabilizer for tuning of fuzzy logic stabilizing controller there is no need for exact knowledge of power system mathematical model. The fuzzy controller parameters settings are independent due to nonlinear changes in generator and transmission lines operating conditions. Because of that proposed fuzzy controlled power system stabilizer should perform better than the conventional controller. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS), numerous techniques have been proposed in the article. The conventional PSS's effect on the system damping is then compared with a fuzzy logic based PSS while applied to a single machine infinite bus power system.
In this paper, a new approach is proposed for keeping the RMS voltage output constant, the system is supplying by a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a controlled DC motor with variable speed and load. The scheme used in this paper is based on a classical Proportional-Integral regulator wich controls a SPWM switching. A MATLAB Simulink model of the system is developed to maintain the AC voltage at the desired value. Then a comparison is examined between simulation and experimental results using dSPACE board. The results are provided to verify the effectiveness of this approach and it gives very high performance.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This paper discusses about the approach towards effective power oscillation damping, root causes for the genesis of power oscillation and various methodologies adopted to eradicate it.This paper presents an unified approach of FACTS controller installation in order to ensure effective power oscillation damping. The power oscillations, if not controlled within time, may aggravate the entire power system’s functioning and ultimate outcome as blackout. The network congestion has been a matter of serious concern to utility operations due to classical transmission corridors and inadequate controllers’ deployment. The necessity of system regulations demands an adequate controller for matching the power requirement variability and this has been demonstrated with STATCOM control feature. This controller enhances the Available Transfer Capability along with security and reliability. IEEE 14 Bus system is simulated and studied with various scenarios with the help of MATLAB and PSAT to identify various complexities and to resolve these issues so as to enhance the ATC, reliability and security
Influencing Power Flow and Transient Stability by Static Synchronous Series C...ijeei-iaes
In the present world, modern power system networks, being a complicated combination of generators, transmission lines, transformers, circuit breakers and other devices, are more vulnerable to various types of faults causing stability problems. Among these faults, transient fault is believed to be a major disturbance as it causes large damage to a sound system within a certain period of time. Therefore, the protection against transient faults, better known as transient stability control is one of the major considerations for the power system engineers. This paper presents the control approach in the transmission line during transient faults by means of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) in order to stabilize Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system. In this paper, SSSC is represented by variable voltage injection associated with the transformer leakage reactance and the voltage source. The comparative results depict that the swing curve of a system increases monotonically after the occurrence of transient faults However, SSSC is effective enough to make it stable after a while.
Voltage Control of Single-Phase Two Winding Self Excited Induction Generator ...IJPEDS-IAES
Single-phase induction generator is very suitable to be used in the typical loads which only need a single-phase power supply with small power capacity requirement, such as diesel engine, picohydro or small wind plant. It has some advantages such as rugged, effective cost, maintenance free and require no external excitation. However, it has inductive characteristic which makes poor voltage regulation. This paper proposed a shunt reactive compensator called SVC-MERS which can provide a variable reactive power to maintain the generator voltage despite of load variations. The experiment was conducted on single-phase two winding induction generator coupled by a three-phase induction motor which serves as the prime mover. SVC-MERS and the load are connected in shunt to the main winding, while the excitation capacitor was connected to the auxiliary winding. The experimental results showed that SVC-MERS can improve voltage regulation and substantially enhanced steady state loading limit.
Transient stability analysis on a multi machine system in psateSAT Journals
Abstract
Modern power system are subject to large disturbances such as three phase short circuit faults. When a fault occurs on a system
the generators rotor angle becomes unstable and thus it losses synchronism with the system and it becomes unstable. Thus
transient stability analysis can be performed on a system in order to understand the generators performance when subjected to a
short circuit fault. When the system is subjected to a fault the generator experiences transient oscillations in rotor speed and
angle which can be effectively suppressed with the incorporation of Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and Power System
Stabilizer (PSS). The simulations have been performed using the MATLAB/PSAT software.
Keywords—Transient stability, Three phase fault Faults, AVR, PSS.
A different circuit structure of nine-level current source power inverter is presented and discussed in this manuscript. The proposed topology is based on the common-emitter inverter topology equipped with an inductor-cell circuit. The common-emitter inverter works as the main inverter circuits delivering a three-level AC current waveform. The inductor-cell circuit produces the intermediate output current levels for nine-level current output waveform. Proportional integral current controller was applied to regulate the current streaming thru the inductor-cell. Multi triangular carrier signals based sinusoidal pulse width modulation method was utilized to obtain a lower waveform distortion. The proposed nine-level inverter circuit was tested and examined. The test results verified that the new nine-level inverter circuit worked well producing a nine-level current waveform with less low-frequency harmonic components.
These slides presents at introductory level to Micro-grid Stability and Control Modes. Later classes the mathematical representations and simulation ideas will be presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Transient stability in power system is vital to be addressed due to large disturbances that could damage the system such as load changes and voltage increases. This paper presents a multi-machine transient stability using the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). SSSC is a device that is connected in series with the power transmission line and produces controllable voltage which contribute to a better performance in the power system stability. As a result, this research has observed a comparison of the synchronization of a three-phase system during single-phase faults before and after installing the SSSC device. In addition, this research investigates the ability of three different types of controllers i.e. Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivation (PID), and Generic controllers to be added to the SSSC improve the transient stability as it cannot operate by itself. This is because the improvement is too small and not able to achieve the desired output. The task presented is to improve the synchronization of the system and time taken for the voltage to stabilize due to the fault. The simulation result shows that the SSSC with an additional controller can improve the stability of a multi-machine power system in a single phase fault.
Non-linear tons are normally affected by power quality (PQ) problems. Harmonic currents make system resonance, capacitor overloading, and decrease in efficiency. Voltage sags are usually happening power quality difficulties in electrical systems. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is one of the FACTS controllers used for modifying the effect of voltage sags. The series compensator in the UPQC is for quadrature type of voltage inoculation. So that at steady state the series compensator not ever ingests active power. The proposed method introduces a low power rating series compensator that injects the voltage which perfectly recompenses the power quality problem of the system. The addition of fuzzy logic controller with the conservative UPQC decreases the voltage sag levels in the output voltage and also develops the power factor. The control circuit is aimed using fuzzy logic controller and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Current Controller Based Power Management Strategy for Interfacing DG Units t...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a power management strategy of parallel inveters based system, to enhance the power generation capacity of the existing system with distributed energy sources one has to choose DG source based inverter connected in parallel with the existing system.Two DG sources PV, Fuel cells feeds the DC voltage to two parallel inverters connected to the grid. Fixed band hysteresis current control with Instantaneous p-q power theory is adopted to create an artificial environment. Two parallel inverters are able to deliver the harvested power from PV, FC to grid and able to balance the load Without communication between parallel inverters this controller having the capability of load following, the harmonic components of currents at output of inverter are also very low; this will automatically reduces the circulating currents between parallel inverters. Simulation studies are carried out to investigate the results of PV, FC systems connected to the utility grid.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement in Power SystemIJMER
Power system is subjected to sudden changes in load levels. Stability is an important concept
which determines the stable operation of power system. For the improvement of transient stability the
general methods adopted are fast acting exciters, circuit breakers and reduction in system transfer
reactance. The modern trend is to employ FACTS devices in the existing system for effective utilization
of existing transmission resources. The critical clearing time is a measure to assess transient instability.
Using PSAT, the critical clearing time (CCT) corresponding to various faults are calculated. The most
critical faults were identified using this calculation. The CCT for the critical faults were found to change
with change in operating point. The CCT values are predicted using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to
study the training effects of ANN. TCSC is selected as the FACTS device for transient stability
enhancement. Particle Swarm Optimization method is used to find the optimal position of TCSC using
the objective function real power loss minimization. The result shows that the technique effectively
increases the transient stability of the system
Implementation of Fuzzy Controlled Photo Voltaic Fed Dynamic Voltage Restorer...ijfls
Power Quality(PQ) has become an area of concern in the electrical distribution system. Dynamic Voltage
Restorer(DVR) restores load voltage to a nominal balanced sinusoidal voltage, when the source voltage
has harmonic distortions, sag, swell and unbalances. In this paper a Photo Voltaic(PV) fed DVR is
proposed to mitigate PQ problems. The PV system can supply the maximum power to the load at a
particular operating point known as Maximum Power Point (MPP), at which the entire PV system operates
with maximum efficiency. A Fuzzy Controller based MPPT is implemented to generate the optimal voltage
from the photovoltaic system by modulating the duty cycle applied to the boost converter. The DVR is
implemented using a Fuzzy Logic Controller based voltage source inverter with Photovoltaic system. The
test system has been simulated and the efficacy of the proposed PV based Fuzzy controlled DVR is
compared with Proportional Integral (PI) controlled DVR.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Voltage Control of Single-Phase Two Winding Self Excited Induction Generator ...IJPEDS-IAES
Single-phase induction generator is very suitable to be used in the typical loads which only need a single-phase power supply with small power capacity requirement, such as diesel engine, picohydro or small wind plant. It has some advantages such as rugged, effective cost, maintenance free and require no external excitation. However, it has inductive characteristic which makes poor voltage regulation. This paper proposed a shunt reactive compensator called SVC-MERS which can provide a variable reactive power to maintain the generator voltage despite of load variations. The experiment was conducted on single-phase two winding induction generator coupled by a three-phase induction motor which serves as the prime mover. SVC-MERS and the load are connected in shunt to the main winding, while the excitation capacitor was connected to the auxiliary winding. The experimental results showed that SVC-MERS can improve voltage regulation and substantially enhanced steady state loading limit.
Transient stability analysis on a multi machine system in psateSAT Journals
Abstract
Modern power system are subject to large disturbances such as three phase short circuit faults. When a fault occurs on a system
the generators rotor angle becomes unstable and thus it losses synchronism with the system and it becomes unstable. Thus
transient stability analysis can be performed on a system in order to understand the generators performance when subjected to a
short circuit fault. When the system is subjected to a fault the generator experiences transient oscillations in rotor speed and
angle which can be effectively suppressed with the incorporation of Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and Power System
Stabilizer (PSS). The simulations have been performed using the MATLAB/PSAT software.
Keywords—Transient stability, Three phase fault Faults, AVR, PSS.
A different circuit structure of nine-level current source power inverter is presented and discussed in this manuscript. The proposed topology is based on the common-emitter inverter topology equipped with an inductor-cell circuit. The common-emitter inverter works as the main inverter circuits delivering a three-level AC current waveform. The inductor-cell circuit produces the intermediate output current levels for nine-level current output waveform. Proportional integral current controller was applied to regulate the current streaming thru the inductor-cell. Multi triangular carrier signals based sinusoidal pulse width modulation method was utilized to obtain a lower waveform distortion. The proposed nine-level inverter circuit was tested and examined. The test results verified that the new nine-level inverter circuit worked well producing a nine-level current waveform with less low-frequency harmonic components.
These slides presents at introductory level to Micro-grid Stability and Control Modes. Later classes the mathematical representations and simulation ideas will be presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Transient stability in power system is vital to be addressed due to large disturbances that could damage the system such as load changes and voltage increases. This paper presents a multi-machine transient stability using the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). SSSC is a device that is connected in series with the power transmission line and produces controllable voltage which contribute to a better performance in the power system stability. As a result, this research has observed a comparison of the synchronization of a three-phase system during single-phase faults before and after installing the SSSC device. In addition, this research investigates the ability of three different types of controllers i.e. Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivation (PID), and Generic controllers to be added to the SSSC improve the transient stability as it cannot operate by itself. This is because the improvement is too small and not able to achieve the desired output. The task presented is to improve the synchronization of the system and time taken for the voltage to stabilize due to the fault. The simulation result shows that the SSSC with an additional controller can improve the stability of a multi-machine power system in a single phase fault.
Non-linear tons are normally affected by power quality (PQ) problems. Harmonic currents make system resonance, capacitor overloading, and decrease in efficiency. Voltage sags are usually happening power quality difficulties in electrical systems. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is one of the FACTS controllers used for modifying the effect of voltage sags. The series compensator in the UPQC is for quadrature type of voltage inoculation. So that at steady state the series compensator not ever ingests active power. The proposed method introduces a low power rating series compensator that injects the voltage which perfectly recompenses the power quality problem of the system. The addition of fuzzy logic controller with the conservative UPQC decreases the voltage sag levels in the output voltage and also develops the power factor. The control circuit is aimed using fuzzy logic controller and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Current Controller Based Power Management Strategy for Interfacing DG Units t...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a power management strategy of parallel inveters based system, to enhance the power generation capacity of the existing system with distributed energy sources one has to choose DG source based inverter connected in parallel with the existing system.Two DG sources PV, Fuel cells feeds the DC voltage to two parallel inverters connected to the grid. Fixed band hysteresis current control with Instantaneous p-q power theory is adopted to create an artificial environment. Two parallel inverters are able to deliver the harvested power from PV, FC to grid and able to balance the load Without communication between parallel inverters this controller having the capability of load following, the harmonic components of currents at output of inverter are also very low; this will automatically reduces the circulating currents between parallel inverters. Simulation studies are carried out to investigate the results of PV, FC systems connected to the utility grid.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement in Power SystemIJMER
Power system is subjected to sudden changes in load levels. Stability is an important concept
which determines the stable operation of power system. For the improvement of transient stability the
general methods adopted are fast acting exciters, circuit breakers and reduction in system transfer
reactance. The modern trend is to employ FACTS devices in the existing system for effective utilization
of existing transmission resources. The critical clearing time is a measure to assess transient instability.
Using PSAT, the critical clearing time (CCT) corresponding to various faults are calculated. The most
critical faults were identified using this calculation. The CCT for the critical faults were found to change
with change in operating point. The CCT values are predicted using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to
study the training effects of ANN. TCSC is selected as the FACTS device for transient stability
enhancement. Particle Swarm Optimization method is used to find the optimal position of TCSC using
the objective function real power loss minimization. The result shows that the technique effectively
increases the transient stability of the system
Implementation of Fuzzy Controlled Photo Voltaic Fed Dynamic Voltage Restorer...ijfls
Power Quality(PQ) has become an area of concern in the electrical distribution system. Dynamic Voltage
Restorer(DVR) restores load voltage to a nominal balanced sinusoidal voltage, when the source voltage
has harmonic distortions, sag, swell and unbalances. In this paper a Photo Voltaic(PV) fed DVR is
proposed to mitigate PQ problems. The PV system can supply the maximum power to the load at a
particular operating point known as Maximum Power Point (MPP), at which the entire PV system operates
with maximum efficiency. A Fuzzy Controller based MPPT is implemented to generate the optimal voltage
from the photovoltaic system by modulating the duty cycle applied to the boost converter. The DVR is
implemented using a Fuzzy Logic Controller based voltage source inverter with Photovoltaic system. The
test system has been simulated and the efficacy of the proposed PV based Fuzzy controlled DVR is
compared with Proportional Integral (PI) controlled DVR.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Periodic impulsive noise reduction in ofdm based power line communicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental investigation of chemical etching on en 5 steel using nitric acideSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of tuck loop in bursting strength of single jersey knitted fabricseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparison of friction stirs welding technique with conventional welding methodseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Online social network mining current trends and research issueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Single phase h6 transformerless inverter with a simple boost converter for pv...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Inverters with transformers of conventional type, connected in PV grid-tied generation systems have now being replaced by transformerless inverters due to various reasons such as reduction in size, weight and cost, improvement in efficiency etc. Transformerless inverters cause a number of technical challenges in grid-connected PV systems, among which flow of leakage currents is a major problem. This leakage currents that flows between the parasitic capacitance of PV array and the grid has to be eliminated, which otherwise leads to serious safety problems. This paper deals with an H6 transformerless full- bridge inverter topology with low leakage currents that can be used in PV grid – tied applications. The operation modes for the proposed topology are discussed in this paper. A closed loop has been developed for maintaining the voltage constant at the grid side irrespective of changes in the input voltage. Aforementioned transformerless topology is simulated that validates the effectiveness of the converter. Keywords: Common-mode voltage, grid-connected inverter, leakage current, photovoltaic (PV), transformerless inverter.
Modeling & analysis of standalone photovoltaic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper represents the three phase Photovoltaic system connected with variable load in a standalone mode’s mathematical modeling using MATLAB/ Simulink environment. The system consist of a PV Array, Boost converter, three phase inverter and its control to maintain load in standalone mode. The 40 kW systems at the college site is under the study with a variable inductive load of 30kW which has to be fed by PV system in continuous mode .This paper gives analysis of each components of system while maintaining the load. The constant and boosted DC voltage is obtained with the help of boost converter from PV Array. The three phase IGBT inverter PWM control scheme is proposed here to normalize the voltage imbalance during variable load. Keywords: Photovoltaic System, Boost Converter, IGBT Inverter, and PI Controller etc…
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Implementation and control of integral cycle controller for resistance spot w...eSAT Journals
Abstract: The Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) process requires simultaneous application of high electrical current and appropriate pressure over short periods in order to keep the molten material inside the weld zone. Values of these parameters vary in function of the characteristics of the materials to be welded. The application of the electrical current is by means of two copper electrodes brought in contact with the welded parts while the required pressure is applied by means of pneumatic or hydraulic systems. This paper presents the simulation, design, and control of resistance welding system which is used for performing a welding process. The paper is discussed about two aspects. First, simulation of the concept of ICC used for the specific application of RSW. Secondly, the critical factor and method employed for the implementation of the controller. This paper also discuss about the implementation methodology of the RSW. The simulation for the RSW is carried out in PROTEUS software.
Index Word: Constant Current Feedback, Integral Cycle Control (ICC), Resistance Spot Welding, Sequential Timer.
The use of conventional devices as control mechanism for system voltage profile enhancement
and loss reduction is still predominantly prevalent in most third world nations and Nigeria is never an
exemption. This study seeks to compare efficiency of Load Tap-Changing Transformer and Shunt Capacitors
using system voltage profile enhancement and real power loss minimization as performance matrix on
Nigerian 330kV, 24-Bus grid system as a test case. In this work, the Newton Raphson iterative algorithm was
adopted due to its superior features over other iterative techniques. Load flow analysis was performed on the
test case with and without incorporation of LTCT and Shunt Capacitors, the result of the analysis shows that
with shunt capacitors injection at the weak buses identified, the algorithm converged in 5 iterations but with
LTC transformer convergence was achieved in 4 iterations. Also, the total system losses with shunt capacitor
injection was found to be 82.2826MW which is about 4.1% reduction while with LTC transformer, the total
system losses reduced appreciably to 81.9865MW which is about 4.8% reduction. Incorporation of LTCT
gives a better improvement on system voltage profile compared with the improvement observed with shunt
capacitor injection at the defective buses identified.
Pi controller based of multi level upqc using dq0 transformation to improve p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Open switch fault diagnosis in three phase inverter using diagnostic variable...eSAT Journals
The reliability of power electronics system such as three phase inverter is important in various applications. Different types of faults occur in it, which may influence the operation of system. Such faults require unexpected maintenance, which increases the cost of manufacturing. Therefore fault diagnosis of such devices plays vital role in industry. One possible fault that occurs in inverter is an open switch fault. This paper provides a new technique based on diagnostic variable which detects single as well as multiple open switch fault in three phase inverter. In this method, diagnostic variables are used to detect faulty phase. Along with these diagnostic variables, an average current of three phase inverter is used for the detection of single as well as multiple faulty switches. Key Words: Power electronics, open switch fault, diagnostic variables.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Control analysis of a high frequency resonant inverter for induction cooking ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Stability of three possible close-loop control of a series resonant inverter is studied for induction cooking application. Ultimately,
a single close-loop control technique is proposed in this work which can ensure both the power control as well as a satisfactory
zero voltage switching (ZVS) in a finite control range near the operating point. A phase shift controlled series resonant inverter is
used as a power supply for an induction cooking system. Its linearized model is developed for small signal analysis and a PID
controller is designed for the proposed close-loop control and its performances are judged under various operating conditions
using MATLAB/Simulink® platform.
Keywords: ZVS, linearization, bode plot, step response, PID control.
In this paper, a new sliding mode controller is proposed as the indirect control method and compared to a simple direct control method in order to control a buck converter in photovoltaic applications. The solar arrays are dependent power sources with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics under different environmental conditions. From this point of view, the DC/DC converter is particularly suitable for the application of the sliding mode control in photovoltaic application, because of its controllable states. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to the sun. This method has the advantage that it will guarantee the maximum output power possible by the array configuration. Problems and possible improvements will also be presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
Power quality enhancement by improving voltage stability using dstatcomeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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A novel active charge equalisation method for series connected batteries
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 231
A NOVEL ACTIVE CHARGE EQUALISATION METHOD FOR SERIES
CONNECTED BATTERIES
Soumya Sunny1
, Priyanka K2
1
PG Scholar, Department of EEE, Karunya University, Tamilnadu, India
2
PG Scholar, Department of EEE, Karunya University, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract
Quasi-resonant switched capacitor converter based equalization method is presented in this paper. Zero current switching is used in
order to reduce losses in the circuit. Zero voltage gap between cells are achieved. Switches are controlled by using complementary
synchronous triggering pulses.
Keywords: Equalization method, Zero voltage gap, Quasi-resonant, Switched-capacitor, Synchronous trigger.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Batteries are the inevitable part of portable electronic devices
nowadays. So a battery management system is necessary to
perform cell balancing which will help to provide optimal
usage of power supplied by batteries. Cells may get
overcharged or undercharged due to several conditions. To
equalize the charge in each cell, several methods of balancing
are used. Some of the methods are self-balancing, passive
balancing and active balancing. Passive balancing, which is
energy consuming method using resistors is simple and cost
effective [1]. Active elements like inductor or capacitor are
used to transfer excess energy which will increase the size of
the system, loss and electromagnetic interference [2], [3]. A
resonant switched capacitor converter has already been used in
balancing batteries [4]. This converter is suitable only for high
voltage level balancing applications rather than low voltage
balancing. Balancing will not give a zero voltage gap between
cells.
So a modified battery balancing scheme [5] is introduced, as
shown in the fig. 1, to overcome the above mentioned
problems. A quasi- resonant switched capacitor is used to attain
a zero voltage gap between the cells. The inductor used in this
circuit is very small compared to previous methods of
balancing. So cost is also reduced in this type of balancing.
Voltage monitoring is not necessary in this circuit and control
part became so simple. Since zero current switching is used,
losses are avoided and in turn efficiency is increased.
The system in the above mentioned paper has two switches
connected across each cell which is supposed to work
complementary to each other. Since triggering pulse to one
switch is given by inverting other switch’s triggering pulse
there is a possibility of battery getting short circuit. Fig. 2
shows the short circuit possibility of battery in the system.
Fig -1 Resonant Switched–Capacitor Cell Balancing System
To overcome this situation a modified charge equalizer is
proposed in this paper which helps to create a dead time
between the switching pulses using a dead time circuit to avoid
any damage possibility. When a battery is short circuited, there
is nothing in the electrical path to limit the current flow except
the resistance of the conductor and the internal resistance of the
battery. Both of these values are so small that their effects on
the circuit are negligible. So if we assume the resistance of the
short circuit is 0 ohms (it will be almost 0 ohms in applied
theory), then the current in the circuit will continue to rise until
the conductor shorting the circuit or the battery itself is
destroyed. This will happen extremely quickly and will
potentially cause harm or death to any bystanders.
2. FEATURES OF THE POPOSED SYSTEM
Cells are connected in series to make a string. Two switches
are connected across each cell. A resonant tank is connected to
the system to make it series to the battery. So it is called a
series resonant tank. A load is also connected across the battery
to make it a complete cell balancing system.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 232
Fig -2 Short Circuit in Mode 1 /Mode 2 Operation of the
System
Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of the cell balancing system.
Cell balancing system consists of four main blocks such as cell
module, switch module, series resonant tank module and
control circuit. Control circuit helps to create a dead time for
the pulses generated so that it can avoid short circuit
possibilities which in turn create damage for the battery.
Fig -3 Block Diagram of the Cell Balancing System
3. WORKING OF THE PROPOSED CELL
BALANCING SYSTEM
Fig. 4 below shows the proposed system. For the balancing of
two battery-cell voltage four switches are used, and only one
resonant switched-capacitor tank is used to transfer energy.
The switches are controlled by the complementary signals. In
the first half cycle Q11 and Q21 are turned ON and the next
half cycle Q12 and Q22 are turned ON. The whole analysis is
based on VB1>VB2.
Fig -4 Proposed cell balancing system
3.1 Mode 1 of the Proposed System
Fig -5 Mode 1 of the proposed system
Fig. 5 shows the mode 1 of the proposed system. In the first
half cycle Q11 and Q21 are turned ON and Q12 and Q22
turned OFF. So the resonant tank is connected in parallel with
cell B1 through Q11 and Q21.Therefore a resonant path is
formed as L1, C1, B1.Then the voltage across C1 and resonant
current ir increases. The equations are as follows;
1
1
cdv
r
dt
i c (1)
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 233
1 1 1
rdi
c B
dt
L V V (2)
3.2 Mode 2 of the Proposed System
Fig -6 Mode 2 of the proposed system
Fig. 6 shows mode 2 of the proposed system. In the next half
cycle Q12 and Q22 are turned ON and Q11 and Q21 are
turned OFF. So the resonant tank is connected in parallel with
cell B2 through Q12 and Q22.Therefore resonant path is
formed as L1, C1, B2. Then the capacitor begins to discharge
through B2.The resonant current starts to increase in opposite
direction
1
1
cdv
r
dt
i c (3)
1 1 2
rdi
c B
dt
L V V (4)
In the beginning of charging or discharging, zero current
switching is occur. Therefore switching loss will be reduced
thus efficiency increases. The condition for zero current
switching is achieved making the resonant frequency
equivalent to the integer multiple of switching frequency.
Also in practical applications the internal resistance and
voltage drop across the switches are considered since the
voltage drop across the switches are small. The total internal
resistance of the circuit is the sum of the internal resistance of
the one battery cell, resonant tank’s internal resistance and the
on resistance of two MOSFET’s.
To achieve zero voltage gap between cells the following
conditions must be satisfied.
1) Voltage drop across the switches should be small.
This can be achieved through synchronous trigger
pattern control. This controlling avoids the higher
voltage drop caused by the bypass diodes.
2) By using resonant tank the voltage across switched
capacitor should be greater than the voltage across the
higher voltage cell at the end of charging and it must
be lower than the voltage of the lower voltage cell at
the end of discharging.
There are two other problems that also should be considered
for a battery balancing system; efficiency and cell balancing
time. Total internal resistance and oscillation are affected by
efficiency. But total internal resistance is a constant value and
cannot be changed. Oscillations can be reduced by using small
inductors, also switching frequency and resonant frequency
can be made equal. Battery balancing time can be reduced by
using large capacitor as switched capacitor. This is because
the amount of charges transferred from one cell to another in
each switching cycle is proportional to the value of switched
capacitor. The relationship is;
1
Q
V
C
Where Q is the charge that is transferred from one cell to
another in one switching cycle.
3.3 Multiple Cells Voltage Balancing System
Fig -7 Multiple cell balancing system
Fig. 7 shows multiple cell balancing system. Here n cells are
balanced by using n-1 resonant tank circuits, and also 2 n
MOSFET’s are used as system switches. It needs only one pair
of complementary signals to control all MOSFET’s. When the
voltage unbalancing occurs between cells; the resonant tank
will run and the energy will be transferred from higher voltage
cells to lower voltage cells. Thus balancing takes place and all
resonance will stop.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 234
4. SIMULATION
Simulation is performed on a two cell charge equalizer system
using PSIM9.0. Simulation was carried out for the zero-current
switching switched-capacitor cell balancing circuit and results
are compared with simulation output of the proposed system.
Cells are represented as capacitor of values 10F and having
initial values of 3.6V and 3.4V respectively. Switches used are
MOSFETs working with the help of complementary
synchronous triggering signals.
Fig. 8 shows the result of circuit without internal resistance and
values of resonant inductor is 5 H and switched capacitor is
10 F and initial voltage across the capacitor is 3.5V.
Switching frequency is 11.2 kHz and it is half of the value of
resonant frequency.
Time (ms)
Fig -8 Simulation waveforms of the two-cell system without
considering an internal resistor
Fig. 9 shows the result of circuit with internal resistance and
values of internal resistance is 1.5 , resonant inductor is 5
H and switched capacitor is 10 F and initial voltage
across the capacitor is 3.5V. Switching frequency is changed to
8 kHz and it is half of the value of resonant frequency.
Time (ms)
Fig -9 Simulation waveforms of the two-cell system with
consideration of an internal resistor
Fig. 10 shows the result of the circuit of the above mentioned
case with a different switching frequency and it is of the same
value of resonant frequency.
Time (ms)
Fig -10 Simulation waveforms of the two-cell system with
consideration of an internal resistor
Fig. 11 shows the result of the circuit of the above mentioned
case with a different switching frequency because of different
value of inductor. It is changed to 2.2 H and so resonant
frequency is reduced.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V11
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V12
0 2e-005 4e-005 6e-005 8e-005 0.0001 0.00012 0.00014 0.00016 0.00018 0.0002
Time (s)
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Vc1
0 2e-005 4e-005 6e-005 8e-005 0.0001 0.00012 0.00014 0.00016 0.00018 0.0002
Time (s)
0
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
0.05
0.1
0.15
Ir
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V11
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V12
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
3.4
3.45
3.5
3.55
3.6
Vc1
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
-0.12
-0.14
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Ir
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V11
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V12
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
T i me (s)
3.4
3.45
3.5
3.55
3.6
Vc1
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
Time (s)
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
-0.12
-0.14
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Ir
Gate
Q11,Q12
Gate
Q11,Q12
Gate
Q21,Q22
Gate
Q21,Q22
Vc1(V)Ir(A)
Vc1(V)Ir(A)
Gate
Q11,Q12
Gate
Q21,Q22
Vc1(V)
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 235
Time (ms)
Fig -11 Simulation waveforms of the two-cell system with a
smaller inductor
Same values are used in the proposed equalizer in the above
mentioned cases and same cases are repeated in the proposed
system too. So fig. 12 is similar case of fig. 8, fig.13 is similar
case of fig. 9, fig. 14 is similar case of fig. 10 and fig.15 is
similar case of fig. 11.
Time (ms)
Fig -12 Simulation waveforms of the two-cell system without
considering an internal resistor
Fig -13 Simulation waveforms of the two-cell system with
consideration of an internal resistor
Time (ms)
Fig -14 Simulation waveforms of the two-cell system with
consideration of an internal resistor
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V11
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V12
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
3.35
3.4
3.45
3.5
3.55
3.6
Vc1
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
0.05
0.1
0.15
Ir
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V11
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V12
0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003
Time (s)
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Vc1
0.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024
Time (s)
0
-0.1
-0.2
0.1
0.2
Ir
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V11
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V12
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
3.4
3.45
3.5
3.55
3.6
Vc1
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
-0.12
-0.14
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Ir
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V11
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V12
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
3.42
3.44
3.46
3.48
3.5
3.52
3.54
3.56
3.58
3.6
Vc1
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
-0.12
-0.14
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Ir
Ir(A)
Gate
Q11,Q12
Gate
Q21,Q22
Vc1(V)
Ir(A)
Ir(A)
Ir(A)
Vc1(V)
Vc1(V)
Vc1(V)
Gate
Q11,Q12
Gate
Q21,Q22
Gate
Q11,Q12
Gate
Q21,Q22
Time (ms)
Gate
Q11,Q12
Gate
Q21,Q22
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 236
Time (ms)
Fig -15 Simulation waveforms of the two-cell system with a
smaller inductor
To avoid overlapping of switches a dead time circuit is
designed and used in the control circuit of the system. It is
shown in the fig. 16 given below. The gap between the pulses
is the dead time.
Time (ms)
Fig -16 Waveform showing dead time between triggering
pulses
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this system control part is easier and no need of monitoring
arrangements which will reduce system cost and maintenance.
At the same time it will balance the system accurately and
achieves zero voltage gap between cells. This system can be
used in low voltage applications also to balance the cells. In the
proposed system a modified control circuit is used to avoid
overlapping of the switches in the equalizer. This makes the
system more reliable and safe to handle.
REFERENCES
[1] H.-S. Park, C.-H. Kim, K.-B. Park, G.-W. Moon, and
J.-H. Lee, “Design of a charge equalizer based on
battery modularization,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.,
vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 3216–3663, Sep. 2009.
[2] K. W. E. Cheng and P. D. Evans, “Calculation of
winding losses in high frequency toroidal inductors
using single-strand conductors,” IEE Proc. Elect.
Power Appl., vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 52–62, Mar. 1994.
[3] A. C. Baughman andM. Ferdowsi, “Double-tiered
switched-capacitor battery charge equalization
technique,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6,
pp. 2277–2285, Jun. 2007.
[4] K. Sano and H. Fujita, “A resonant switched-capacitor
converter for voltage balancing of series-connected
capacitors,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Power Electron. Drive
Syst., 2009, pp. 683–688.
[5] Ye Yuanmao, K. W. E. Cheng, and Y. P. B. Yeung,
“Zero-Current Switching Switched-Capacitor Zero-
Voltage-Gap Automatic Equalization System for Series
Battery String” in IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 3234-3242, July 2012.
BIOGRAPHIES
Soumya Sunny received the B.Tech degree
from University of Calicut, Kerala. She is
currently pursuing M. Tech degree in Power
Electronics & Drives from Karunya
University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Her
research interests include battery management
system and embedded system applications in battery
balancing. She is a student member of IEEE.
Priyanka K was born in Kasargod (dist)
Kerala, India in 1990. She received her B.
Tech degree from Kannur University, Kerala.
She is a student member of IEEE. She is
currently pursuing M. Tech degree in Power
Electronics and Drives from Karunya
University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Her main
research interests include renewable energies and distributed
generation, power electronic converters.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V11
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V12
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
3.35
3.4
3.45
3.5
3.55
3.6
Vc1
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time (s)
0
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
0.05
0.1
0.15
Ir
0 2e-005 4e-005 6e-005 8e-005 0.0001
Time (s)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V11 V12
Ir(A)Vc1(V)
Gate
Q11,Q12
Gate
Q21,Q22
Gate